Architecture of Saudi Arabia

The Architecture of Saudi Arabia is adapted to its geography and climate, and reflects the uniqueness of Arabian culture. It is located on the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a Mediterranean and subtropical desert climate. The climate of different regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia differs, the architecture and the method of construction. The vernacular and the postmodern architecture reflect the traditional culture and environment on Saudi Arabia. Mashrabiya as a special architecture element in Saudi Arabia fully demonstrate the wisdom of local residents.

Skyline of Riyadh at dusk

The impact of climate

The area for the modern day of Saudi Arabia can be divided by four distinct regions and due to the unique geographical location of Saudi Arabia, the climate varies from region to region, so the style of architecture in each region is different.

Hijaz region

In the western region or Hijaz region, it is a hot-humid climate and located in coastal plain along the Red Sea.[1] The structural skeleton of the house is made up of large coral columns and with wood floors and roofs.[1] In ground floor is general sitting room and the more private sitting room is located in the first floor. The sleeping room is generally located on the upper floor and in summer are sleep on the roof so that there is better ventilation in the sea breeze and natural winds.[2]

Najd region

In the central an northern (Najd) region, it is a desert climate, therefore, the weather is hot and dry and has a great temperature difference between day and night.[1] The typical houses in the Najd region are usually two stories high and built around an open central courtyard.[3] The shape of the courtyard is usually geometric like a rectangle or a square and it works as lungs of the houses to regulate the microclimate and provide a private space for the family to maintain the private life. The house are build on either side of the narrow street, providing a shady place for the pedestrians. The roof level of the house is used for sleeping in summer.[4] The main material to built this kind of house is sun-dried mud bricks and mud. The mud is worked as plastering material used to smear interior and exterior walls, it is very suitable for the sandy weather the reason why is because the colour is unaffected by the weather. The exterior walls are thick which are about 80–100 cm, thus, it can effectively isolate high temperate and create comfort level to the residents.[1]

Eastern province of Saudi Arabia

It is located in the eastern region, it is a hot humid region along the Persian Gulf. It has the extreme weather which means in summer months it is hot and dry and has a high rate of humidity temperature day and night.

The traditional house in this region has a courtyard style and the arcade balcony around the house. Due to the harsh climate, the height of the typical house in the eastern region is one to three stories high and the building is very compact, resulting in a narrow passage between the house and the house.[5] The wall of this type of houses is thicker than other types which have better heat resistant and has the effect of insulating. The way to create natural ventilation by installation wind catchers.

Asir region

The Asir region, it is a high mountains province to the southwest side and it has the Mediterranean climates which characteristics are dry summers and rainy winter.[1]

The Asir houses are commonly built on the high mountains province due to its geographical location. Climatic conditions promoted the emergence of architectural society.[6] The building normally makes up by one ground and two upper floors which can provide shelter for man and tamed animals.[7] The main sitting room is on the first floor, while the top floor is the kitchen and bedroom, at the same time the open terrace is also added to the upper floor for wash purpose. In each house there is at least one room used for male reception, which separates from female quarters and family living rooms.[6] The staircase occupies the middle of the house and material of the staircase is mud and use wooden beams to sustained.[8]

Vernacular architecture
See also: Vernacular architecture

The characteristic of vernacular architecture is using the local resources, needs and material to build the house, therefore this kind of house reflect the local traditions, history, culture, environment and climate.[9] Due to the climatic zone, the vernacular architecture will use different bioclimatic features and the benefit to using their features are have air ventilation, thermal comfort and suitable lighting in the building.[10]

In the past, aborigines use limestone as the main material to built their house because limestone can be collected at local quarries in Najd. But in recent decades unfired mud-brick and wooden beams were the main building material used in Najd.[4] The craftsman will apply the mud plaster paste to the wall with a wooden scraper and through wooden scraper moves across the wall to leave the parallel pattern. The bottom of the wall is made up with the four or five cut-limestone.[4] Although unfired mud-brick has dominated Najdi architecture, the pillars of the house and mosques are usually built with stone. Because stone last longer and more resistant to corrosion than mud and wooden beams. The interior wall decoration of buildings for the wealth households is very delicate, the wall covered with geometric figures carved with plaster and flowers pressed with molds.[4]

The decorative motifs that were used on traditional building in Arabia were based on the use of mud reliefs. But across the land of Arabia, using color to painting the house only in Asir region. In order to personalize the residential building, people are encouraged to se the rich natural color pigments and plant colors in their surrounding landscapes in their dwelling units.[6]

Postmodern architecture
See also: Postmodern architecture

Postmodern architecture was an international style in late 1970s which influenced contemporary architecture.[11] The postmodern style can be defined as sensual, surprised and humorous. Postmodern architecture in Saudi Arabia is considered to be the most popular because it is used in all parts of the country.[10] This architectural style was previously unknown in Saudi Arabia because it was imported from abroad, but was widely accepted and immediately prevailed as it has responded to some social-cultural and environmental factors very much valued in Saudi Arabia.[10]

National Commercial Bank
Main article: National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia)

The National Commercial Bank located in Jeddah, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM),[10] was built in 1983 with a 27-story and set in a 1.2-hectare plaza on the edge of the sea. The 27-story building has a triangular appearance with helical parking on either side.[12] The design concept of this building not only represents a complete transformation of architectural philosophy, but also represents a fundamental transformation of modern architecture, away from universality and from asymmetry to regionalized modernism.[13] There are three triangular courts vertically through the building's  façade and this can provide the ventilation and heats, two of the courtyard are seven floor and the third one is nine-story.[10] The stacked courtyard is combined with a windowless exterior to avoid direct sunlight. At the same time, diffuse sunlight is allowed to shine into the interior of the building and each v-shaped floor is unaffected by direct sunlight and wind.[12] This form conforms to two characteristics of traditional Islamic architecture, natural ventilation and inward orientation.[12]

Special architectural element

Mashrabiya
See also: Mashrabiya

Mashrabiya is a kind of traditional element which are widely used in Saudi Arabia's architecture and it is the beautiful wooden screens that built on the faced of the buildinglike the wooden bay window.[14] The function of mashrabiya is used to provide a private place and suppresses the strong desert sunlight to keep the room cool.[5] The working principle is with the evaporation of water n the surface of porous pots can be cooled the internal water to provide stable natural ventilation through the shade and open lattice. Therefore, it can be used as a window, curtain, air conditional and refrigerator at the same time. Mashrabiyas are also introduced used in mosques because of its function: suppresses the string sunlight to keep the room cool and which are also conducive to prayer and meditation.[15]

Islamic culture impact of architecture

Public area design

In Saudi Arabia, Islam is the national religion. In Islamic culture, the gender differences are emphasized, therefore, the house design and the planning of the architecture can also be influenced. In Saudi Arabia, male and female will be separated into different schools, work setting even the sitting and waiting area in public places such as hospital, airports and mosques.[16] The shops, open on the facades overlooking the passable roads, so as not to be in the face of the neighboring houses, have been taken into account in the division of the houses vertically.[5] The Islamic University of Al-Madinah is very common in Saudi Arabia.Take the Islamic University of Al-Madinah as an example this university is not only open to the Madinah society but also open to Muslims around the world and the history of this university is very conservative.[17]

Jawatha Mosque

Jawatha Mosque
See also: Jawatha Mosque

Jawatha Mosque is the oldest in the Hajar region. It is the first mosque which hold Friday prayer nest to the prophet's mosque in Al-Madina. Jawatha Mosque can be considered as architecture heritage which is one of the main constituents of national identity. It is built on a high land and some of the walls are built of stone.[18] The Jawatha Mosque can hold approximately 130 people to pray together during prayers at a same time. The indoor prayer space is divided by three main gallery spaces and there are two entrances can go to the main prayer, one from the west side and the other is from the east side. In Jawaha Mosque there is no minaret and this is an exception to the typical ancient Turkish mosque.[19]

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See also

References
  1. Al-Qawasmi, J.; Babsail, M. "Vernacular architecture in Saudi Arabia: Revival of displaced traditions". Vernacular Architecture: Towards a Sustainable Future: 99–104.
  2. May 3, Posted on; 2017 (2017-05-03). "8 Features of the Vernacular Architecture of the Hejaz". Omrania. Retrieved 2019-05-30.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. Katia. S (October 23, 2018). "Ushayqer Heritage Architecture of Najd region, Saudi Arabia".
  4. King, Geoffrey (1977). "Traditional Architecture in Najd, Saudi Arabia". Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 7: 90–100. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41223304.
  5. "Architectural effect of Islamic Iwan and triple arched facade on the planning of historical houses, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia as example". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  6. Abu-Ghazzeh, Tawfiq M. (2001). "The Art of Architectural Decoration in the Traditional Houses of Al-Alkhalaf, Saudi Arabia". Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. 18 (2): 156–177. ISSN 0738-0895. JSTOR 43030571.
  7. Mady, M. ;Anna, K. ; Haitham, S. (29 March 2019). "Examining the Thermal Performance of Vernacular Houses in Asir Region of Saudi Arabia". Alexandria Enguneering Journal. 58 (2): 419–428. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2019.03.004.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. Mohamed, Mady. "EXAMINING THE POTENTIAL VALUES OF VERNACULAR HOUSES IN THE ASIR REGION OF SAUDI ARABIA". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Abu-Ghazzeh, Tawfiq M. (1997-06-01). "Vernacular architecture education in the Islamic society of Saudi Arabia: Towards the development of an authentic contemporary built environment". Habitat International. 21 (2): 229–253. doi:10.1016/S0197-3975(96)00056-2. ISSN 0197-3975.
  10. Ibrahim. "Modernization in the architecture of Saudi Arabia Vernacular modernism and Postmodernism Architecture Style".
  11. "Postmodern architecture" (PDF).
  12. "NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK". SOM.
  13. Chris, Abel (2000). "Prime objects" (PDF).
  14. Baik, A.; Boehm, J. (2017-02-23). "Hijazi Architectural Object Library (Haol)". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. XLII-2/W3: 55–62. Bibcode:2017ISPAr42W3...55B. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W3-55-2017. ISSN 2194-9034.
  15. John, F (July 1974). "The Magic of The Mashrabiyas". aramac world.
  16. Abu-Gazzeh, T. "Privacy as the Basis of Architectural Planning in the Islamic Culture of Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Arch&comport. 11 (3–4): 269–288.
  17. Mazin, Motabagani. "Islamic Resurgence in Hijaz 1975-1980". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
  19. "Architectural conservation of the mosque" (PDF). The Newsletter. No.57: 23. Summer 2011.
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