AD 1000

Year 1000 (M) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Wednesday (like 1800). It was also the last year of the 10th century as well as the last year of the 1st millennium of the Dionysian era ending on December 31st, but the first year of the 1000s decade.

This article is about the single year 1000 of the Julian and Gregorian calendars. For events or processes with the "approximate date" 1000, see 1000s (decade), 990s, 10th century, and 11th century.
Millennium: 1st millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
AD 1000 by topic
Leaders
Categories
  • Births
  • Deaths
  • Establishments
  • Disestablishments
1000 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1000
M
Ab urbe condita1753
Armenian calendar449
ԹՎ ՆԽԹ
Assyrian calendar5750
Balinese saka calendar921–922
Bengali calendar407
Berber calendar1950
English Regnal yearN/A
Buddhist calendar1544
Burmese calendar362
Byzantine calendar6508–6509
Chinese calendar己亥年 (Earth Pig)
3696 or 3636
    — to —
庚子年 (Metal Rat)
3697 or 3637
Coptic calendar716–717
Discordian calendar2166
Ethiopian calendar992–993
Hebrew calendar4760–4761
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1056–1057
 - Shaka Samvat921–922
 - Kali Yuga4100–4101
Holocene calendar11000
Igbo calendar0–1
Iranian calendar378–379
Islamic calendar390–391
Japanese calendarChōhō 2
(長保２年)
Javanese calendar901–902
Julian calendar1000
M
Korean calendar3333
Minguo calendar912 before ROC
民前912年
Nanakshahi calendar−468
Seleucid era1311/1312 AG
Thai solar calendar1542–1543
Tibetan calendar阴土猪年
(female Earth-Pig)
1126 or 745 or −27
    — to —
阳金鼠年
(male Iron-Rat)
1127 or 746 or −26

The year falls well into the period of Old World history known as the Middle Ages; in Europe, it is sometimes and by convention considered the boundary date between the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. The Muslim world was in its Golden Age. China was in its Song dynasty, Japan was in its classical Heian period. India was divided into a number of lesser empires, such as the Chalukya Empire, Pala Empire (Kamboja Pala dynasty; Mahipala), Chola dynasty (Raja Raja Chola I), Yadava dynasty, etc. Sub-Saharan Africa was still in the prehistoric period, although Arab slave trade was beginning to be an important factor in the formation of the Sahelian kingdoms. The pre-Columbian New World was in a time of general transition in many regions. Wari and Tiwanaku cultures receded in power and influence while Chachapoya and Chimú cultures rose toward florescence in South America. In Mesoamerica, the Maya Terminal Classic period saw the decline of many grand polities of the Petén like Palenque and Tikal yet a renewed vigor and greater construction phases of sites in the Yucatán region like Chichén Itzá and Uxmal. Mitla, with Mixtec influence, became the more important site of the Zapotec, overshadowing the waning Monte Albán. Cholula flourished in central Mexico, as did Tula, the center of Toltec culture.

World population is estimated to have been between c. 250 and 310 million.[1]

Events

Christendom
Europe in 1000

In continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Bolesław I Chrobry) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.

In France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first of the Capetian kings.

The Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. In the year 1000, the Byzantine generals Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and of other medieval Slavic states.

In Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000.

On September 9, King Olaf Tryggvason was defeated by Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. Oslo, Norway, was founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000).

The Papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum ("Dark Age") or "pornocracy" ("rule of harlots"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism later in the 11th century.

Hungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.

Sancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; Córdoba at this time was the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants.

It is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland.

Muslim world

The Islamic world was in its Golden Age; still organised in caliphates, it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of Córdoba to the west, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from Abassid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.

The Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi). Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages altogether.

The Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulghars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.

Largest cities
  1. Córdoba, Caliphate of Córdoba – 450,000
  2. Kaifeng, Song Dynasty (China) – 400,000
  3. Constantinople, Byzantine Empire – 300,000
  4. Angkor, Khmer Empire (Cambodia) – 200,000
  5. Kyoto, Heian Period (Japan) – 175,000
  6. Cairo, Fatimid Caliphate – 135,000
  7. Baghdad, Buyid Dynasty (Iraq) – 125,000
  8. Nishapur, Ghaznavid Dynasty (Iran) – 125,000
  9. Al-Hasa, Qarmatian State (Arabia) – 110,000
  10. Patan, Chaulukya Dynasty (India) – 100,000[2]

Births

Deaths
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References
  1. 310 million: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 254 million: Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13.
  2. "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1000". About.com Geography. About.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. It references Chandler, Tertius (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census. St. David's University Press.
  • Robert Lacey and Danny Danziger The Year 1000: What Life Was Like at the Turn of the First Millennium (1999) ISBN 0-316-55840-0
  • John Man Atlas of the Year 1000 (1999) ISBN 0-14-051419-8

See also
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