2019–2020 Lebanese protests
The 2019–2020 Lebanese protests, also known locally as the October Revolution, are a series of civil protests taking place in Lebanon, initially triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco and VoIP calls on applications such as WhatsApp,[15][16][17] but quickly expanding into a country-wide condemnation of sectarian rule,[18] stagnant economy, unemployment that reached 46% in 2018,[19] endemic corruption in the public sector,[18] legislation that is perceived to shield the ruling class from accountability (such as banking secrecy)[20][21] and failures of the government to provide basic services such as electricity, water and sanitation.[22] The protests first erupted on 17 October 2019. It has been 306 days since they started.[23][24][25]
| Lebanese Revolution | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the 2018–2020 Arab protests | |||
 Protesters outside of Riad Al Solh Square in Beirut on 19 October 2019 | |||
| Date | 17 October 2019 – present | ||
| Location | |||
| Caused by | |||
| Methods | |||
| Resulted in |
| ||
| Parties to the civil conflict | |||
| |||
| Lead figures | |||
| |||
| Casualties and losses | |||
| |||
As a result of the protests, Lebanon entered a political crisis, with Prime Minister Saad Hariri tendering his resignation and echoing protesters' demands for a government of independent specialists.[26] Other politicians targeted by the protests have remained in power. On 19 December 2019, former Minister of Education Hassan Diab was designated the next prime minister and tasked with forming a new cabinet.[27] Protests and acts of civil disobedience have since continued, with protesters denouncing and condemning the designation of Diab as prime minister.[28][29][30] On 21 January, Lebanon named Hassan Diab as its prime minister to lead the new cabinet of 20 members, after three months of mass protests. Diab was appointed with the support of Hezbollah, its allies, and the Free Patriotic Movement led by Gebran Bassil.[31]
On 10 August 2020, Diab announced that he and the entire cabinet had resigned following anger over the 2020 Beirut explosions.[32]
Background
Political background
According to The Economist, Lebanon's dysfunction and mismanagement, a cause of the protests, has its origins in the country's sectarian political system enshrined following the Taif agreement, which took place in 1989, almost thirty years before the 2019 protest began. The Taif agreement enshrines a sect-based political system, where political authority is allocated based on the religious affiliation of the public servant. This system is perceived as exploited by the current Lebanese politicians, many of whom are Lebanese Civil War-era sectarian warlords who still occupy positions of power and enjoy amnesty against accountability.[33] Lebanon is a mosaic of various religious factions. It is composed of 18 different sects. The 18 officially recognized religious groups include four Muslim sects, 12 Christian sects, the Druze sect, and Judaism.[34]
The outbreak of the protests was attributed to the accumulated crises within the preceding weeks in Lebanon. First of all, in Chouf and Saadiyat, among other places, fires propagated, scorching nearby homes, and placing many people in danger. A large portion of greenery, an aspect of Lebanon that Lebanese people take pride in, was burnt down as a result. The Lebanese government failed to employ its planes to extinguish the fires and had to rely on Cypriot aid.[35][36][37][38][39] Moreover, the prices of both oil and bread had been increasing amid increased unemployment and poverty nationwide, with youth unemployment at 37% and general unemployment at 25% as of August 2019.[40] Since all of these issues are due to a lack of proper governance, the Lebanese people voiced out their opinions over the negative situation.
Furthermore, Lebanon has not had stable, 24-hour electricity since 1975, with eight-hour daily power rationing cuts being common across the nation; obtaining 24-hour electricity in Lebanon has since been dependent on obtaining a deal with the country's "generator mafia", which operates a ring of contraband gasoline power generators that contribute to the high level of air pollution observed in Lebanese cities.[41] Lebanon has also not had access to drinking water except through purchasing bottled water through private companies since the 1975-1990 Lebanese Civil War. Finally, the country suffers from a deficient sanitation and sewage infrastructure, which led to the 2015 "garbage crisis" that sparked the 2015–16 Lebanese protests.[42]
Days before the protests began, a series of about 100 major wildfires in Chouf, Khroub and other Lebanese areas displaced hundreds of people and caused enormous damage to Lebanese wildlife. The Lebanese government failed to deploy its firefighting equipment due to lack of maintenance and had to rely on aid from neighboring Cyprus, Jordan, Turkey and Greece.[43][44]
Protests started taking place in small numbers around Beirut towards the end of September.[45][46] Impetus for the revolutionary movement was apparent years before the protests began and was visible in Lebanon's arts and culture scene, as evidenced by pop artist Ragheb Alama's song "Tar Al Balad"[47] in December 2018 and rock singer-songwriter IJK's song "Chedd Halak"[48] in June 2019.
Economic background
Since 1997, successive governments maintained a pegged exchange rate between the Lebanese pound and United States dollar.[49] Forecasts for the Lebanese economy worsened over the 2010s and by 2019 GDP per capita reached its lowest since 2008 and the debt-to-GDP ratio reached its highest since 2008 at 151%.[50][51] As a result, international credit rating agencies downgraded the rating of government bonds.[52] The combination of an economic downturn in the import-dependent country with the continuation of its dollar peg saw an increase in the government's budget deficit and a reliance on using foreign exchange reserves from the nation's central bank to keep the currency peg.[53] A subsequent dollar shortage in late 2019 further affected the economy, as import businesses and citizens became unable to acquire dollars at the official rate and a black market emerged.[54][55] The coalition government led by Saad Hariri responded with an austerity program of general tax increases and spending reductions, with the aim to reduce the government deficit while maintaining the peg against the U.S. dollar.[56][57][58] The reduction of the national deficit was a condition of a package of USD 10.2 billion of loans and USD 860 million of grants agreed in 2018 with the World Bank, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and Saudi Arabia.[59]
On 1 October, the Central Bank of Lebanon announced an economic strategy that promised to provide dollars to all those companies in the business of importing wheat, gasoline, and pharmaceuticals, so that they could continue their imports. This was considered a short-term solution by economic analysts.[60]
In a cabinet session held on 17 October, the government proposed strategies to increase state revenue for 2020. There were 36 items to be discussed, including the increase of Value Added Tax (VAT) by 2pp by 2021 and an additional 2pp by 2022, making it reach a total of 15%. Additionally, the media reported there were plans of a USD 0.20 charge on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls, such as ones made on FaceTime, Facebook and WhatsApp.[61] The final session of the budget draft was to be held on 19 October, but was canceled upon the agreement of Prime Minister Saad Hariri and President Michel Aoun.[62][63]
2019 protests
Beginning
On 17 October 2019, approximately one hundred civil activists were protesting against the new proposed taxes in and around downtown Beirut, blocking important streets.[64] As the Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb and his convoy passed by the area, protesters assembled on his car. One of his bodyguards shot stray bullets into the air, which further enraged the protesters; no injuries were reported.[65] Walid Joumblatt, the leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, stated that he had spoken to minister Chehayeb who represents the party in the Lebanese government and requested the bodyguards be handed over to the police, as all people are "under the law".[66][67] A large number of protesters began appearing in Martyrs Square, Nejmeh Square, and Hamra Street, as well as many other regions around Lebanon. As the protests grew bigger, Prime Minister Saad Hariri called a snap cabinet meeting at the request of President Michel Aoun for midday on 18 October.[68] An announcement was also made by Minister of Higher Education Akram Chehayeb that all schools and universities, public or private, would remain closed the next day.[69] The Minister of Telecommunications Mohamad Choucair announced that the "WhatsApp tax" idea had been scrapped at around 11:00PM.[70] Protesters saw the "WhatsApp tax" as the last straw, socially, politically and economically, against the entire political class, which was deemed corrupt and in need of immediate ousting.
Protesters in Nabatiyeh and Tripoli, on 18 October, vandalized the offices of the Hezbollah, Amal Movement, and Free Patriotic Movement political parties in an expression of disillusionment and in protest against perceived government corruption.[71][72][73] Other protesters aimed to enter the Serail, which includes the Lebanese Parliament building, but were stopped by the use of tear gas from the Internal Security Forces.[74] protesters created roadblocks on the major roads of the country, using burning tires and trash cans to stop access.[75][76] Civil servants announced a strike with immediate effect through League of Public Sector Employees, arguing that the proposed reforms would "undermine the rights of employees and pensioners in particular".[77] A cabinet meeting was due to be held in the afternoon, but ministers of the Lebanese Forces announced that they would not attend.[78] The leader of the Forces, Samir Geagea, called for the resignation of the Prime Minister, due to the "resounding failure to halt the deterioration of the [country's] economic situation".[79] After this announcement, the cabinet meeting was canceled by the Prime Minister.[80] Leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, Walid Jumblatt, called for a "calm and peaceful" move against President Michel Aoun's mandate, and organized rallies in Aley, Bhamdoun, and Baakline to voice their opinions.[81] Pierre Issa of the National Bloc voiced a similar opinion, calling for a "government of specialists, a government reduced from public safety". However, he criticized the involvement of political parties within the protests and argued it should remain something for the citizens to do.[82] In the evening, Prime Minister Saad Hariri addressed the nation, giving his "partners in government" 72 hours to support the reforms. If they did not come to an agreement, he suggested he would take a "different approach".[83][84] He tweeted "72 hours..." right after the delivered speech.[85]
First week: 19–24 October
Lebanese national Hussein Al-Attar was shot and killed during a protest on 19 October 2019.[86] Former MP Mosbah al-Ahdab's bodyguards fired on protesters, no one was killed, but four were injured.[87] The General Secretary of Hezbollah, Hassan Nasrallah, addressed the nation in the morning, speaking against the imposed taxes. However, he indicated that Hezbollah was against the government resigning and instead asked citizens to divert blame from Hariri's cabinet to the previous government, which was also to blame for the state of the economy.[88] As the protests carried on throughout the day, there were reports of Amal Movement militants harassing and opening fire on protesters in Tyre.[89]
Protests were held around major European cities, as well as in North America and Australia, showing solidarity with the protesters in Lebanon.[90] Due to the mounting pressure from protesters, the Lebanese Forces announced their resignation from the cabinet. Samir Geagea, their leader, had previously blamed his opponents for "obstructing the necessary reforms," but since declared his "lack of confidence in the current cabinet." His party held four seats within the government: Minister of Labor Camille Abou Sleiman, Minister of Administrative Development May Chidiac, Deputy Prime Minister Ghassan Hasbani, and Minister of Social Affairs Richard Kouyumjian.[91]
On 20 October, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in locations throughout the country, making it the largest demonstrations since 2005.[92] Gunfire was heard outside the Tripoli office of Firas Al-Ali, an associate of Hariri. None were injured with the clash, and security forces were quick to act.[93] At 6:00PM, protesters across the country united to sing the national anthem together.[94]
On 21 October, a general strike was called across the country demanding an end to the country's economic problems. Some protesters began clearing away demonstration debris in Beirut after a social media call to keep the streets tidy and clear.[95] In the afternoon, an emergency cabinet meeting was held. After the meeting, Prime Minister Hariri held a press conference in which he announced various economic reforms including halfing the salaries of legislators and members of parliament, reducing the deficit by about US$3.4 billion in 2020 with the help of the Lebanese central bank and the banking sector, distributing financial aid to families living in poverty and giving US$160 million in housing loans.[92] These proposals were unsuccessful at quelling protests. At night, several motorcyclists hoisting Hezbollah and Amal Movement were recorded heading towards the protests in central Beirut but were intercepted by the Lebanese Army. Soon thereafter, Hezbollah and the Amal Movement denied any involvement with the motorcyclists.[96]
Hariri met on 22 October with ambassadors from the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and the European Union, along with representatives from China, the United Nations, and the Arab League. Hariri discussed planned reforms and stressed the importance of peaceful expression from the protesters. The representatives, who form the International Support Group for Lebanon, expressed support for economic reforms and protection of protesters, but urged the leaders of Lebanon to engage in open dialogue with the country's citizens.[97]
On 23 October, Hariri held a meeting with the ministerial committee in charge of financial and economic reforms, discussing a draft law on the recovery of public money and requesting suggestions on it from the Supreme Judicial Council within ten days.[98] In the evening, Hariri also held a meeting with members of the Progressive Socialist Party to discuss the latest developments in the country.[99] Sheikh Akl of the Lebanese Druze community called for government dialogue to safeguard the rights of liberty, security and stability.[100]
President Michel Aoun addressed the population on 24 October, stating his willingness to hold a dialogue with the protesters and find the best solution forward. He supported Hariri's reforms, but did confirm a need to "review the current government" within the "state institutions", and not through protesting.[101] Hariri supported this review through Lebanon's "constitutional mechanisms", but the protesters rejected any calls for dialogue until the government has resigned.[102]
Second week: 25–31 October
Despite calls for dialogue from President Aoun, protests and road blocks continued on 25 October 2019. Small scuffles broke out in central Beirut between protesters and Hezbollah supporters. One protester was injured.[103] A report by Standard & Poor's downgraded its credit assessment of Lebanon to "CreditWatch negative" due to the government's low creditworthiness and economic pressures relating to the reforms. The country's banks remained closed.[104][105] Hezbollah supporters again clashed with protesters in downtown Beirut, chanting in support of Hezbollah's General Secretary, Hassan Nasrallah.[106] Nasrallah held a speech in the evening, calling his supporters to leave the streets.[107][108] Within this speech, he praised the protesters for achieving economic reforms, but suggested that they were being exploited by local and foreign agents to start a civil war within the country.[109] Nasrallah also strongly suggested that the protests are part of an Israeli and American plot.[110]
A security meeting was held on 26 October in Yarzeh to discuss how the safety and free movement of protesters could be ensured.[111] Lebanese Forces leader Samir Geagea once more criticized the lack of response from the government towards the protesters' concerns.[112] Meanwhile, thousands of Lebanese gathered in over thirty cities around the world on 26 and 27 October including Sydney, Paris, Houston and London in a show of support.
Tens of thousands of individuals took part in a "human chain" which was held on 27 October at the coastlines from the Northern city of Tripoli to the southern city of Tyre - encompassing 171 km - organized with the intention to show the unity of the Lebanese people.[113][114][115] The Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros al-Rahi during a Sunday sermon in Bkerké considered that the people are living their positive and reformist revolution.[116] Pope Francis addressed the Lebanese people expressing their struggle in the face of challenges and social, moral and economic problems of the country, expressing he's praying that Lebanon can continue to be a place of peaceful coexistence, and urging the Lebanese government to listen to the concerns of the people.[117]
Black-clad[110] Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters attacked protesters in Beirut on 29 October, tearing down and setting fire to the tents set up by the protesters, throwing plastic chairs, and beating anti-government protesters.[118] Many among the angry mob chanted: "God, Nasrallah, and the whole Dahyeh," in reference to the southern suburb that is a stronghold of the Iranian-backed militant group. They also chanted, "Shia, Shia", as a reverential reference to the country's Shiite Muslim sect.[110] The Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters also attacked TV crew members and destroyed live broadcasting equipment for the MTV (Lebanon) and Al Jadeed television channels, claiming that they were upset at the roadblocks and insults to their leader.[119] Public squares across Beirut filled with protesters shortly after.[120] Prime Minister Saad Hariri announced his resignation in a televised address on the afternoon of 29 October. Several hours after the resignation of the Prime Minister, celebrations swept the nation with demonstrators cautiously welcoming the resignation celebrated through fireworks, songs, and releasing flagged colored balloons.[121]
On 30 October, tear gas was fired at protesters in the northern district of Akkar by the Lebanese Army trying to reopen the roads. Protesters also blocked roads in the southern city of Sidon and Bekaa Valley. In Central Beirut, dozens of protesters blocked the "Ring Bridge" while a big crowd returned to Tripoli's al-Nour Square to protest. The Lebanese Army intervened in many regions to prevent escalation.[122][123] Later that evening a statement released from the Presidential Office said that Lebanese President Michel Aoun will address the nation the next day.[124]
President Aoun delivered a speech on 31 October[125] in which he spoke about Lebanon's economic and financial crisis. He also spoke about his commitment in fighting corruption, ensuring political stability, eliminating terrorists and the return of Syrian refugees within the country. He also promised the new government will be made up by specialist instead of political loyalists.[126] Protesters took to the streets and blocked roads across the country almost immediately after President Aoun's address to the nation, demanding early parliamentary elections and the formation of a technocratic government. Demonstrators shut off roads in cities nationwide – including Sidon, Bekaa, and Khaldeh – with burning tires or by the sheer volume of protesters. In Tripoli, thousands of protesters started to gather at Al-Nour Square while in Beirut, protesters blocked the George Haddad highway which connects the waterfront road to the "Ring Bridge". The Lebanese Army and riot police were deployed across the country in an effort to reopen the roads.[127][128]
Third week: 1–7 November
Lebanon's banks reopened on 1 November 2019, after two weeks of closure, the longest bank closure in the nation's history.[129] "Unofficial" capital controls were imposed by individual banks to prevent a bank run, with personal withdrawals being limited to US$3,000 per week or per month depending on individual banks. Corporate banking activity was similarly heavily restricted, and international bank transfers from Lebanon were halted almost completely, subject to manual per-transfer approval.[130] Hezbollah's Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah offered a public speech in which he stated that Hezbollah feared a government overthrow, due to the consequent "vacuum" Lebanon would experience.[131] Nasrallah's then-latest speech was perceived to be unclear on whether Hezbollah supported or opposed the nation-wide revolutionary movement. Nasrallah again shed doubt on the motivations of the protesters during his speech, implying that they were being manipulated by foreign influences.[132] As Lebanese schools universities remained closed during the protests, public teach-ins and debates, organized by secular political groups and advocacy organizations (Beirut Madinati, Libaladi, Lihaqqi and others) were offered in Beirut.[133]
On 3 November, thousands of Lebanese Free Patriotic Movement supporters attended a protest in support of President Michel Aoun, the founder of the party. During the protest, FPM leader Gebran Bassil made a personal statement for the first time in over 13 days.[135] Bassil claimed "We should block roads for MPs who refuse corruption-combating laws, politicians who escape accountability and judges who do not implement the law." He also demanded lifting banking secrecy on political officials' accounts and insisting accountability, as well as a return of misused or stolen public funds.[136] In the afternoon, tens of thousands of anti-government protesters flooded the streets across Lebanon in a "Sunday of unity".[137] Protesters gathered for the third consecutive Sunday since mass anti-government demonstrations began on 17 October, filling the streets and central squares of major cities including Beirut, Tripoli and Tyre. Dozens of main roads were closed by burning tires, mounts of sand and by the sheer amount of protesters, despite an ongoing threat of violence from political-party opposition. Acts of violence from party rivals consisted around Lebanon, such as the attacks on protesters in Beirut blocking public roads.[138][139] These attacks were presumed to be affiliated with Hezbollah.[140]
A candle-light vigil was held on 4 November in Baalbek in memorial of those who have perished in the Lebanese protest,[141] while physical tensions from road blocking persisted in Beirut.[142]
On 5 November, some students of American University of Science and Technology in Beirut showed attendance in protest, and were met with harsh engagement from soldiers of the Lebanese Armed Forces. General Directorate of General Security officers were recorded verbally threatening students that were recording the protests.[143] Protesters in Nabatieh, shut down companies such as OGERO, Liban Post, Banque du Liban and several banks despite state-exerted political pressure towards the protesters in this region.[144] Protesters were present outside electrical company buildings, frustrated with decades of inconsistent power and common outages.[145]
Thousands of students across Lebanon protested on 6 November in front of universities and schools refusing to attend classes until their demands are met.[146] Several student led movements have been organized since the start of the protests, in demand of a financial student contract, the reversal of the decision to change tuition fees to the dollar currency in some universities, independent student councils in each university, and a well-funded Lebanese University. On the national scale, they have been asking for social, political, and economic reform, in hopes of finding respectable job prospects after graduation without nepotism or sect bias. Pension and retirement plans are also being demanded, as well as proper health care coverage.[147] In the afternoon, protesters began to gradually grow across Lebanon and started protesting by the thousands in front of key governmental and private institutions and forced some of them to close their doors.[148]
Fourth week: 8–14 November
It was reported on 9 November 2019 that the dollar-rationing policies implemented by Lebanese banks were at risk of causing major shortages and price hikes in gasoline, petrol, food and other vital supplies. Suleiman Haroun, the head of the Lebanese Syndicate of Hospitals, said that medical stocks in the country "will not last more than a month" unless a solution is found.[149] During the weekend, news spread of a planned parliamentary legislative session on 12 November that would include a proposed general amnesty law, which could grant current and past members protection against prosecution for crimes such as corruption and misuse of public funds. In response, protesters called for a general strike to be held on the same day, and published a list of demands which included bolstering guarantees for a speedy trial, working towards a solution for the economic crisis, guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary and investigating the misuse of public funds.[150][151]
On 11 November, the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees called for a general strike for its 11,000 members over "concerns for safety". This strike is unprecedented in the country's history and its impact is unclear. No end date was specified for the strike, and a general closure of all Lebanese banks may very well be the result.[152] Riad Salameh, the governor of Lebanon's central bank (Banque du Liban) gave a press conference in which he denied the possibility of capital control on the Lebanese economy, assured that a "haircut" on large accounts is not a possibility, and repeated that the central bank's priority remains on economic stability and confidence in the Lebanese Pound. When asked about the strike by the bank staff union announced earlier in the day, Salameh claimed to have not yet heard of it.[153] A few minutes after Salameh's press conference, Speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri appeared on live television to announce that the following day's parliamentary session had been delayed until 19 November 2019, possibly as a response to protests called for during the weekend against the proposed general amnesty bill that was due to be discussed. Berri claimed the postponement was for "security reasons".[154] In the afternoon, Hezbollah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah gave a speech in which he made strong overtures towards a corruption investigation to be led by Lebanon's judiciary, offering for Hezbollah to collaborate fully with any such investigation and calling for a "strong, independent judiciary" to equally investigate all Lebanese parties without reservation.[155] Nasrallah also called for banking secrecy and any prior amnesty for public representatives to be lifted, "dating back to 1992".
On 12 November, speaker of Parliament Nabih Berri was reported to have sent resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri a pot of Leben, a traditional Lebanese dairy product, along with a note that promised "eternal enmity" if Hariri refused to form a new government. Hariri thanked Berri for the Leben but excused himself as having ceased eating all kinds of milks and cheeses due to lactose intolerance, concluding that "indeed, the state of the country itself requires a new political diet or "regime", so to speak". The unusual exchange was covered in Lebanese media.[156] President Michel Aoun gave a live interview at 8:30PM, during which he rejected calls for a fully technocratic government, warned against a run on the bank further damaging the economic sector, and called for an immediate end to the protests to prevent a "catastrophe". Aoun accused protesters of "stabbing the nation with a dagger" and accused protesters that blocked roads of "violating international law". Aoun also stated that "anyone who cannot find faith in the current Lebanese government can leave Lebanon and live somewhere else".[157] Aoun's interview proved exceedingly unpopular with the protest movement, which began blocking an unprecedented number of arterial roads in Beirut and across Lebanon before the interview was even concluded including Qob Elias,[158] "Ring Bridge",[159] Dahr el Baidar,[160] Jiyyeh,[161] Nahr el Kalb,[162] Neemeh,[163] Beddawi,[164] Abdeh, Mahmara, Braqil,[165] Madina Riyadiyya,[166] Verdun,[167] Jal el Dib,[168] Hasbaya,[169] the Palma highway,[170] Aley,[171] Cola,[172] Dawra,[173] Sayyfi,[174] Corniche al Mazraa,[175] and Sassine.[176] Alaa Abou Fakhr,[10] a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests.
Protesters began appearing in the early morning of 13 November near the heavily fortified Baabda Presidential Palace to express dissatisfaction with President Aoun's speech a few hours earlier, and picked up in pace as the day progressed.[177]
Activist and protester Khaldoun Jaber was released on 14 November after being detained by the Lebanese army in Baabda the previous day in mysterious circumstances. Jaber was shown to have marks of physical abuse upon his release, which he claimed were due to torture by the army during his detention. Jaber also claimed to have been exposed to psychological abuse.[178] During his detention, Jaber was not given access to a lawyer with even the location of his detention being kept secret. The reason for his arrest was unclear, with some sources claiming it was due to attempting to cross a security perimeter during the previous day's protest near Baabda Palace.[179]
Fifth week: 15–21 November
As the protests continue nationwide, Sleiman Haroun, the president of the Syndicate of Private Hospitals, threatened to have 15 November 2019 as a day of closure to all patients except the ones who have dialysis, chemotherapy treatment and emergency care, unless some immediate action is taken by the authorities in the government.[180] Haroun said the strike has nothing to do with the current protest and his purpose was to "raise awareness" and highlight the fact that the government has not been paying its full dues to the hospitals since 2011 and owes them a total of $1.3 billion as of today.[180][181] Since no direct response was received, all hospitals in Metn, Akkar and Nabatieh areas went on strike that day; doctors along with the hospital's medical teams and staff were on the streets "breathing their last breath".[182]
Currency and payment issues are causing additional burden on hospitals. Hospitals are running out of medical supplies and equipment, because they are 100% reliant on imported supplies and equipment.[180] Due to shortage of US currency in Lebanon, banks have not been able to transfer fund in US dollar to the companies who import these supplies.[180] Suppliers now have to turn to exchange houses in order to get their US dollars, which end up charging significantly higher rates than the official rate of $1 to 1,507.5 L.L., only if they had any dollars to sell.[183] Suppliers have also not been paid by the hospitals as a result of the situation. If this continues, hospitals will only have one month before they run out of their current shelf stock.[180] Hospitals have received no payment since the beginning of 2019 and salary reductions are being considered in many hospitals if the situation does not improve.[183]
Beirut Bar Association elections were held on 17 November. The independent candidate, Melhem Khalaf, won the majority vote (2,341 votes) to become the BBA's Council president and the first independent candidate to win against politically affiliated candidates in decades. Khalaf's contenders were Nader Gaspard, Saadeddine Al Khatib, and Ibrahim Moussallem. Pierre Hanna, who was backed by the Lebanese Forces, Progressive Socialist Party and the Future Movement, as well as twelve other candidates either dropped out or were not voted in, competed for council positions.[184]
Parliament was set to hold two sessions in the morning of 19 November, including a legislative session that was opposed by protesters, due to it timetabling a controversial amnesty law that was perceived as potentially granting amnesty to crimes committed by the political class, such as misappropriation of public funds or corruption. The sessions were originally planned for 12 November, but were already once postponed due to protests. 58 out of 128 Members of Parliament were boycotting the session, but that number was not sufficient to prevent quorum. A human chain was planned around the Lebanese Parliament to prevent Members of Parliament from entering the premises and to thereby force the session to be postponed.[185] Protesters began gathering early in the morning. Convoys for some Members of Parliament were recorded shooting live bullets or speeding into crowds in an attempt to disperse protesters.[186] Many protesters were gravely injured. At around 11:20am, Secretary General of the Lebanese Parliament Adnane Daher confirmed to local media that both parliament sessions were postponed indefinitely. This was perceived as a victory by protesters.[187] Lebanese banks reopened for the first time since 11 November after the Lebanese Federation of Syndicates of Bank Employees ended its strike.[188]
President Michel Aoun gave a speech on 21 November, on the eve of Lebanese Independence Day, in which he called for an end to protests and "hateful language on the streets" and promised an "anti-corruption cabinet". Protesters expressed dissatisfaction with the speech by resuming the closing of roads.[189]
Sixth week: 22–28 November
Lebanon's 76th Independence Day was celebrated on 22 November 2019 with the nation's first-ever civil parade, which was organized by civil society groups in Beirut's Martyr's Square. An invite-only private military parade had been held in the early morning by the Lebanese government, and the civil parade was intended as a rebuke against the government organized by the "true Lebanese": the parade had "batallions" representing different groups from Lebanese society, including cooks, schoolteachers, retired military personnel, pharmacists, engineers, women's rights activists, bankers, athletes, performance artists and more. The civil parade coincided with a program of festival activities organized by independent groups, which included dancing and heat lantern lighting. Marches were held across the Beirut region in the morning, all arriving to the civil parade in central Beirut.[190][191][192]
On 23 November, five youths, including children aged 12 and 15, were detained by Lebanese military intelligence after taking down a banner which supported the Free Patriotic Movement, which is the party of President Aoun. Their detention was reported to the media by their families, and the children were released past midnight after the intervention of volunteer lawyers.[193]
A protest was held on 24 November outside the United States embassy in Lebanon to express opposition to U.S. interference in Lebanon. The protest came after Hezbollah accused the United States in meddling with and delaying the formation of a new cabinet, and after comments made by U.S. ambassador Jeffrey Feltman in which he said that "reactions to [Hezbollah] by Lebanese leaders and institutions fortunately coincide with U.S. interests".[194][195] Around noon, another protest was held across the Lebanese coastline to draw attention to the high level of environmental pollution in Lebanon.[196] Right before midnight, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters violently clashed with protesters in the "Ring" bridge and Jal el Dib areas, demanding an end to road blocks imposed by protesters. This came after protesters apparently physically assaulted two people after suspecting them of being Hezbollah supporters.[197] The Hezbollah/Amal supporters burned civil society tents, trashed cars and caused damage to public and private property. The Lebanese army intervened with tear gas and flash grenades hours later, dispersing one of the most violent evenings since the beginning of the protests.[198][199]
At around noon on 25 November, Hussein Chalhoub and his sister-in-law Sanaa al-Jundi died after their car hit a makeshift roadblock used by protesters to cut off access to the Jiyyeh highway. This inflamed tensions between protesters and pro-government Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters.[11] Ján Kubiš, the United Nations Special Coordinator for Lebanon, issued multiple statements on Twitter warning against escalating confrontation between protesters and Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters.[200][201][202][203] Later in the afternoon, pro-government Hezbollah and Amal Movement supporters began roving around Beirut, Tyre and other cities on mopeds and motorbikes, shouting taunts and provocations at protesters. Some physical clashes ensued, and the confrontations continued to occur sporadically until later in the evening.[204][205]
Resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri formally announced on 26 November that he would not run again for the position.[206] Meanwhile, businessman Samir Khatib announced that he was "ready to form a new government", and seemed to accrue some level of endorsement from political parties.[207] President Michel Aoun announced that binding consultations to designate a new Prime Minister would be held on 28 November.[208] Overnight, clashes occurred all around Lebanon. In Baalbek, Hezbollah/Amal Movement supporters destroyed protester's tents and also their sound system.[209][210] In Bikfaya, Free Patriotic Movement (the party of sitting President Michel Aoun) supporters organized a protest in front of the home of former President Amin Gemayel. They clashed with Kataeb Party (Gemayel's party) supporters, which led to injuries and the destruction of private property until the Lebanese army intervened.[211][212] Clashes also occurred in Chyah and Ein Rummaneh. The Lebanese Red Cross claimed that dozens of people were injured including one female FPM activist injured to the head,[213] while the Lebanese army said that at least 16 people were detained for their involvement in the clashes.[214]
On 27 November, Lebanon's Syndicate of Gas Station Owners announced that an open-ended strike would begin the next day to highlight the "size of the losses sustained by the sector due to the presence of two-dollar [rates] in the Lebanese market."[215] Hundreds of Lebanese mothers led a "mother's march" in Chyah to protest against sectarian violence on 26 November between youths.[216]
Sources at the Lebanese Ministry of Finance claimed to local media that the Lebanese Central Bank was scheduled to repay US$1.5 billion in Eurobond debt which matures on 28 November, putting to rest speculation that Lebanon could default on its debt. However, Lebanon still has outstanding Eurobond debt due in 2020, and media sources noted that the path towards refinancing necessary to handle that debt is unclear without a cabinet.[217][218][219] A protest occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and other government administrative and judiciary institutions.[220] Arab League ambassador Hossam Zaki formally expressed "readiness" to help solve the political and economic crisis in Lebanon for the first time since the beginning of the protests.[221]
Seventh week: 29 November – 5 December
On 29 November 2019, protests occurred in front of the Lebanese Central Bank and some other judiciary and administrative government buildings and institutions, with the aim of preventing public sector employees from entering these institutions.[222] Multiple media sources claimed that Hezbollah had asked President Michel Aoun to delay binding parliamentary consultations, which were scheduled for 28 November, under the hope that resigned Prime Minister Saad Hariri would revert his decision not to lead the next cabinet.[223][224]
Protesters gathered on 3 December across the country in response to businessman Samir Khatib's nomination as possible new prime minister.[225] Several cases of suicide were being linked to deteriorating living conditions in Lebanon, most prominently the death of 40-year-old Naji Fleity in Arsal. According to local media, Fleity committed suicide because he was unable to provide for his family after losing his job. His suicide sparked a large outcry of anger online.[226]
Protesters resumed blocking roads on 4 December following politicians' apparent consensus on designating Samir Khatib as the next prime minister.[227]
Eighth week: 6–12 December
On 7 December 2019, about a thousand people marched in Beirut to protest sexual harassment in Lebanon.[228] A man self-immolated during the protest and survived, with his motives being unclear.[229] The protest came after days of prolonged controversy surrounding a personal trainer in Beirut who was accused by over fifty women of sexual misconduct.[230][231]
Reports of women journalists being attacked also began to surface around this time. The Coalition For Women In Journalism, which has a special focus on women journalists, documented several attacks. "Covering large protests in many parts of the Middle East has always been so hard for women journalists — we remember the many terrible incidents that happened during the Arab Spring. Following which over the years we have seen many journalism support organizations and others in the industry to train and equip women reporters to be able to take precautions on the ground. But the scope of these attacks are now changing and diversifying." the organization's founding director Kiran Nazish said. "Unfortunately this is an ever more precarious situation and it is important to point out to Lebanese authorities that they have a responsibility to protect the press. Not doing so or doing the opposite is rather reckless," Kiran added.[232]
On 8 December, Samir Khatib withdrew as candidate for prime minister after failing to get enough backing from the Sunni Muslim parties in parliament.[233] With Khatib's withdrawal, Saad Hariri became the only candidate for prime minister once again. Protesters then gathered outside parliament to condemn Hariri's candidacy and demand an independent candidate.[234]
Following days of heavy rainfall, a house collapsed on 10 December in Tripoli, killing two adult siblings.[235] Protesters, claiming that the house collapsed due to consistent municipal negligence, stormed the Tripoli municipal police office and demonstrated outside the house of the mayor. They smashed windows, set a room on fire, and damaged a car. The army intervened to stop the violence.[236] In Jounieh, four protesters were detained after attempting to block roads. They were released the same evening after another protest blocked the Jounieh highway.[237] In Beirut, protesters organized demonstrations outside the houses of current and former public works ministers. While attempting to reach the home of former public works and transportation minister Ghazi Zaiter, they were blocked at Rue Verdun by men dressed in uniforms of the Internal Security Forces. Cars were vandalized as the men dragged protesters out to beat them; a dozen people including reporter Paula Naufal were hospitalized for their injuries.[238]
Protesters in Tripoli resumed blocking roads on 11 December.[239]
Ninth week: 13–19 December
Riot police used tear gas against groups of men that attacked protesters' camps in Beirut on 14 December.[240] In the evening, protesters in central Beirut attempted to reach Nejmeh Square, chanting slogans against Saad Hariri, who was expected to be named Prime Minister by 20 December, and Gebran Bassil. The protesters were met with violence, tear gas and rubber bullets by the Lebanese internal security forces.[241][242] At least 46 people were hospitalized with injuries according to the Lebanese Red Cross and Lebanese Civil Defense.[243]
Saad Hariri @saadhariri Arabic: ولما تبين لي انه رغم التزامي القاطع بتشكيل حكومة اختصاصيين، فإن المواقف التي ظهرت في الأيام القليلة الماضية من مسألة تسميتي هي مواقف غير قابلة للتبديل، فإنني أعلن انني لن أكون مرشحا لتشكيل الحكومة المقبلة، ٢/٣
And as it became clear to me that despite my categorical commitment to forming a government of specialists, the reactions of the past few days regarding my nomination were uncompromising, I announce that I will not be a candidate to form the next government, 2/3
18 December 2019[244]
In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces on 15 December for the second night in a row near Nejmeh Square. According to the Lebanese Civil Defense, 46 people were treated for injuries and another 14 were hospitalized.[245] A group of counter-protesters, themselves supporters of Amal and Hezbollah, also briefly clashed with protesters until the army intervened.[246]
Roads were blocked in northern Lebanon on 16 December. At noon, President Aoun delayed scheduled parliamentary consultations, where Saad Hariri was widely expected to be renamed Prime Minister. This was because Hariri was now no longer being supported by the main Christian parties in parliament.[247][248] At night, protesters gathered close to Saad Hariri's Beirut residence to reject his reappointment.[249] A separate group of protesters descended upon Beirut as well, expressing outrage at a month-old video of an expat insulting several Shi'a religious leaders. Amal and Hezbollah released statements asking the men to fall back, but these calls were not immediately heeded.[250] Protest encampments in several places, including Beirut, Saida and Nabatieh, were ransacked and destroyed during the night. At least two cars in Beirut were set on fire.[251][252]
On 18 December, Hariri announced that he did not want to be reappointed Prime Minister, calling on the president to designate a new Prime Minister immediately.[253] Later that day, Al Jadeed claimed that the remaining candidates for Prime Minister were now Tammam Salam (the 34th Prime Minister, 2014–2016), jurist Nawaf Salam (former representative of Lebanon to the United Nations), Khaled Mohieddin Qabbani (former Minister of Justice, 2005–2008) and academic Hassan Diab (former Minister of Education, 2011–2014).[254] Diab was the apparent favorite, because he had the support of Hezbollah and Amal.[255][256] Protests continued in Nabatieh and Kfar Remen despite threats of retaliation by Hezbollah and Amal supporters. Cement walls and blocs were erected around Beirut's central district, blocking off streets leading to and from Riad Al Solh Square as well a parliament.[257]
Parliamentary consultations took place on 19 December and Hassan Diab was designated as the next Prime Minister to succeed Hariri.[27] The announcement of Diab becoming Prime Minister was immediately followed by street protests and road blocks in Tripoli and Beirut. Near Beirut's Nejme Square, hundreds of protesters sang an anti-Diab chant.[258]
Tenth week: 20–26 December
Road blocks in response to Diab's Prime Ministership continued across the country on 20 December. Schools were closed in Tripoli.[259]
On 22 December, thousands protested against Diab's nomination on Beirut's Martyrs' Square, many of them coming from the north of the Beqaa Valley.[260] Protests in Beirut continued on 23 December with a lower turnout.[261] Later that day, hundreds of people shared a Christmas dinner benefiting the poor on Martyrs' Square.[262]
On 24 December, it was reported that tourism fell by 80% because of the protest movements. Additionally, 265 restaurants and cafes closed their doors in the last two months.[263]
Eleventh week: 27–31 December
A group of pro-Hariri Sunni Muslims protested on 28 December 2019 in front of the new Prime Minister Diab calling for him to resign.[264] On 29 December, protests continued asking for Hassan Diab's resignation although he is still continuing consultations to form the government.[265][266]
2020 protests
Protests resume
After weeks of relative calm, mass protests resumed across the country on 14 January 2020. Highways and major roads were blocked in Beirut, Tripoli, Akkar, Sidon, and Zahle by protests and burning tires. In Beirut, protesters clashed with security forces outside the Central Bank. Protests also took place outside Hassan Diab's house for failing to form a government. President Michel Aoun blamed obstacles in the delay of formation of a new government.[267][268] The Times of Israel added that school and university students participated in some of the demonstrations.[269]
On 15 January, protesters gathered in front of the Helou police barracks in Beirut demanding the release of more than 50 protesters who were arrested the night before. During the protest, riot police fired tear gas and practiced excessive violence to separate protesters. Additionally, an estimated number of 15 protesters were dragged into the barracks. The Lebanese Media reported that there have been more than 30 injuries as a result of the clashes that happened between the protesters and the riot police. The Lebanese Army also arrived at the scene later on that night.[270][271] It was reported by the Red Cross that the wounded people on Wednesday had reached 45, according to DW.[272] According to Reuters, Lebanon's Minister of Interior has issued a statement criticizing the violence and urging the protesters to remain peaceful.[273]
As the Lebanese protests enter its fourth month on 17 January, protesters blocked several main roads across Lebanon, including a vital road connecting central Beirut's east and west. Hundreds of protesters were said to have also gathered outside the Lebanese central bank and close to the parliament, the Times of Israel added.[274] On Friday morning, the roads were also blocked in second city Tripoli by protesters, but later in the day the roads were cleared, according to France 24.[275] Human Rights Watch has urged authorities to free detainees that haven't been charged with a recognizable crime and that the Ministry of Interior should quickly hold security officers responsible for the excessive use of force on protesters.[276] HRW also claimed that protesters and media officials had been struck by riot police, according to Al Jazeera.[277]
Escalation of violence and arrest of journalist
In an attempt to break up gatherings of anti-government protesters attempting to reach Martyr's Square on 18 January, dozens of people have been injured as security forces used water cannons and tear gas to dissipate the protesters. Furthermore, demonstrators have been spotted at Martyr's Square throwing rocks, fireworks and Molotov cocktails at security forces, as well as shining lasers at them to interrupt series of tear gas rounds, CNN reported.[278][279] In the evening, President Aoun summoned in the armed forces to the streets in order to safeguard private property, as well as peaceful protesters, the ABC News reported.[280] About 30 people were said to have been detained due to Saturday's unrest, the state-run National News Agency stated, though the detainees were later released.[281] More than 60 wounded people are believed to have received treatment, while at least 40 people have been rushed to the hospitals, the Lebanese Red Cross stated.[282] In total, Reuters reported that more than 370 people had been injured in the day's protests.[283]
On 19 January, an American freelance journalist Nicholas Frakes was arrested on the allegation of sending footage of anti-government protests to the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, according to The Washington Post.[284] However, Haaretz Newspaper has rejected any connection to Nicholas Frakes, arguing that the live video feed of the anti-government protest uploaded on their Facebook account was from Reuters, the Jerusalem Post added.[285] The committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) claimed that since 14 January, journalists reporting anti-government protests in Beirut have been arrested, attacked or molested by police officers, according to the International Business Times.[286] According to France 24, In light of this week's World Economic Forum, the expected participation of Lebanon's outgoing foreign minister Gebran Bassil triggered a strong public protest, demanding the cancellation of his invitation.[287] However, Bassil maintains that the protesters who chanted against him do not make up the majority of Lebanese and that he believes the people of Lebanon want change, but he argued that he's not leaving until voters drive him out in elections, according to the Washington Post. The former foreign minister further claimed that he came to Davos "on his own expenses".[288][289] As of 21 January, there has been an increase in the number of injured people in the Lebanese protests to more 540, according to The Times of Israel.[12]
New government formed
On 21 January, Prime Minister Diab announced the formation of a new cabinet of 20 ministers, bringing an end to several months of impasse that has left the country in a deepening economic crisis. According to CNN, during an interview with Lebanon's state news agency, Diab portrayed the newly appointed ministers as "technocrats" who he believes would operate without loyalties to political parties.[290][291] Even before the new cabinet was unveiled, several groups of protesters had gathered in the streets of Beirut, obstructing a main street in the center of the capital, according to France 24.[292] The Times of Israel added that the protesters made an effort to take down barbed wire near the parliament building and throw rocks at security forces, who in return used tear gas and water cannons. Some protesters maintained that they would remain in the streets, till their claims for a technocratic government and early elections were met, according to Al Jazeera.[293][294]
According to VOA, despite the fact that the newly formed ministers are experts and academics, protesters are still accusing political groups of participating in forming the new cabinet.[295] On 22 January, as Lebanon's new government convened, protesters in the capital gathered to discredit the meeting, smashing windows and breaking down security blockages encircling the parliament building.[296]
Amnesty International, based on evidence collected, has accused the Internal Security Forces of using rubber bullets unlawfully at close range, besides beatings, water cannons and tear gas in an attempt to disperse protesters on the weekend, which has left hundreds wounded.[297] 25 January marked the 100th day since the protests began.[298] Protesters gathered in Beirut and breached several security barriers around the central government building.[299]
On 27 January, the Lebanon Parliament passed a 2020 budget, amid the debilitating financial crisis. The state budget came as the protests outside the Parliament in Beirut were held back by the security forces.[300] Four people had been injured and taken to the hospitals in Beirut, with 8 other people sustaining minor injuries, the Lebanese Red Cross announced.[301] The state-run National News Agency stated that only 70 out of the 128 members of parliament attended Monday's vote, with 49 lawmakers in favor of passing the budget, 13 against and 8 forgoing.[302] According to Al Jazeera, analysts argue that the endorsed 2020 budget barely attempts to resolve Lebanon's financial and economic crisis.[303]
According to SBS News, the parliament budget committee chairman Ibrahim Kanaan stated that the purpose of the new budget is to lower deficit of gross domestic product to around 7%.[304] Experts warned that the direction in which Lebanon is heading could ignite more instability, as the newly formed government is not expected to convince Lebanese protesters to end their demonstrations against the ruling elite, according to VOA.[305]
February protests
On 2 February, a protest was held outside the United States embassy in Beirut, by hundreds of Lebanese and Palestinians, in opposition to the US plan for ending the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[306] Protesters were gathered on a road leading to the US embassy, northeast of Beirut, waving Palestinian flags, with some of the protesters chanting “Death to America! Death to Israel! We will die and Palestine survive," according to France 24.[307] It was reported by the VOA News that around noon, security forces used what seemed to be pepper spray to stop some of the protesters who had removed the barbed wire and reached a metal fence set up by security forces. At least three protesters were said to have been carried away in the process of the struggle.[308][309] According to Arab News, 24 hours prior to the protest, employees of the US embassy were advised to stay clear of the area of the protests.[310]
However, in an attempt to prove to the government that the Lebanese people are united in their quest for political change, protesters were also reported to have gathered in Tripoli, the country's poorest city on Sunday, according to Al Jazeera.[311]
According to the Middle East Monitor, In a statement issued by the Lebanese Information Minister Abdul Samad 6 February, he disclosed that the new government of Lebanon has agreed to the approval of a new policy statement, which is believed to include a clause calling for the return of refugees back to their various countries.[312]
On 10 February, women's groups at the local level in Lebanon, including other alienated groups, are demanding for their rights to be honored by the Lebanese government, Al Jazeera reported.[313]
On Tuesday, the Lebanese parliament held a nine-hour session, in which the legislators passed a vote of confidence, supporting the newly formed cabinet by the Lebanese government, and its financial rescue plan.[314] Protesters attempted to disrupt the meeting from holding by throwing stones at security forces, and tried to block the path leading to the parliament.[315] The parliament meeting was attended by 84 members of parliament, with 63 of them voting in support of the government, France 24 added.[316] In an attempt by protesters to evade security checkpoints, they started to form up at various points in Beirut, but some lawmakers reportedly spent the night in the parliament ahead of the meeting, in order to avoid being prevented by protesters.[317]
On 14 February, Former Prime Minister Saad Hariri delivered his first speech after leaving office in October, urging that he is not leaving Lebanon, but mapping out a new future in politics with his party.[318] In response to Lebanon's request for technical assistance from the IMF earlier in February, hundreds of protesters have gathered around Lebanon's central bank and parliament on 15 February, in rejection of the request.[319]
The World Bank has warned Lebanon against the risk of implosion, if they fail to adopt a new system of governance that is more genuine and transparent compared to the old one.[320] Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab hosted the speaker of the Iranian Parliament Ali Larijani on 17 February, as Iran expresses readiness to assist Lebanon with its ongoing crisis. The Iranian speaker added that, considering Lebanon has made it all the way past the creation of a new government, Iran is now ready to assume their responsibility, which involves working with Lebanon, according to the Tasnim News Agency.[321][322] According to The New York Times, several Lebanese are considering emigration as a solution to the ongoing deepening crisis in Lebanon which has no end date, with some in possession of a second passport already, which will pave way for them to leave the country without any difficulty.[323]
During the G-20 Summit in Riyadh on 23 February, Saudi Arabia's finance minister divulged Saudi's plan of assisting Lebanon with its financial crisis, once there is assurance that Lebanon has put in place a solid reform plan.[324] Also during the summit, the finance minister of France has expressed his country's willingness to provide Lebanon with any form of financial support if need be.[325] Furthermore, the Lebanese government is trying to set up an emergency economic plan that will improve the country's conditions, amid fears of acquiring aid from the international community.[326] Several migrant workers in Lebanon are paying the price for the country's financial crisis, as the access to hard currency has been limited, France 24 reported.[327]
March protests
Lebanon recorded its first case of COVID-19 on 21 February.[328] On 28 February, the Lebanese Government implemented the first of many measures aimed at combating the virus, closing all educational institutions starting 29 February.[329]
Due to religious restrictions guarding the country's system of protection, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab stated on 2 March, that the government has become unable to protect the Lebanese citizens.[330] Lebanon's huge debts have cast doubts on the ability of Lebanon to meet repayment due by 9 March, as several members of parliament reject paying the $1.2bn Euro-bond, regardless of the consequences, the speaker of parliament disclosed on 4 March.[331]
On 5 March, Lebanese came out in hundreds near banks in Southern Lebanon, to protest against the regulations stopping them from withdrawing their funds.[332] However, the Lebanese parliament is believed to have passed a bill to ensure that banking secrecy has been lifted, Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm stated. Lebanon's minister of information also added that, the law is expected to be applicable to members of parliament, ministers, as well as public officials.[333][334] As the exchange rate of US dollar-Lebanese pound reaches LL2,600 on Thursday, hundreds of demonstrators took to the streets in Antelias and Beirut, demanding for the government to find a solution, as well as to hold early elections.[335] Considering the current economic situation in Lebanon, a judge has reportedly halted an order of assets freezing of 20 banks, including their directors. The judge explained the reason for suspending the order, stating that he wants to first learn how the order could affect Lebanon's current economic position.[336][337]
On 7 March, Prime minister Hassan Diab said that Lebanon would default on a Eurobond repayment and pursue restructuring its debt. The country has never before defaulted. Lebanon's government debt is about 170% of its yearly gross domestic product. Several Analysts have added that only the IMF's support could be the solution to Lebanon's financial crisis after the default.[338][339] However, hundreds of protesters have reportedly continued their rally which commenced earlier on Thursday, in several cities across the country including Sidon, as they criticise against the financial policies and poor standard of living in the country.[340]
On 9 March, Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that Lebanon had defaulted on a $1.2 billion Eurobond, for the very first time in the history of the country.[341]
On 10 March, the restriction on deposits due to shortage of foreign currency was reduced by a public prosecutor, as he consented with rules for commercial banks, targeted at defending depositors rights. The decision was verified by an official at the office of the public prosecutor, even though no additional comment was given.[342][343]
Amid fears of the further spread of coronavirus in Lebanon, on 15 March, the government decided to put in place a state of emergency, leaving its crippling economy in a stalemate.[344] The decision was reached after several hours of an emergency cabinet meeting which resulted to the closure of its land borders, seaports and Rafic Hariri International Airport in Beirut.[345] According to Reuters, the closure which commenced on Wednesday, is expected to be in place until 29 March, so as to enable the state of health emergency that has been set up, to tackle the virus effectively.[346]
On 23 March, the Lebanese government decided to stop paying back all debts in foreign currencies, in light of the fall in foreign currency reserves and worsening financial and economic crisis. Coronavirus pandemic has caused many businesses to be closed down, including a severe impact on the foreign sector, which influenced the government's new decision.[347][348] The Lebanese finance ministry added that the country is planning on reaching reasonable understanding with its creditors immediately.[349]
On 27 March, camps in Martyrs Square in central Beirut, which has been mostly occupied by protesters since October 2019, were reportedly cleared by Lebanon's security forces, according to the National Post. The security forces engaged the Martyrs Square in the evening after the Lebanese cabinet had imposed a curfew.[350][351] The decision to remove the camps was made amid growing concerns over the further spread of coronavirus, according to the Lebanese government.[352] However, protesters claimed that the police neither informed or gave them a notice, instead, they instructed them to quickly vacate the protest site. A protester added that there were only about 50 to 60 of them remaining when the security forces invaded the camps, as most of the protesters had evacuated the camps following the closure of seaports and airport of Beirut by the Lebanese government on 18 March, according to the Al-Monitor.[353][354] Activists and journalists in Lebanon have expressed their concerns on the suspicion that the Lebanese government might be using the coronavirus outbreak as an excuse to make its powers even stronger.[355]
April protests
On 2 April, some activists and journalists defied the lock down that was issued by the cabinet on 15 March to prevent the widespread of COVID-19, protesting against the closure of banks which led to the arrest of six activists and a journalist by the Lebanese security forces. The small group of protesters gathered in front of the Al-Mawarid Bank's Hamra branch in west Beirut, with some people putting on surgical masks and others without, Al-Arabiya added.[356][357]
President Michel Aoun on 6 April, urged the International community to provide Lebanon with financial support as they battle to survive the ongoing economic crisis, alongside the coronavirus pandemic. The president made the call during a meeting of the International support group for Lebanon, in which he particularly asked the governments of the International community to make available $11 billion which they had pledged for during a conference in Paris, April 2018.[358][359] Aoun also maintained that the country is solely relying on the financial aid which is to be dedicated in executing infrastructure projects, as they have gone into an unforeseen economic recession.[360]
On 7 April, just a day after security forces stopped an escape attempt in Tripoli's prison in northern Lebanon, heavy protests erupted amid fears of the spread of coronavirus.[361] At least four inmates were reportedly injured when security forces fired rubber bullets in an attempt to disperse the crowd.[362]
According to CNN, American citizens living in Lebanon have rejected the offer made by the US government to return them back to the US, due to the drastic increase in the number of COVID-19 cases in America. The offer was given to both citizens and permanent residents on a chartered flight at the cost of $2,500 for each individual.[363][364]
On 21 April, several protesters in Lebanon returned to the streets again in large car convoys, gathering around the complex where MPs convened in order to pass several laws on Tuesday. Many protesters were sighted waving Lebanon's flag, while putting on protective gear like medical masks and hand gloves as a preventive measure against the Coronavirus.[365][366] Due to the worsening economic condition, COVID-19 lock-down and the Lebanese government's inability to enact policies that would curb the situation, protesters were threatening to resume protests nationwide, Xinhuanet reported.[367] Prime minister Hassan Diab disclosed after the session that the reforms plan by the government is scheduled to be discussed next week.[368]
On 27 April, large clashes in Tripoli between the army and protesters resulted in one protester being killed.[13] 40 troops were injured, and many banks in Tripoli were set on fire or had their windows smashed due to the currency's rapid devaluation. Molotov cocktails had been thrown at an army vehicle and at least 5 banks in the city in the previous days, and heavy gunfire was heard.[369] The next day, all banks in Tripoli announced their temporary closure until security has been restored, as they have been the targets attacks and rioting.[370] Protests also took place in Sidon on 27 April.[369]
On 28 April, large protests erupted in Tripoli for a 2nd consecutive night, along with other demonstrations in Beirut, Sidon, Nabatieh, Bekaa Valley, and Akkar, in defiance of the lockdown to contain COVID-19 in Lebanon. Over a dozen banks and cash machines across the country were either torched with Molotov cocktails or vandalized. The military expressed regret over the killing of a protester the night before and opened an investigation into the death. A funeral procession for the deceased protester in Tripoli took place.[371][372]
On 29 April, small protests continued for a third night. In the northern city of Tripoli protesters lobbed fireworks and stones at soldiers who pushed them back with rubber bullets. In the southern city of Sidon demonstrators set a central bank building ablaze with petrol bombs for a second night.[373]
After a series of protests that turned into violence, the government of Lebanon on 30 April, approved the long-awaited plan to save the country's economy from the brink of collapse. Prime Minister Hassan Diab maintained that the Lebanese government intends to use the plan in applying for an IMF programme that would facilitate the revival of the economy which is projected to be in crisis for the next five years.[374][375] Following minor amendments, the approval of the plan was unanimously agreed by the government during the cabinet meeting at the presidential palace in Baabda, according to SBS.[376] However, Diab assured that the plan is subject to the option of having minor changes to it.[377]
May protests
Protesters in Lebanon on 1 May, rejected the government's rescue plan which was announced on Thursday, as hundreds of protesters gathered outside the Central bank in Beirut and across the country. The protesters condemned the government's approach towards tackling the economic crisis which plummeted their local currency, leading to inflation and increased prices of goods.[378][379] Outside a private bank, struggles reportedly erupted between security forces and protesters, as at least one protester was sighted being stroked and taken away by security forces, according to Daily Sabah.[380]
Lebanese banks have also shown their lack of support for the government to seek help from the IMF, claiming their counsel wasn't asked for. The banking association of Lebanon urged for the rejection of the plan by members of parliament, maintaining that it does not need to be passed, as it infringes on private property rights.[381][382] They added that the plan has no specific time for implementation, also lacking the ability to proffer solutions to the high rate of inflation, possibly leading to hyperinflation.[383] However, it is believed that the IMF may possibly confer with the Lebanese banks on the rescue plan before proceeding further, according to Arab News.[384]
The United Nations on 8 May 2020, reported that the journalists covering popular demonstrations in Lebanon are at the highest risk of contracting coronavirus, as many of those protesting do not abide by the safety measures advised for preventing the spread of the novel virus. The issue was first addressed by Joyce Akiki, a prominent Lebanon-based reporter for MTV channel in her velfie (or a video selfie).[385]
On 14 May, the director of cash operations for the Lebanese central bank, Mazen Hamdan was arrested based on the suspicion of being involved in currency manipulation. The order for the director's arrest was issued by A Lebanese financial prosecutor, Ali Ibrahim.[386][387] Although the prosecutor's office is yet to release a statement, security sources have confirmed that Hamdan is being held in detention while awaiting an investigation, according to Reuters.[388] Following the arrest of Mazen Hamdan, Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab demanded for the allegations regarding the Lebanese pound to be looked into further, maintaining that the people of Lebanon are entitled to an explanation as to why the exchange rate has plummeted, Daily Sabah added.[389]
June protests
On 2 June, protesters in Lebanon took to social media to share preventive measures with protesters who gathered in several cities across the US, over the death of George Floyd, an unarmed black man in Minneapolis, Minnesota.[390] The Lebanese protesters further provided the US protesters with a list of items to carry along while demonstrating, as well as how to prevent themselves from the excessive use of force by security forces. The hashtag #Americarevolts in Arabic language which trended on twitter was used by several protesters in Lebanon as a sign of solidarity.[391][392]
On 4 June, In anticipation of the intended protest scheduled for Saturday by the civil movement, the period of general mobilization in Lebanon was extended to 5 July by the Lebanese Council of Ministers.[393] The Lebanese aren't denied their right to protest, so far as they wear protective gear, avoid shutting down roads, starting violence with security forces, or destroying properties, the minister of Information Abdel-Samad stated. He added that the decision regarding the extension was reached in line with the recommendation of the Higher Defense Council.[394][395] Prime minister Hassan Diab, despite his support for peaceful protests, expressed his fears and cautioned the people of Lebanon against taking advantage of the situation by turning it into violence.[396]
On 6 June, several protesters returned to the streets for the first time since the COVID-19 lock down was put in place. The protests reportedly turned violent when some anti-government protesters and supporters of the Iran-backed Shiite Hezbollah movement began to throw stones at each other, according to DW.[397][398] As the thousands of protesters gathered in Beirut's Martyrs' Square clashed, the army was forced to intervene and stand in between the two groups.[399] According to a statement by the Lebanese Red Cross on Twitter, 37 people were injured during the violence that erupted, with the majority of the victims treated at the scene.[400]
On 11 June, fresh violence erupted in Lebanon's capital Beirut, after the Lebanese pound significantly depreciated against the US dollars as angry protesters took to the streets.[401] Several roads were shut down across Lebanon by anti-government protesters, consequently clashing with security forces who used tear gas to disperse the crowd.[402] According to CNN, protests also reportedly broke out in southern cities of Saida and Nabatieh, as well as the northern city of Tripoli, where demonstrators threw Molotov cocktails and stones at the city's central bank building.[403] Following the series of heavy clashes that rocked Lebanon on Thursday, Prime Minister Hassan Diab called for an emergency cabinet meeting on Friday, in an attempt to discuss solutions to the country's financial crisis.[404] BBC reported that President Michel Aoun disclosed that the central bank is expected to start injecting US dollars into the market, so as to stabilize the plummeted exchange rate.[405]
On 12 June, the demonstration which started late Thursday evening, entered its second night, with security forces firing rubber bullets and tear gas after clashing with protesters in Beirut and northern Lebanon's Tripoli. Many public properties, shops, were destroyed by the protesters.[406][407]
On 13 June, some Lebanese protesters in Beirut's Martyrs' Square were sighted wearing black with their faces colored in white, while moving around with a coffin covered with the Lebanese.[405] As the protests in the capital and other cities across Lebanon reached its third consecutive day, hundreds of demonstrators rallied through the streets of Lebanon demanding for the Diab's government to quit.[408] After 100 days in power, the government led by prime minister Hassan Diab was considered inadequate to alleviate the economic crisis.[409]
On 18 June, Henri Chaoul, a Top advisor for Lebanon's Minister of Finance in the International Monetary Fund negotiations resigned. Chaoul's publicly posted resignation directly placed blame on the government and ruling elite stating "Whilst the IMF has confirmed the quantum of these losses, the establishment (the political class, the monetary authorities, and the financial sector as a whole has opted to dismiss the magnitude of these losses that impose themselves as an incontestable reality and has embarked on a populist agenda".[410] During the day, protesters blocked the main highway in Jounieh connecting the city to Beirut. Clashes and violence between protesters and security forces occurred over the arrest of activist Michel Chamoun after he had criticized president Michel Aoun on social media. This comes a few days after a new order allowed the right to sue people who insulted the presidency on social media. Violence erupted as Chamoun was being transported from the serail in Jounieh to another detention center. One Internal Security Forces officer was injured in the clashes.[411][412]
On 25 June, protests erupted across Lebanon amidst deteriorating economic conditions in the country, with several protesters shutting down various roads in Lebanon.[413] Several demonstrators reportedly gathered at the Palace of Justice in Beirut, calling for the immediate release of protesters who were detained earlier this week on the allegations of destruction of properties.[414] According to Al Jazeera, the Lebanese pound on Thursday plummeted to a new rate of more than 7,000 to a dollar on the black market. Following the protests that erupted, President Michel Aoun on Thursday held a national meeting with Lebanon's top politicians, in fear of further escalation of the protests into a civil war.[415][416]
During a television interview with Al Manar on 28 June, Lebanon's Interior Minister, Mohamed Fahmi, acknowledged killing two people during the 15-year civil war in Lebanon.[417] Fahmi claimed that he was protected by the current President Michel Aoun who was then a senior officer in the army. He also revealed that an incident occurred with the two people he killed, who were part of a very powerful group.[418][419] The interview with the minister has raised doubts regarding the relationship between Prime Minister Hassan Diab's assumed technocratic government and the current political elite comprising the likes of President Aoun.[420]
On 29 June, two weeks after Henri Chaoul's resignation, the Finance Ministry Director General and negotiator with the IMF, Alain Bifani, submitted his resignation. At a press conference, Bifani cited the reasons for resigning were that negotiations were at a "dead end" and that the risk level has reached a point where he could no longer stay silent. Bifani continued, "We waited a long time for a chance to achieve serious change and we tried to anticipate what we have reached today. We struggled to avoid the worst, but the forces of darkness and tyranny came together to impede what we did".[421] In a phone call interview with France 24, Bifani blamed the elite interest groups for allowing negotiations to reach a dead end stating “This is one of the very few cases when the IMF is seen on the side of social justice against political elites in cahoots with private interests, banks and big depositors – the few who have over $10 million each [in bank deposits] and don’t want to contribute to a fair solution.”[422] An investigation was launched by Lebanon's security forces into a claimed missile attack that was supposedly fired close to former Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri's convoy on 17 June. A missile reportedly went off 500 metres away from the ex-prime minister's convoy while he was visiting the eastern Bekaa Valley.[423] To note, the report was first published by a foreign news station, the Saudi-owned TV station Al-Hadath, and there is no other reference of the attack.[424]
July protests
On 3 July, with the continuing collapse of the Lebanese economy and hardship, two men were believed to have killed themselves in Lebanon, according to the Daily Star.[425] A note, a Lebanese flag and a copy of spotless criminal record were discovered on the busy street in Beirut where the first victim, a 61-year-old man from the eastern region of Hermel shot himself. As security workers were taking away the body in a white coffin and clearing the scene, his relative blamed the government for the hard times that brought about the suicide of the victim.[426][427] However, the second body, a man said to be a driver, was discovered by security forces at his residence near Saida, in southern Lebanon.[428]
On 6 July, following the deepening economic crisis and regular power shortages in Lebanon, protesters took to the streets on Monday, shutting down roads and burning tires in the capital Beirut.[429] In the Sanayeh area of Beirut, protests were also held by drivers outside the headquarters of the Interior Ministry, as they demanded for reduction of fuel prices and other charges.[430] According to Arab News, security forces detained the Lebanese activist Pierre Hashash, further beating up two others among the protesters who came out to demonstrate against the detention of Hashash.[430]
On 10 July, several Lebanese protesters alongside supporters of the Hezbollah group gathered outside the US embassy in Awkar, to protest against Washington’s involvement in Lebanon, as well as express support for the Hezbollah group.[431] The protesters threw stones at the security forces outside the embassy and made attempts to remove the barbed wire which was standing between them and the security forces. They also set American flags ablaze and ridiculed the US dollar bills, describing the US as supporters of terrorism. However, the riot police managed to quell the protest by leading the gathering away from the US embassy.[432][433][434]
August protests
On 3 August, Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti reportedly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Hassan Diab, describing his fear of the country turning into a failed state due to the government’s inability to enact reforms. The appointment of a new minister or caretaker has not been made yet, pending the acceptance of his resignation.[435][436] According to VOA News, after the previous visit of the French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian to the capital Beirut, he was criticized by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which Hitti found to be disappointing.[437] The Lebanese Foreign Minister also maintained that Diab’s government had not expedited carrying out the reforms that International donors required.[438] However, it is believed that Diab accepted the minister’s resignation instantly and has already begun evaluating alternatives for a suitable replacement, his office stated according to France 24. Later in the afternoon on Monday, it was reported that President Michel Aoun’s diplomatic adviser Charbel Wahbi, had been named as Hitti’s successor.[439][440]
On 4 August, dozens of Lebanese protesters attempted to force their way into the energy ministry’s headquarters in Beirut, following power outages which left several areas in darkness. Security forces with batons, managed to break up the crowd which had already made it past a barbed-wire fence.[441][442] The protesters wanted to prepare a sit-in at the energy ministry, as one protester maintained that they will not vacate the premises until electricity is made available.[443]
Beirut explosion protests
On the night of 6 August 2020, protests against the government resumed, with dozens of protestors angry for the explosion in Beirut two days prior that killed at least 220 people and wounded more than 6,000. The protestors were near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials. The health ministry disclosed that despite search and rescue experts taking over the search for remaining survivors, at least 21 people are still missing.[444][445] The protests turned violent, with officers using tear gas, and several people were wounded. 17 ambulances were said to have been dispatched by the Lebanese Red Cross to the protest site in order to assist those who were wounded, according to Euronews.[446]
On 8 August 2020, thousands of protesters stormed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bustros Palace) during demonstrations. Security forces opened fire and clashed with the protesters, wounding more than 238 people, sixty-three of whom were taken to hospitals;[447] Saudi news channel Al-Hadath confirmed that a policeman was killed in an accident.[448] Protesters also broke into the Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Energy, and Association of Banks. They also broke into the offices of the ministries of housing and transport, the US News added.[449] In response to the protests and calls for the termination of his government, Lebanon’s PM Hassan Diab has promised to hold early elections, maintaining that his government would stay for two months until major parties can make a decision.[450]
On 9 August, as the protests entered its second day, fire reportedly broke out at the entrance of the parliament square, when angry protesters attempted breaking into the building. The broadcast was shown live on the Lebanese TV channels, with security forces using tear gas to disperse the hundreds of anti-government protesters gathered outside the building.[451][452] As of Sunday, three ministers have stepped down following last week’s explosion, including the minister of justice, environment and information. The Lebanese Information Minister Manal Abdel Samad described Diab’s government as a failure in terms of meeting the demands of the people of Lebanon.[453][454] Also, the Environment Minister Damianos Kattar lamented that the regime is incompetent and has missed different chances for ensuring reforms.[455]
On 11 August, findings by Amnesty International suggested that Lebanese security forces had applied unlawful use of force against protesters, during protests after the explosion in Beirut.[456] Medical documents also showed evidence that protesters were targeted with live rounds and rubber bullets, according to Aljazeera. Medics were also reportedly attacked on the scene, as they were attending to the wounded during the clash.[457][458]
Resignations
As of August 10 Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned, and became interim prime minister until a new government is elected.[459] Diab made the announcement while he was delivering a speech on Monday evening, blaming the country’s ruling class for hindering reform plans.[460] Following his speech, he proceeded to the presidential palace where President Michel Aoun approved the resignation of his cabinet.[461] Despite the stepping down of Diab’s government, Lebanese protesters have maintained that they would still not stop the demonstrations, VOA News reported.[462]
Killing of Alaa Abou Fakhr
On the evening of 12 November, Alaa Abou Fakhr,[10] a Lebanese national, was shot and killed in Khalde at the ensuing protests. Abou Fakhr's death appeared to have been unprovoked, as he was unarmed and attending the protest with his wife and child. The Lebanese Army released a statement saying that his death occurred as an accident after a soldier fired shots purely with the intent to clear a path for an army convoy, and that the soldier had been referred to military court for a trial.[463][464] However, during Abou Fakhr's funeral ceremony the next day, his wife, who was present with Abou Fakhr during his shooting, claimed that he was killed by Lebanese military intelligence.[465] Abou Fakhr's death was the first to be caused by the Lebanese army.[466] A video circulating on social media appeared to show a plainclothes man who drove a civilian automobile shooting Abou Fakhr at close range.[467]
Abou Fakhr was a member of the Municipal Committee of Choueifat as a representative of the Lebanese Progressive Socialist Party. Walid Jumblatt, the party's leader, appeared among protesters to call for calm after mounting animosity towards the Lebanese army, urging that "the state is our only refuge or else we will descend into chaos".[468] Abou Fakhr's death triggered a substantial increase in protest activity, with reported clashes with army forces and additional roads being barricaded in protest. Tributes and candlelight vigils were held for Abou Fakhr across Lebanon and were attended by thousands of protesters, who came to perceive him as symbolizing a martyr for the revolutionary movement. Abou Fakhr's family received condolences from virtually every Lebanese political faction.[469]
On 13 November, the Lebanese Army announced that the suspected killer, First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil, had been referred to the military judiciary to await trial after the conclusion of the army's interrogation process.[470] A massive funeral procession was held in the evening with tens of thousands of attendees, with Abou Fakhr's coffin carried throughout Beirut.[471]
On 21 November, the Lebanese Army announced that First Adjutant Charbel Hjeil was charged with the murder of Alaa Abou Fakhr. The Colonel on the scene, Nidal Daou, also received unspecified charges. Sources claimed that Daou and Abou Fakhr were acquainted prior to the murder, implying a personal motive. The investigation was then slated to continue on 25 November.[472][473][474]
Analysis and reactions
In contrast to the 2005 Cedar Revolution, in which support for the main sides of the political conflict were aligned with political parties and the Sunni–Shiite Muslim sociological and religious divide in Lebanon, the 2015–2016 Lebanese protests started to include criticism of leaders within the anti-Hezbollah community. The 2019 protests bypassed this sociological divide further, as they were part of a genuine grassroots movement that has not been directed by any political party, cross-sectarian in a broader sense than those of 2015 and taking place across Lebanon, rather than only in Beirut. The protests are an existential threat to the Lebanese government and political elite and a revolution. The 2019 society-wide nature of the protests has its seed in the 2015–2016 protests.[475]
International reactions
See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2019 Lebanese protests. |
- 2015–2016 Lebanese protests
- Politics of Lebanon
- 2019 Chilean protests for similar protests
- 2019 Iraqi protests for similar protests
References
- "On Ground Activism". Kafeh.org. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- "Political and socio-economic program regarding the uprising and the transitional phase". lcparty.org. Lebanese Communist Party. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- "لبنان ينتفض". mmfidawla.com. Citizens in a State. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- "اللبنانيون الجدد". اللبنانيون الجدد.
- Raidy, Gino. "It's Time to Talk About Sabaa". Gino's Blog. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- "Nasrallah: Lebanon is facing two major menaces; the first is the financial and economic collapse and the second is the Lebanese people's rage at the political elite". MTV Lebanon. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- K, Christie (7 November 2019). "Tripoli Will Remove All Political Posters From its City!". The961. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Shots, tear gas and flames as protests against Beirut explosion grow
- "OHCHR | Press briefing note on Lebanon".
- "عضو بلدية الشويفات علاء أبو فخر يسقط بالرصاص تحت جسر خلدة". An-Nahar. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- "Anger breaks out after two die in roadblock crash". The Daily Star. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- Osseiran, Hashem. "Lebanon officials vow to deter 'infiltrator' attacks after weekend violence". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- Saleh, Walid (27 April 2020). "Lebanon cities erupt against economic hardship, one protester killed in Tripoli". Reuters. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- Lebanese policeman killed in clashes with demonstrators in Beirut: police
- "Lebanese govt to charge USD 0.20 a day for WhatsApp calls". The Daily Star. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Protests erupt in Lebanon over plans to impose new taxes". aljazeera.com. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon: WhatsApp tax sparks mass protests". DW. Deutsche Welle. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon Protesters Found Strength in Unity, Ditched Sectarianism". Report Syndication. 27 October 2019.
- http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Local/2018/Mar-30/443613-jobless-rate-at-46-pct-president-warns.ashx
- "Protesters march from Al Nour Square to Central Bank in Tripoli". MTV Lebanon. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Protesters block Karakoul Druze-Mar Elias road". MTV Lebanon. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- Khraiche, Dana (17 October 2019). "Nationwide Protests Erupt in Lebanon as Economic Crisis Deepens". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- Fadi Tawil (17 October 2019). "Protests spread across Lebanon over proposed new taxes". Washington Post. AP. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Protests erupt over taxes as govt races to wrap up budget". The Daily Star. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon scraps WhatsApp tax as protests rage". 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- The961, News (1 November 2019). "Lebanese Protesters Addressed President Aoun with an Urgent Demand/". the961.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- "Lebanon protests: University professor Hassan Diab nominated to be PM". BBC.
- "Lebanese president asks Hassan Diab to form government". Al Jazeera. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- "Roadblocks across Lebanon as anger rises over Diab pick as PM". Al Jazeera. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- "Day 76: New Year's Revolution". The Daily Star. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
- "Lebanon forms new government after three months of protest". CPI Financial. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "Beirut explosion: Lebanon's government resigns as public anger mounts". BBC News. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- "A surge of public anger sends Lebanon's politicians reeling". The Economist. 26 October 2019.
- "Lebanon - Religious Sects". Global Security.
- "A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon". The Economist. 5 October 2019. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon gas stations to go on strike over dollar 'shortage'". France 24. 26 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Protests spread across Lebanon over proposed new taxes". France 24. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanese millers say wheat reserves fall due to ongoing 'dollar problem'". The Daily Star. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Protests sweep Lebanon for a second day". 7NEWS.com.au. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Unemployment: The paralysis of Lebanese youth". An-Nahar. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- "As energy problems fuel protests, Lebanon eyes gas revolution". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Lebanon: what protests against the sectarian elite mean for Hezbollah". The Conversation. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Lebanon wildfires: Hellish scenes in mountains south of Beirut". Al Jazeera. 16 October 2019.
- Khamis, Reem (16 October 2019). "Lebanon's wildfires call for an appropriate disaster risk management plan". An-Nahar. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon: Protests over worsening economic crisis". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Watch: Protests in Lebanon's capital over worsening economic crisis". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanese MP Hikmat Dib calls for the beheading of Lebanese pop star Ragheb Alameh". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
- Imad Jack Karam (IJK) on La Bonne HUmeur, retrieved 10 November 2019
- Brennan, Sam (24 September 2019). A closer look into Lebanon’s fixed currency. Al Monitor. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Lebanon. World Bank. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- The tragic disintegration of Lebanon. Arab Times (11 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- UPDATE 1-Moody's puts Lebanon's Caa1 rating under review for downgrade. Reuters (1 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- A long-feared currency crisis has begun to bite in Lebanon. The Economist (5 October 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Holtmeier, Lauren (7 October 2019). How Lebanon’s dollar shortage sparked an economic crisis. Al Arabiya. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Lebanon gas stations to go on strike over dollar 'shortage'. France 24 (26 September 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Lebanon approves 2020 budget with 0.6% deficit - Hariri. Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Lebanon banks suck in dollars to maintain peg, but economy stagnates. Reuters (16 August 2018). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Lebanon's parliament passes 2019 austerity budget. Al Jazeera (19 July 2019). Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Irish, John & Pennetier, Marine (6 April 2018). Lebanon wins pledges exceeding $11 billion in Paris. Reuters. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- Kranz, Michal (4 October 2019). "Protesters rise up as Lebanon's leaders grapple with multiple economic crises". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Cabinet meets as backlash grows over tax proposals". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon cabinet sets 'final session' on Friday for 2020 draft budget: minister". Reuters. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Hariri Contacts Aoun, Both Men Agree to Cancel Today's Cabinet Session – Al-Manar TV Lebanon". english.almanar.com.lb. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanese protesters set up barricades, block main roads". 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- Azar, Georgi (17 October 2019). "WhatsApp tax the final straw as massive protests erupt". An-Nahar. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- @walidjoumblatt (17 October 2019). "انني طلبت من الرفيق اكرم شهيب تسليم الذين اطلقوا النار في الهواء ونحن تحت القانون لكن نطلب تحقيق شفاف ونرفض الاعتداء على ايا كان .pic.twitter.com/LUo2mCghCI" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- Tamara Qiblawi. "WhatsApp tax sparks night of austerity protests across Lebanon". CNN. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "President Aoun called PM Hariri and agreed to hold a Cabinet meeting tomorrow at Baabda Palace". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Education Minister Akram Chehayeb issues statement to close public and private schools and universities tomorrow (Friday) because of the current situation in the country". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon scraps WhatsApp fee amid violent protests". Reuters. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- "Des manifestants s'en prennent aux domiciles et bureaux de responsables Amal et Hezbollah à Nabatiyé". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Some protesters riot in central Beirut, hurl stones at riot police, shatter shops' windows". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Liban : le bureau du CPL à Tripoli saccagé". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Police fire tear gas at rioting protesters near govt seat in central Beirut". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Protestations : de nombreuses routes coupées à travers le Liban". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanon paralyzed after second day of protests". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Liban : "grève générale" vendredi de "toutes les administrations publiques"". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Lebanese Forces will not participate in today's Cabinet session: minister". The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Geagea appelle Hariri à démissionner". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Hariri to address the nation at 6 p.m." The Daily Star. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Joumblatt appelle à un "mouvement pacifique contre le mandat" Aoun". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- ANTONIOS, Zeina (18 October 2019). "Pierre Issa à L'OLJ : Si le cabinet démissionne, il faudra former un gouvernement réduit de salut public - Zeina ANTONIOS". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Hariri: We can no longer wait for our 'partners in the government' to start working on the solution, so either they show in the coming 72 hours that they are serious about reforms or I will take a different approach". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- "Hariri: 'Partners in the government' have 72 hours to give me their answer". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
- @saadhariri (18 October 2019). "#٧٢ساعة ..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- The961, News (21 October 2019). "The First Lebanese to Tragically Lose His Life Protesting for a Better Lebanon/". the961.com. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- Libnanews, Newsdesk (18 October 2019). "Liban/Flash: 2 morts et 4 blessés à Tripoli suite à une fusillade". Libnanews, Le Média Citoyen du Liban (in French). Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- "Nasrallah: There are political leaders and forces in Lebanon that act above everyone else and avoid all responsibilities for the past and the present mistakes and blame others". MTV Lebanon. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- @yumnafawaz (19 October 2019). ""غنم، خواريف تابعين ورا احزابكن"صرخة من متظاهرة في صور الى نبيه بري بعد الاعتداءات والتنكيل من قبل شباب حركة امل.#لبنان_ينتفض #الزعران_فلتانةpic.twitter.com/FPZoc8DbOS" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Hundreds across the world protest in solidarity with Lebanon". The Daily Star. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- Azar, Georgi (20 October 2019). "Lebanese Forces resign from Cabinet". An-Nahar. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
- "Lebanon's leaders move to quell huge protests". BBC News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- "Clash and gunfire in Tripoli, but no casualties". MTV Lebanon. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Lebanese national anthem unites demonstrations at 6:00PM". MTV Lebanon. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Lebanon protests: All the latest updates". aljazeera.com. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- "Army foiled attempted infiltration of Beirut protest: source". The Daily Star. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- "ISG visits Hariri: Support for the reform objectives endorsed by the Cabinet". MTV Lebanon. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Hariri chairs meeting on looted public money recovery law". MTV Lebanon. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Hariri receives PSP delegation". MTV Lebanon. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Sheikh Akl calls for preserving people's rights". MTV Lebanon. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "'I am waiting for you': Lebanon's Aoun invites protesters to talk". aljazeera.com. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Lebanese protesters reject president's appeal for talks". aljazeera.com. 25 October 2019.
- "Lebanon protesters reject concessions, block key roads". France 24. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Hezbollah to speak on Lebanon crisis as economic warning issued". aljazeera.com. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Roads closed as pressure builds on govt in 9th day of uprising". The Daily Star. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Hezbollah supporters clash with riot police, protesters". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Nasrallah to talk domestic developments". The Daily Star. 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Hezbollah calls on supporters to withdraw from protests, listen to Nasrallah's speech". The Daily Star. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- Cheeseman, Abbie (25 October 2019). "Hizbollah leader warns of civil war after days of Lebanon protests". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
- "Saad Hariri, the prime minister of Lebanon, steps down". The Economist. 29 October 2019.
- "Meeting at Army Command to discuss current situation". MTV Lebanon. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Geagea criticizes neglect of people's demands". MTV Lebanon. 26 October 2019. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- "Protesters Just Formed a Human Chain Across Lebanon". The961. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- "سلسلة من المحتجين امتدت من صور باتجاه البص". MTV Lebanon (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- "Lebanon protesters form human chain across the country". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- "الراعي: لا تنظروا الى المُتظاهرين بفوقيّة واستكبار". MTV Lebanon (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- "Pope Francis Addressed the Lebanese Revolutionaries in a Message of Support". The961. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
- "Amal and Hezbollah supporters overrun Beirut protesters". The National. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- "Hezbollah Supporters Break Up Lebanon Protest Camp". Voice of America. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- Dadouch, Sarah; Khattab, Asser (29 October 2019). "Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri announces he will resign after nearly two weeks of protests". Washington Post. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- Vivian Yee (29 October 2019). "Lebanon's Prime Minister, Saad Hariri, Steps Down in Face of Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- "Number of roads across Lebanon blocked again". The Daily Star. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- "Lebanese Army Intervenes to Reopen Roads". The Daily Star. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- "President Aoun to address the nation on Thursday". The Daily Star. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
- "President Michel Aoun addressed the nation Thursday evening". The Daily Star. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- "Everything You Need to Know About President Aoun's Speech". The961. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- "Protesters take to streets after the President speech". The Daily Star. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- "Security forces struggle to keep roads open". The Daily Star. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
- "Lebanon's banks reopen after two-week closure amid protests". France 24. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "How Unofficial Capital Controls Stopped a Run on the Banks in Lebanon". CounterPunch. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Nasrallah Urges Fast Formation of 'Sovereign Govt.', Says 'Strife, Political Coup' Foiled". Naharnet. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- Kranz, Michal. "Hezbollah's Old Tricks Won't Work in Lebanon". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- @habib_b (1 November 2019). "Teach-ins and public debates happening now across the protest space in downtown" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "In Lebanon's sweeping protests, hard-hit Tripoli sets the tempo". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "FPM supporters gather in support of President". An-Nahar. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- "Aoun strategy risks delaying government formation". zawya.com. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- "'Sunday of Unity' rejuvenates protests". The Daily Star. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- "Tens of thousands march in Lebanon's Sunday of Unity". Ya Libnan. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- "Lebanese Keep Protest Alive". Naharnet. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
- "Hezbollah Supporters Attack Beirut Protest Site". Haaretz. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- @akhbaralsaha (4 November 2019). "مسيرة شموع طالت سوق #بعلبك عن روح الشهداء في الثورة اللبنانية #كلن_يعني_كلن #اخبار_الساحة #لبنان_ينتفض #لبنانpic.twitter.com/lrSaPuuztH" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanon's Anti-Government Protesters Call for General Strike". Click Lancashire. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- @Beirutiyat (5 November 2019). "الجيش اللبناني والامن العام يحاول فتح جامعة AUST بالقوة ويواجه الطلاب السلميين #لبنان_ينتفضpic.twitter.com/4WFxE35VZB" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Nabatieh Under Constant Duress and the Protection of the Lebanese Army". the961.com. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- "Electricity, water cuts power Lebanon's protest movement". France 24. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Thousands of students protest on 21st day of uprising". The Daily Star. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- "Lebanon students skip school as protesters eye state institutions". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Lebanon protesters seek to shut down key state institutions". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 6 November 2019.
- "Fuel shortage, price hikes squeeze protest-hit Lebanon". France 24. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Protesters to Oppose Tuesday's Parliamentary Session with a Widespread Strike". The961. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Politicians eye amnesty to quell street pressure". The Daily Star. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Lebanese bank employee union calls strike over safety concerns". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Lebanon central bank says bank deposits are safe, banks to review curbs". Reuters. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Tuesday's legislative session postponed for security reasons". An-Nahar. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "Nasrallah says Hezbollah is ready to cooperate with the judiciary on any corruption case involving its members". The Daily Star. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
- "الحريري يعلّق على كلام برّي في "النهار": "متوقّف عن تناول الألبان والأجبان"". An-Nahar. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- Lebanese President Aoun gives live interview amid crisis. Lebanon: News Alert. 12 November 2019.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق محلة مفرق #قب_الياس بالاطارات المشتعلة" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على تقاطع #برج_الغزال باتجاه #جسر_الرينغ" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق #ضهر_البيدر محلة #جديتا العالي" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع اوتوستراد #الجية بالاتجاهين محلة مفرق #برجا" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على اوتوستراد #نهر_الكلب باتجاه #جونية" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع السير على اوتوستراد #الناعمة بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع اوتوستراد #البداوي و #الملولة بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق محلة ساحة #العبدة ، #المحمرة ، مفرق #البيادر وطريق عام #برقايل #العبده محلة برج العرب" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على تقاطع #المدينة_الرياضية" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق محلة شارع #فردان" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع اوتوستراد #جل_الديب بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع طريق عام #حاصبيا محلة #سوق_الخان" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على اوتوستراد #البالما بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على مستديرة #عاليه" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على جسر #الكولا بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على جسر #الدورة بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على تقاطع #الصيفي #بيروت" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق على #كورنيش_المزرعة بالاتجاهين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @tmclebanon (12 November 2019). "قطع الطريق محلة ساحة #ساسين" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @lbci_news (12 November 2019). "وصول عدد من المتظاهرين للاعتصام على مقربة من طريق القصر الجمهوري في بعبدا" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @MTVEnglishNews (14 November 2019). "Activist Khaldoun Jaber after his release: They tried to expose me by using psychological intimidation techniques and through investigation #LebanonProtests" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Khaldoun Jaber, arrêté à Baabda et détenu dans des circonstances obscures, a été relâché". L'Orient Le Jour. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
- "Hospitals to strike next Friday over state's nonpayment | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- "Private hospitals stage 'warning strike' over late payments | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- "Private hospitals close doors for one-day strike over govt nonpayment | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- "Hit by slew of problems, hospitals threaten strike | News , Lebanon News | THE DAILY STAR". dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- "Independent Melhem Khalaf voted head of Beirut Bar Association". The Daily Star. 17 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- "Protesters plan human chain to block Parliament sessions". The Daily Star. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- @chehayebk (19 November 2019). "An MP's convoy of 3 cars tries to drive past protestors blocking the road, who then try to stop the car & throw bottles and other small objects. One bodyguard opens the window & shoots warning shots into the air -- then appears to detour. (Video via an eyewitness)" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanon parliament postpones session as protesters block roads". Al Jazeera. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- "Lebanese line up as banks reopen". The Daily Star. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
- "Aoun promises anti-corruption Cabinet". The Daily Star. 22 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- Azhari, Timour (23 November 2019). "Defiant protesters hold rival parade on Lebanon independence day". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- Abou Rahal, Layal; Klein, Guillaume (23 November 2019). "Diverse Lebanon protesters unite to celebrate 'real' independence day". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- "Lebanese citizens take to the streets to celebrate Independence Day". The National. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- "Five released after arrest for tearing down FPM banner". The Daily Star. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
- "Hezbollah accuses US of meddling in Lebanon's crisis". The Daily Star. 23 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- "Scores protest foreign interference outside U.S. Embassy". The Daily Star. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- "Uprising day 39: Protesters reclaim the coast". The Daily Star. 24 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- @timourazhari (25 November 2019). "It seems a couple people were beaten because they were suspected of being Hezbollah supporters. Here, 2 or 3 men chant in support of Nasrallah, protesters respond with "all of them means all of them". Then they sing the national anthem" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanon protesters and Hezbollah, Amal supporters clash in Beirut". Al Jazeera. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
- @timourazhari (25 November 2019). "More of the aftermath from downtown #Beirut. Several cars destroyed and torched, but damage to tents is limited. People here saying they stood their ground and fought back" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @unjankubis (25 November 2019). "1/2The attack of last night of groups under Hizbullah & Amal flags on demonstrators again exposed how dangerous are such actions of political activists, how easily they can trigger confrontation, even sectarian ones, how challenging it is for security forces to protect law and." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @unjankubis (25 November 2019). "2/2 ...order. I urge all Lebanese political forces to control their supporters, to avoid using the national protests for pursuing their political agenda #Lebanon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @unjankubis (25 November 2019). "The tragedy this morning that took the life of 2 civilians & injured their child is a warning. Road blockages that take lives of innocent people, paralyze economy & could trigger confrontation could only compromise peaceful protests & their legitimate demand 4 reforms & change" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @unjankubis (25 November 2019). "Provoking each-other by violent acts and foul words of hatred is a dangerous path that could lead to confrontation and conflict #Lebanon" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanon Protesters Defiant Despite Hezbollah, Amal Attack". Asharq Al-Awsat. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- "Second night of clashes in Lebanon amid anti-gov't protests". Al Jazeera. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- "Lebanon's Hariri says he does not want be PM". Reuters. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- "Samir Khatib says ready to form a govt". The Daily Star. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- "Aoun to hold consultations for new PM on Thursday: Source". The Daily Star. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- @chehayebk (26 November 2019). "It appears that protestors camped out in #Baalbek had their camps demolished by partisans holding Hezbollah and Amal flags chanting "Shia, Shia". #Lebanon Army visible forming what could be a line b/w protestors the partisans" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @LunaSafwan (27 November 2019). "#Hezbollah & Amal supporters trashed the protestors' sound system, threatened them and also cornered most of them in an office around the street where army officers served as a buffer front to protect protestors in #Baalbak #Lebanon #LebanonProtests" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Confrontation between FPM, Kataeb Supporters in Bikfaya". Naharnet. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- "Lebanon Clashes Threaten to Crack Open Fault Lines". Asharq Al-Awsat. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
- "Kataeb supporters lob stones at FPM supporters in Bikfaya, one injury reported –[VIDEOS]".
- Mroue, Bassem (27 November 2019). "Overnight clashes in Lebanon injure dozens as tensions rise". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
- "Gas station owners announce open-ended strike from Thursday". The Daily Star. 27 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Azhari, Timour (28 November 2019). "Mothers lead march between Muslim-Christian suburbs". The Daily Star. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Habib, Osama (28 November 2019). "'No default': Lebanon ready to settle $1.5B Eurobond". The Daily Star. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- Mroue, Bassem (21 November 2019). "Fear, turmoil in Lebanon as its financial crisis worsens". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- "Lebanon pays $1.5B Eurobond: Finance Ministry source". The Daily Star. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- "Day 43: Protests at VAT building, Central Bank". The Daily Star. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- "Arab League Says Ready to Help Solve Lebanon Crisis". Asharq Al-Awsat. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- "Uprising day 44: Protesters gather outside state institutions". The Daily Star. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- "Report: Hizbullah Asks Aoun to 'Postpone' Consultations". Naharnet. 29 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- Rida, Nazir (29 November 2019). "Lebanon: 'Hezbollah' Asks Aoun to Postpone Consultations to Try Persuade Hariri". Asharq Al-Awsat. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- "Lebanon's protestors unimpressed by proposaals for next prime minister". The National. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- "Lebanon: Suicide of indebted father sparks anger as economic woes grow". The National. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- "Roads blocked after political consensus on Khatib". The Daily Star. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- "March against sexual harassment in Beirut". The Daily Star. 7 December 2019.
- "Lebanese women march in Beirut against sexual harassment". CTV News. 8 December 2019.
- "Marwan, you've been all but Habib to Lebanese women, no proof needed". StepFeed. 3 December 2019.
- "Lawyer files suit against alleged serial harasser after numerous women step forward". The Daily Star. 4 December 2019.
- "Lebanon safety of women journalists in jeopardy amidst protests". 7 December 2019.
- "Lebanon crisis: PM Candidate Samir Khatib withdraws from consideration". The National. 9 December 2019.
- "Lebanon: Hariri emerges as PM candidate, Khatib withdraws". Al Jazeera. 9 December 2019.
- "Aboudi Kakhiyeh Died in Tripoli This Morning 3 Days Before His Engagement". Beirut.com.
- "Angry Protesters Attack Lebanese City's Municipality". The New York Times.
- "Quatre manifestants arrêtés à l'aube à Jounieh, libérés en soirée". L'Orient Le Jour.
- "Security forces violently attack protestors near Berri residence". An-Nahar.
- "Day 56: Tripoli protesters block roads". The Daily Star.
- "Street battles in Beirut as counterprotesters clash with police". Al Jazeera.
- "Traangas en rubberen kogels gebruikt tegen demonstranten Beiroet". NOS.
- "Security forces fire tear gas, rubber bullets in Beirut protest". The Daily Star.
- "Violent protests erupt on streets of Beirut". CNN.
- Saad Hariri [@saadhariri] (18 December 2019). "ولما تبين لي انه رغم التزامي القاطع بتشكيل حكومة اختصاصيين، فإن المواقف التي ظهرت في الأيام القليلة الماضية من مسألة تسميتي هي مواقف غير قابلة للتبديل، فإنني أعلن انني لن أكون مرشحا لتشكيل الحكومة المقبلة، ٢/٣" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanon crisis: Dozens wounded in second night of clashes in Beirut". BBC.
- "Angry confrontations in Lebanon before parliament sitting". Al Jazeera.
- "Day 61: Roadblocks in North, Quiet in Beirut". The Daily Star.
- "Lebanon delays nomination of new PM amid protests, divisions". www.aljazeera.com.
- "Infiltrators fail to intimidate protesters". The Daily Star.
- "Chaos ensues after video targeting Shiite figures goes viral". An-Nahar.
- "Protest squares attacked in Beirut, south Lebanon overnight". The Daily Star.
- "Shiite groups' supporters clash with security forces in Beirut, opening a new chapter in Lebanon's crisis". The Washington Post.
- "Lebanon's Saad Hariri says he does not want to be next PM". Al Jazeera.
- "Hariri Withdraws Nomination for PM Post, Urges against Postponing Consultations". Naharnet.
- "AUB professor Hassan Diab emerges as favorite for PM designation". The Daily Star.
- "Lebanon's Hariri says he will not be PM again". Al Khaleej Today.
- "Lebanon ups security at protest sites after violence". Saudi Gazette.
- "Lebanese president asks Hassan Diab to form government". Al Jazeera.
- "Roadblocks across Lebanon as anger rises over Diab pick as PM". Al Jazeera.
- "Thousands protest in Lebanon against new Prime Minister Hassan Diab". France24.
- "Lower turnout as protesters rally against new Lebanon PM". Al Jazeera.
- "Hundreds share Christmas dinner in Martyrs' Square". The Daily Star.
- "الحركة السياحية تراجعت 80% وإلغاء الحجوزات مستمر... كيدانيان لـ"النهار": مبادرة تتضمّن أسعاراً "إغرائية" للسياح". An-Nahar.
- "Protesters call for Lebanon's new PM to quit as crisis deepens". The Guardian.
- "Protesters demand new PM's resignation in Lebanon". Daily Sabah.
- "لبنانيون يتظاهرون أمام منزل رئيس الحكومة حسان دياب احتجاجا على تكليفه". Euronews.
- "Lebanese Protesters Clash with Police outside Central Bank as Aoun Blames 'Obstacles' for Govt. Delay". Asharq Al-Awsat. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- "Protesters block roads in Lebanon as anti-gov't rallies resume". aljazeera.com. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- Deeb, Sarah El (14 January 2020). "Lebanese protesters back in streets following brief lull". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Protesters close roads, call for release of detainees". The Daily Star. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- "Violence, arrests outside Helou barracks". The Daily Star. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- "UN envoy slams Lebanon's leaders as protests rock Beirut". DW. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Lebanon protests turn violent for second night". Reuters. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- AFP. "Lebanese demonstrators block roads as protests enter fourth month". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Lebanese block roads as revived protests enter fourth month". France 24. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Lebanon: Police Violence Against Protesters". Human Rights Watch. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Lebanon releases protesters as rights groups slam security forces". www.aljazeera.com. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Scores wounded as Lebanon's anti-gov't protests turn violent". www.aljazeera.com. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- Wedeman, Ben; Balkiz, Ghazi; Streib, Christian; Dewan, Angela (18 January 2020). "Lebanon police fire tear gas at protesters in violent 'week of rage'". CNN. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- McGarry, Matt (20 January 2020). "Protests in Lebanon reach new intensity, dozens taken to hospital: Analysis". ABC News. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- AFP (19 January 2020). "400 hurt as Lebanon protesters clash with security forces". New Straits Times. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- Reuters (18 January 2020). "Lebanon anti-government protests near parliament building leave dozens wounded". Global News. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- Francis, Ellen; Nader, Yara Abi; Perry, Tom; Kanaan, Alaa (19 January 2020). Perry, Tom; Graff, Peter; Russell, Ros; Macfie, Nick (eds.). "Lebanese security forces, protesters clash for second night". Reuters. Retrieved 20 January 2020.
- Sly, Liz; Haidamous, Suzan (20 January 2020). "U.S. journalist detained during Lebanon protests on suspicion of sending footage to Israel". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- Joffre, Tzvi (21 January 2020). "Haaretz denies any connection to journalist arrested in Lebanon". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "American journalist arrested by Lebanese military over reporting for 'Israeli enemy newspaper'". International Business Times, Singapore Edition. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Public uproar in protest-hit Lebanon over FM's Davos invite". France 24. 20 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- "Lawmaker Targeted by Lebanese Protests Rejects Calls to Quit". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 23 January 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- Turak, Natasha (23 January 2020). "Lebanon's former foreign minister tries to defend Davos trip as country faces economic collapse". CNBC. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- "New Lebanon government ends months of deadlock". BBC News. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- Balkiz, Ghazi; Alkhshali, Hamdi (21 January 2020). "After months of protest, Lebanon forms new government". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "Lebanon announces new government, protestors far from impressed". France 24. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- AFP (22 January 2020). "Protests in Lebanon continue as new government fails to assuage anger". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "Lebanon announces formation of new government". www.aljazeera.com. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "New Government in Crisis-Hit Lebanon, But Protests Continue". Voice of America. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "'They're still robbing us': Angry Lebanese reject new government". www.aljazeera.com. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
- "Lebanon: New government must immediately rein in security forces after weekend of violence". www.amnesty.org. Amnesty International. 23 January 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- Medina, Daniel A.; Chehayeb, Kareem (25 January 2020). "As the Lebanon Uprising Hits 100-Day Mark, Protesters Allege Torture by Security Forces". The Intercept. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- "Lebanese protesters rally in Beirut to mark 100 days of demonstrations". France 24. AFP. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- "Heavy security in Beirut as parliament convenes on budget". The Herald Sun. Retrieved 27 January 2020.
- "Lebanese parliament approves 2020 budget". 27 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- "Lebanon parliament passes 2020 budget amid protests". 27 January 2020.
- "Lebanon passes budget critics call 'useless piece of paper'". Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- "Lebanon passes new budget amid anti-government protests". SBS.com.au. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- Ahmado, Nisan (30 January 2020). "Experts: New Hezbollah-backed Cabinet Unlikely to Calm Protests in Lebanon". Voice of America. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- "Protesters outside US Embassy in Lebanon decry Trump plan".
- "Hundreds protest against US Mideast peace plan in Lebanon".
- "Protesters Outside US Embassy in Lebanon Decry Trump Plan".
- "Lebanese Protesters Decry Trump Plan Outside U.S. Embassy".
- "Lebanese security forces pepper spray demonstrators outside US Embassy".
- "Lebanon: Protesters gather in Tripoli against poverty, corruption".
- "Lebanon president to force displaced persons to return home".
- "Women call for rights, lead change in Lebanon protests".
- "Lebanon gov't wins Parliament's confidence vote despite protests".
- "Lebanon government wins confidence vote as protests rage in Beirut".
- "Lebanese govt wins no confidence vote despite protests".
- "Security forces use tear gas as Lebanon protesters try to block confidence vote".
- "Defiant, Lebanon's Hariri says deal with Aoun is 'history'".
- "Hundreds of Lebanese protest against gov't request for IMF support".
- "Lebanon Warned of Implosion as IMF, World Bank Plead for Reforms".
- "Snubbed by Gulf, Lebanon's PM Diab Hosts Iranian Official".
- "Iran Ready to Cooperate with Lebanon's New Gov't in All Areas: Speaker".
- "Crisis Drives Lebanese Abroad in Search of Better Future".
- "Saudi Arabia is ready to support debt-ridden Lebanon – but wants to see a reform plan first, finance minister says".
- "Exclusive: If Lebanon Needs Financial Aid, France Will Be There, Finmin Says".
- "Lebanon economy: Gov't works towards emergency financial plan".
- "In Lebanon, migrant workers hit by financial crisis".
- "First Coronavirus Case Confirmed in Lebanon". The961. 21 February 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
- "Lebanon says schools to be closed from 29 Feb.-March 8 amid coronavirus: education ministry statement". Reuters. 28 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
- "Lebanon PM: 'We can no longer protect our people'".
- "Most Lebanese MPs oppose paying debt even if it means default".
- "Hundreds protest against banks, money exchange companies in southern Lebanon".
- "Lebanon passes law to lift banking secrecy".
- "Lebanon state prosecutor blocks order to freeze assets of 20 banks".
- "Protests renewed as exchange rate hits LL2,600".
- "Lebanon suspends asset freeze on 20 banks".
- "Lebanese judge suspends prosecutor's order to freeze bank assets".
- "Lebanon to default on debt for first time amid financial crisis". The Guardian. 7 March 2020.
- "Lebanon defaults on sovereign debt after months of protests".
- "Protests march on across Lebanon against economic situation".
- "Amid protests and crises, Lebanon defaults on Eurobond".
- "Lebanon Banks, Prosecutor Agree Rules for Easing Deposit Restrictions".
- "Lebanon banks, prosecutor agree rules for easing deposit restrictions".
- "Coronavirus Hastens Lebanon's Impending Economic Collapse".
- "Lebanon will shut airport, restrict movement over coronavirus".
- "Lebanon to shut airport from Wednesday in coronavirus measure".
- "Lebanon to stop paying back all debt in foreign currencies".
- "Lebanon to stop paying back all debt in foreign currencies".
- "Lebanon to stop paying outstanding Eurobonds: ministry".
- "Lebanese police remove Beirut protest camp".
- "Protesters cry foul play as police destroy encampments in downtown Beirut".
- "Lebanon: decision to dismantle protest camps over coronavirus fears causes controversy".
- "Lebanon's police clear protest camps in Beirut as coronavirus curfew takes effect".
- "Coronavirus forces Lebanese protesters into new posture".
- "Lebanese Activists Fear Hezbollah-led Government Is Using Coronavirus to Solidify Power".
- "Activists detained after bank protest".
- "Activists, journalist arrested in Lebanon after defying coronavirus lockdown".
- "Lebanon asks for financial aid as coronavirus outbreak continues".
- "Lebanon calls on international donors to provide coronavirus relief funds".
- "Aoun: Lebanese economy in recession".
- "Lebanon prisons hit by unrest amid coronavirus fears".
- "Lebanese prisoners riot over coronavirus fears".
- "US citizens in Lebanon decline repatriation offer, saying it's 'safer' in Beirut".
- "US Citizens in Lebanon Refuse Repatriation over Coronavirus, Say Beirut is Safer".
- "Lebanon: MPs meet in theatre, protesters out in cars".
- "MPs reject draft laws, reforms as Lebanese protest for second day".
- "Protests resumed in Lebanon against gov't policies".
- "Lebanese Parliament convenes amid protests".
- Azhari, Timour (28 April 2020). "One dead, dozens injured in Lebanon riots with banks smashed". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- "Clashes in Lebanon over price hikes turn deadly". France 24. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
- Azhari, Timour (29 April 2020). "Banks targeted in Lebanon's 'night of the Molotov'". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- Trew, Bel (29 April 2020). "'We are starving': Hunger and economic collapse drive Lebanon's protesters back to the streets". Independent. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- Knecht, Eric (29 April 2020). "Small protests break out in Lebanese cities in third night of unrest". Reuters. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- "Protests turn to riots as crisis-hit Lebanon approves economic rescue plan".
- "Lebanon approves long-awaited economic rescue plan after months of unrest".
- "Lebanon approves long-awaited economic rescue plan after angry protests".
- "Lebanese Cabinet's endorsement of reforms clears way for IMF approach".
- "Lebanese protest against rescue plan as government seeks IMF help".
- "Lebanese protest despite government's economic rescue plan".
- "Protests continue in Lebanon despite government's economic rescue plan".
- "Lebanon banks reject rescue plan as government asks IMF for help".
- "Lebanon heads towards unknown as banks reject government's rescue plan".
- "Hard Work Lies ahead for Lebanon on Road to IMF Aid Deal as Banks Reject Rescue Plan".
- "Lebanon banks reject rescue plan as government asks IMF for help".
- "Lebanese journalists face increased risks covering protests during pandemic". United Nations. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
- "Lebanese bank official arrested for alleged currency manipulation".
- "Lebanon Arrests Director at Central Bank Over Currency Chaos".
- "Lebanon c.bank denies currency manipulation after arrest order".
- "Lebanon arrests central bank official in currency crisis probe".
- Lewis, Lauren (2 June 2020). "Lebanon's protesters offer safety tips, support for US demonstrators". Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- Osman, Nadda (2 June 2020). "#BlackLivesMatter: Lebanon activists share protest tips with US demonstrators". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- Al-Monitor Staff (3 June 2020). "Middle East expresses support for George Floyd protests in US". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
- "Lebanon warns protesters against blocking roads".
- "Lebanon Just Extended The Lockdown For The Sixth Time".
- "Diab warns protesters against plunging Lebanon into chaos".
- "'Mobilization' Extended to July 5, Aoun and Diab Slam Attacks on Govt".
- "Dozens wounded in Lebanon as protesters demand basic rights".
- "Lebanon: Violence erupts as rival protesters flood Beirut".
- "Clashes, Tear Gas in Beirut as Protests Turn to Riots".
- "Anti-government protests resume in Lebanon as lockdown eased".
- "Lebanon's Currency Plunges, and Protesters Surge into Streets".
- "Lebanon in currency crisis as protests spread across the country".
- "Nationwide protests grip Lebanon as currency tanks".
- "Lebanon Vows to Stabilize Currency After Night of Angry Protests".
- "Lebanon protests escalate as currency dives".
- "Lebanon protests: Hundreds take to streets for second night".
- "Lebanese Security, Anti-Government Protesters Clash in Beirut".
- "Lebanon protesters call on gov't to resign amid economic crisis".
- "Nationwide protests grip Lebanon as currency tanks".
- https://twitter.com/henrichaoul/status/1273639282809462789/photo/2
- The Daily Star (18 June 2020). "Protesters clash with security forces in Jounieh". The Daily Star. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- Naharnet Newsdesk (18 June 2020). "Scuffles, Jounieh Highway Blocked over Activist's Arrest". Naharnet.com. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
- "Protests resumed in Lebanon against dire living conditions".
- "Lebanon protests rage as currency plunges".
- "Lebanon: Top brass has critics in crosshairs as economy collapses".
- "Lebanese pound plunges as politicians bicker".
- "Lebanon: Interior Minister admits killing 2 during civil war".
- "Lebanese interior minister admits to killing two people".
- "Lebanon's interior minister says he killed two people in civil war".
- "Lebanese Minister: President Michel Aoun protected me after killing two in civil war".
- http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/272932
- https://www.france24.com/en/20200710-lebanon-s-neo-liberal-wheels-sped-to-a-dream-future-but-the-past-applies-the-brakes
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-blast-hariri/lebanese-security-forces-investigating-explosion-near-hariri-convoy-this-month-idUSKBN23Z0RZ
- https://www.timesofisrael.com/missile-hit-near-convoy-of-ex-lebanon-pm-saad-hariri/
- "Two commit suicide as poverty mounts".
- "Lebanon suicides blamed on 'hunger'".
- "Dozens Mourn Man Who Killed Himself in Busy Beirut District".
- "Lebanon economic crisis: Two people die by suicide amid financial hardship".
- "Protests rage in Lebanon as anger grows against spiraling economic crisis".
- Saifaldin, Wassim (6 July 2020). "Lebanese block roads in Beirut amid economic woes".
- "Lebanese protesters rally outside US Embassy in Beirut against 'interference'".
- "Lebanese Hold Raucous Rally Outside US Embassy in Beirut".
- "Lebanese Hold Protest Rally outside US Embassy in Beirut (+Video)".
- "Lebanese hold raucous rally outside US Embassy in Beirut".
- "Lebanon foreign minister resigns citing risks of a 'failed state'".
- "Lebanon's foreign minister resigns amid economic crisis".
- "Lebanese Foreign Minister Resigns".
- "Lebanon foreign minister resigns, warning 'the ship will sink' amid financial crisis".
- "Lebanon foreign minister resigns in protest at crisis management".
- "Lebanon's Foreign Minister Nassif Hitti resigns".
- "Lebanon protesters storm energy ministry sparking scuffles".
- "Lebanon: Protesters attempt to storm Energy Ministry amid crippling power cuts".
- "Lebanon protesters try to storm energy ministry amid power cuts".
- "Anti-government protests break out in Beirut". 7 August 2020 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
- "Beirut police fire teargas at protesters demanding justice over explosion".
- "Watch: Anti-government protesters take to the streets following Beirut explosion".
- Clashes in Beirut as anger swells over port blast: Live updates
- Lebanese policeman killed in clashes with demonstrators in Beirut: police
- "Fire Breaks Out Near Lebanese Parliament Amid Clashes With Protesters: Tv".
- "Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut".
- "Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut".
- "Fire breaks out near Lebanese parliament amid clashes with protesters: tv".
- "Lebanese Ministers, Lawmakers Resign Following Beirut Blast".
- "Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live".
- "Beirut explosion: Donors pledge aid for Lebanon but want reform".
- "Lebanon: Military and security forces attack unarmed protesters following explosions – new testimony".
- "Investigation: Excessive force used against Beirut protesters".
- "Investigation: Lebanese army indiscriminately attacked unarmed protesters: Amnesty International".
- "Lebanon's Government Resigns Over Beirut Explosion". The New York Times. 10 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
- "Lebanon's government steps down in wake of Beirut blast".
- "Lebanese Government Resigns Following Beirut Blast".
- "Lebanon's Government Has Quit, Protesters Have Not".
- "Man killed as protests sweep Lebanon after Aoun interview". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- @lebarmyofficial (12 November 2019). "#الجيش_اللبناني #Lebanesearmy" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @chehayebk (12 November 2019). "@ALJADEEDNEWS briefly showed the funeral/reception held by Alaa Abou Fakhr. His wife repeatedly said "Military intelligence killed him"" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Lebanese man shot by army in first such death as tensions spike after president tells protesters to emigrate". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- "L'homme blessé à Khaldé est décédé". Libnanews. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- جنبلاط من امام المستشفى لمناصري الاشتراكي حطّوها فيي وما النا ملجأ الا الدولة ، والاّ نذهب الى الفوض [Jumblatt Speaks to Supporters in Front of Hospital: "Believe me when I say we have no refuge other than the state, or else we will descend into chaos"]. Lebanon: Al Jadeed. 12 November 2019.
- "Liban : la mort d'Alaa Abou Fakhr, tué par un militaire, rend la situation dramatique et explosive". Eteignez Votre Ordinateur. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- @lebarmyofficial (13 November 2019). "إلحاقاً ببيانها السابق المتعلق بحادثة إطلاق النار في منطقة خلدة، أحالت مديرية المخابرات المعاون أول شربل عجيل على القضاء المختصّ، وذلك بعد الانتهاء من التحقيق معه في الحادثة التي أدّت إلى استشهاد علاء أبو فخر" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "A National Mourning Across Lebanon for the Revolution Martyr Alaa Abou Fakher". The961. 14 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- @chehayebk (21 November 2019). "#Lebanon Military Prosecutor charges the soldier who killed protestor Alaa Abu Fakhr w/murder, shooting warning rounds into the air, & threatening protestors at the Khalde roadblock. The colonel who was w/him was also charged. Investigation continues next Monday" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- "Military Prosecutor charges colonel at scene of Abou Fakher killing". The Daily Star. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
- "Affaire Alaa Abou Fakher: Le procureur militaire inculpe 2 militaires". Libnanews. 21 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- @SecPompeo (5 November 2019). "The Iraqi and Lebanese people want their countries back. They are discovering that the Iranian regime's top export is corruption, badly disguised as revolution. Iraq and Lebanon deserve to set their own courses free from @khamenei_ir's meddling" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @ewarren (21 October 2019). "I support the Lebanese people protesting and demanding their government take care of all of its people, not just the rich and powerful. As we fight corruption in our home, we should support those fighting corruption in theirs" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- @SenSanders (22 October 2019). "The Arab Spring rose up to fight corruption, repression, inequality and austerity. The Lebanon and Iraq protests show this spirit is still very much alive. If we want a progressive future, we need to build up a global movement of and for working people" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- Chahine, Alaa (30 October 2019). "Khamenei Signals Iran Opposition to Uprisings in Lebanon, Iraq". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- Levon Sevunts (4 November 2019). "Canada urges 'timely and peaceful transition' amid Lebanon protests". RCI | Radio Canada International. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
- Jean-Yves Le Drian (31 October 2019). "Lebanon's stability depends on willingness to listen to people and their demands". AmbaFrance. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
