Parliament of Lebanon

The Parliament of Lebanon (Arabic: مجلس النواب‎ Majlis an-Nuwwab; French: Chambre des députés)[1] is the national parliament of Lebanon. There are 128 members elected to a four-year term in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations but with half of the seats reserved for Christians per Constitutional Article 24[2]. Lebanon has universal adult suffrage. Its major functions are to elect the President of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure.

Lebanese Parliament
مجلس النواب اللبناني
Chambre des députés
Type
Type
Leadership
Speaker
Nabih Berri, Amal Movement
since October 20, 1992
Structure
Seats128
Political groups
Government (67)


Opposition (52)


  •      Vacant: 9 seats
Elections
Last election
6 May 2018
Next election
2022
Meeting place
Lebanese Parliament, Beirut, Lebanon
Website
lp.gov.lb
Lebanon
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On 15 May 2013, the Parliament extended its mandate for 17 months, due to the deadlock over the electoral law. And, on 5 November 2014, the Parliament enacted another extension, thus keeping its mandate for an additional 31 months, until 20 June 2017,[3] and in 16 June 2017 the Parliament in turn extended its own mandate an additional 11 months to hold elections according to a much-anticipated reformed electoral law. On May 6, 2018, a new parliament was elected in the 2018 general election, thus ending the mandate of the 2009 parliament who extended it for about 5 years.

Parliament building

The Parliament building was designed by Mardiros Altounian, who was also the architect of the Étoile clock tower. The building was completed in 1934 during the French Mandate period. Advised to build in the spirit of Lebanese tradition, the architect visited the Emirs' palaces in the Chouf Mountains. He also drew inspiration from the Oriental styles developed in Paris, Istanbul and Cairo at the turn of the 20th century. The building combines Beaux-Arts design with elements taken from local architectural tradition, including twin and triple arch windows. The limestone façade, decorated with recessed panels, arched openings, and tiers of stalactites clads a reinforced concrete frame that also supports the 20-meter diameter cupola covering the chamber of deputies. It represented a major technical achievement at that time.

Allocation of seats

A unique feature of the Lebanese system is the principle of "confessional distribution": each religious community has an allotted number of deputies in the Parliament.

In elections held between 1932 and 1972 (the last till after the Lebanese Civil War), seats were apportioned between Christians and Muslims in a 6:5 ratio, with various denominations of the two faiths allocated representation roughly proportional to their size. By the 1960s, Muslims had become openly dissatisfied with this system, aware that their own higher birthrate and the higher emigration rate among Christians had by this time almost certainly produced a Muslim majority, which the parliamentary distribution did not reflect. Christian politicians were unwilling to abolish or alter the system, however, and it was one of the factors in the 1975–1990 civil war. The Taif Agreement of 1989, which ended the civil war, reapportioned the Parliament to provide for equal representation of Christians and Muslims, with each electing 64 of the 128 deputies. Of which are 43 Maronites (33.5%), 27 Sunni (21%), 27 Shiite (21%), 20 Orthodox (15.6%), 8 Druze (6.2%), 2 Alawites (1.5%) and 1 Evangelical (0.8%).

Although distributed confessionally, all members, regardless of their religious faith, are elected by universal suffrage, forcing politicians to seek support from outside of their own religious communities, unless their co-religionists overwhelmingly dominate their particular constituency.

The changes stipulated by the Taif Agreement are set out in the table below:

Parliament of Lebanon Seat Allocation
Confession Before Taif After Taif
Maronite Catholic3034
Eastern Orthodox1114
Melkite Catholic68
Armenian Orthodox45
Armenian Catholic11
Protestant11
Other Christian Minorities11
Total Christians5464
Sunni2027
Shi'ite1927
Alawite02
Druze68
Total Muslims + Druze4564
Total99128
colspan=2|Allocation of seats in the 2009 election for the Parliament of Lebanon

according to the Doha Agreement

 Total Maronites Shi'a Sunni Greek Orthodox Druze Armenian Greek Catholic Alawite Protestant Minorities
Beirut 19 Beirut 1 5 1 - - 1 - 2 1 - - -
Beirut 2 4 - 1 1 - - 2 - - - -
Beirut 3 10 - 1 5 1 1 - - - 1 1
Bekaa 23 Bekaa+Hermel 10 1 6 2 - - - 1 - - -
Zahlah 7 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 - - -
Rashaya+West Bekaa 6 1 1 2 1 1 - - - - -
Mount Lebanon 35 Jbeil 3 2 1 - - - - - - - -
Kisrawan 5 5 - - - - - - - - -
North Metn 8 4 - - 2 - 1 1 - - -
Baabda 6 3 2 - - 1 - - - - -
Aley 5 2 - - 1 2 - - - - -
Chouf 8 3 - 2 - 2 - 1 - - -
North Lebanon 28 Akkar 7 1 - 3 2 - - - 1 - -
Dinniyeh & Minieh 3 - - 3 - - - - - - -
Bsharreh 2 2 - - - - - - - - -
Tripoli 8 1 - 5 1 - - - 1 - -
Zgharta 3 3 - - - - - - - - -
Kurah 3 - - - 3 - - - - - -
Batrun 2 2 - - - - - - - - -
South Lebanon 23 Saida 2 - - 2 - - - - - - -
Tyre 4 - 4 - - - - - - - -
Zahrani 3 - 2 - - - - 1 - - -
Hasbaya & Marjeyoun 5 - 2 1 1 1 - - - - -
Nabatiyeh 3 - 3 - - - - - - - -
Bint Jbeil 3 - 3 - - - - - - - -
Jezzine 3 2 - - - - - 1 - - -
Total 128 128 34 27 27 14 8 6 8 2 1 1
Name Election Area Parliamentary Bloc Political Affiliation Religion Electoral List Votes Bloc Votes Election Area Votes
Abdel Rahim Youssef Mrad BEKAA 2      Union Party Sunni Better Tomorrow 15,111 32,578 68,227/143,812
Adnan Khodor Traboulsi BEIRUT 2      Al-Ahbash Sunni Beirut’s Unity 13,018 47,087 147,801/353,420
Akram Hussein Sheyab MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druze Reconciliation 14,088 98,967 173,320/329,870
Talal Majid Arslan MOUNT LEBANON 6 Strong Lebanon      Lebanese Democratic Party Druze Mount Lebanon’s Guaranteed change 7,887 39,027 173,320/329,881
Alain Joseph Aoun MOUNT LEBANON 3 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite National Accord 10,200 40,669 80,052/166,137
Albert Sami Mansour BEKAA 3 Social Nationalist Bloc      Syrian Social Nationalist Party Greek Catholic Hope and Loyalty 5881 140,747 190,268/315,648
Alexandre Abraham Matossian BEIRUT 1 Strong Lebanon      Tashnag Armenian Orthodox Strong Beirut One 539 18,373 44,714/134,739
Ali Adel Ossairan SOUTH 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 2,203 134,068 150,264/304,197
Ali Ahmad Bazz SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 9,290 193,224 228,563/460,575
Ali Ahmad Darwish NORTH 2 Independent Centre Bloc      Azm Movement Alawite Determination 2,246 42,019 151,759/350,151
Ali Fadel Ammar MOUNT LEBANON 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia National Accord 13,692 40,669 80,052/166,135
Ali Hassan Khalil SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 16,765 193,224 228,563/460,573
Ali Mohamad Salman Bachir El Mokdad BEKAA 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 17,321 140,747 190,268/315,649
Ali Rachid Fayad SOUTH 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 27,460 193,224 228,563/460,569
Ali Youssef Khreiss SOUTH 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 15,672 134,068 150,264/304,193
Amin Mohammad Sharri BEIRUT 2 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Beirut’s Unity 22,961 47,087 147,801/353,419
Anis Wadih Nassar MOUNT LEBANON 4 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Greek Orthodox Reconciliation 7,872 98,967 173,320/329,876
Antoine Costantine Bano BEIRUT 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Christian Minorities Beirut One 4,166 16,772 44,714/134,740
Antoine El Badaoui Habchi BEKAA 3 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Dignity and Development 14,858 35,607 190,268/315,651
Anwar Hussein Joumaa BEKAA 1 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Zahle Choice & Decision 15,601 23,546 94,082/175,616
Anwar Mohamad El Khali SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Druze Hope and Loyalty 6,347 193,224 228,563/460,570
Assaad Halim Hardan SOUTH 3 Social Nationalist Bloc      Syrian Social Nationalist Party Greek Orthodox Hope and Loyalty 3,321 193,224 228,563/460,574
Assad Ramez Dargham NORTH 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Orthodox Strong Akkar 7,435 34,430 136,947/283,795
Assem Fayez Araji BEKAA 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Zahle for Everyone 7,224 36,391 94,082/175,614
Ayoub Fahed Hmayid SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 7,875 193,224 228,563/460,568
Bahia Bahaa El din El Hariri SOUTH 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Integrity and Dignity 13,739 16,470 67,346/122,528
Baker Mahmoud El Houjairi BEKAA 3 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Dignity and Development 5,994 35,607 190,268/315,652
Bilal Ahmad Abdallah MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Sunni Reconciliation 8,492 98,967 173,320/329,873
Cesar Naim Risk El Maalouf BEKAA 1 Strong Republic      Independent Greek Orthodox Zahle Our Cause 3,554 18,702 94,082/175,619
Cezar Raymond Abi Khalil MOUNT LEBANON 4 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Mount Lebanon’s Guaranteed change 8,124 39,027 173,320/329,879
Dima Mohamad Rachid El Jamali NORTH 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni The Future is for the North 2,066 51,937 151,759/350,148
Eddy Bokhos Demerjian BEKAA 1      Independent Armenian Orthodox Zahle Choice & Decision 77 23,546 94,082/175,617
Edgard Boulos Maalouf MOUNT LEBANON 2 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Catholic Strong Metn 5,961 38,897 92,446/179,922
Edgard Joseph Traboulsi BEIRUT 2 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Protestant Beirut’s Unity 1,919 47,087 147,801/353,422
Elias Nicolas Bou Saab MOUNT LEBANON 2 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Orthodox Strong Metn 7,299 38,897 92,446/179,919
Elias Rakif Hankash

Resigned on 8/8/2020[4]

 MOUNT LEBANON 2 Kataeb      Kataeb Maronite Metn Pulse 2,583 19,003 92,446/179,924
Elie Nagib Ferzli BEKAA 2 Strong Lebanon      Independent Greek Orthodox Better Tomorrow 4,899 32,578 68,227/143,814
Estephan Boutros El Doueihy NORTH 3 National Coalition      Marada Maronite Together for North and Lebanon 5,435 40,788 117,811/249,416
Fadi Fakhri Alameh MOUNT LEBANON 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia National Accord 6,348 40,669 80,052/166,138
Fadi Youssef Saad NORTH 3 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Strong Republic Pulse 9,842 37,376 117,811/249,416
Faisal Afif Al Sayegh BEIRUT 2 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druze Future for Beirut 1,902 62,970 147,801/353,417
Farid Georges Philip Al Boustani MOUNT LEBANON 5 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Mount Lebanon’s Guaranteed change 2,657 39,027 173,320/329,880
Farid Haykal Al Khazen MOUNT LEBANON 1 National Coalition      Independent Maronite Decision is Ours 9,081 18,553 117,603/176,716
Fayez Michel Ghosn NORTH 3 National Coalition      Marada Greek Orthodox Together for North and Lebanon 4,224 40,788 117,811/249,416
Faysal Omar Karami NORTH 2 National Coalition      Arab Liberation Party Sunni National Dignity 7,126 29,101 151,759/350,154
Fouad Moustapha Makhzoumi BEIRUT 2      National Dialogue Party Sunni Lebanon is Worthy 11,346 15,773 147,801/353,423
Gebran Gergi Bassil NORTH 3 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Strong North 12,269 33,342 117,811/249,416
Georges Elie Okais BEKAA 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Greek Catholic Zahle Our Cause 11,363 18,702 94,082/175,618
Georges Jamil Adwan MOUNT LEBANON 4 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Reconciliation 9,956 98,967 173,320/329,871
Georges Naim Atallah NORTH 3 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Orthodox Strong North 3,383 33,342 117,811/249,416
Ghazy Mohamad Zeatir BEKAA 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 17,767 140,747 190,268/315,647
Hadi Fawzi Hobeich NORTH 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Maronite Future for Akkar 13,055 76,452 136,947/283,794
Hadi Mohammad Rafik Aboul Hosn MOUNT LEBANON 3 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druze Baabda Unity & Development 11,844 26,500 80,052/166,140
Hagop Mardrios Hambarsom Terezian BEIRUT 1 Strong Lebanon      Tashnag Armenian Orthodox Strong Beirut One 2,376 18,373 44,714/134,738
Hagop Ohanes Hagop Bakradonian MOUNT LEBANON 2 Strong Lebanon      Tashnag Armenian Orthodox Strong Metn 7,182 38,897 92,446/179,920
Hani Hassan Kobaisi SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 20,504 193,224 228,563/460,571
Hassan Nizamddine Fadlallah SOUTH 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 39,722 193,224 228,563/460,567
Henri Pierre El Helou MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Maronite Reconciliation 7,894 98,967 173,320/329,875
Henry Youssef Chedid BEKAA 2 Lebanon First      Independent Maronite Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya 1,584 31,817 68,227/143,816
Hikmat Faraj Dib MOUNT LEBANON 3 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite National Accord 4,428 40,669 80,052/166,136
Hussein Ali El Hajj Hassan BEKAA 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 15,662 140,747 190,268/315,644
Hussein Said Jechi SOUTH 2 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 23,864 134,068 150,264/304,196
Ibrahim Ali El Mousawi BEKAA 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 16,942 140,747 190,268/315,650
Ibrahim Samir Azar SOUTH 1 Development and Liberation      Independent Maronite For Everyone 11,663 22,083 67,346/122,524
Ibrahim Youssef Kenaan MOUNT LEBANON 2 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Strong Metn 7,179 38,897 92,446/179,921
Ihab Arwa Hmade BEKAA 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 18,404 140,747 190,268/315,645
Imad Naim Wakim BEIRUT 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Greek Orthodox Kulluna Watani 2,500 6,842 44,714/134,743
Inaya Mohamad Eizzidine SOUTH 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 18,815 134,068 150,264/304,198
Jamil Mohamad Amin Amin El Sayed BEKAA 3      Independent Shia Hope and Loyalty 33,223 140,747 190,268/315,643
Jean Arshak Talozian BEIRUT 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Armenian Catholic Beirut One 4,096 16,772 44,714/134,741
Jean Badawi Obeid NORTH 2 Independent Centre Bloc      Independent Maronite Determination 1,136 42,019 151,759/350,152
Jihad Mourched El Samad NORTH 2 National Coalition      Independent Sunni National Dignity 11,897 29,101 151,759/350,153
Joseph Gerges Ishak NORTH 3 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Strong Republic Pulse 5,990 37,376 117,811/249,416
Kassem Omar Hachem SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Lebanon Region Sunni Hope and Loyalty 6,012 193,224 228,563/460,572
Majed Eddy Faek Abi Lamaa MOUNT LEBANON 2 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Metn Heart of Lebanon 8,922 13,138 92,446/179,926
Mario Aziz Aoun MOUNT LEBANON 7 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Mount Lebanon’s Guaranteed change 5,124 39,027 173,320/329,882
Marwan Mohammad Hmadeh

Resigned on 5/8/2020[5]

 MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druze Reconciliation 7,266 98,967 173,320/329,877
Michel Elias El Morr MOUNT LEBANON 2      Independent Greek Orthodox Metn Loyalty 11,945 13,779 92,446/179,925
Michel Georges Daher BEKAA 1 Strong Lebanon      Independent Greek Catholic Zahle for Everyone 9,742 36,391 94,082/175,613
Michel Hanna Moussa SOUTH 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Greek Catholic Hope and Loyalty 4,162 134,068 150,264/304,195
Michel Rene Mouawad NORTH 3 Strong Lebanon      Independence Movement Maronite Strong North 8,571 33,342 117,811/249,416
Mohamad Dib Nasrallah BEKAA 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Better Tomorrow 8,897 32,578 68,227/143,813
Mohamad Hassan Raad SOUTH 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 43,797 193,224 228,563/460,565
Mohamad Kassem El Karaaoui BEKAA 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya 8,768 31,817 68,227/143,817
Mohamad Nagib Azmi Mikati NORTH 2 Independent Centre Bloc      Azm Movement Sunni Determination 21,300 42,019 151,759/350,149
Mohamad Tarek Talal El Merehbi NORTH 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Akkar 14,145 76,452 136,947/283,793
Mohamd Abdel Latif Kabbara NORTH 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni The Future is for the North 9,600 51,937 151,759/350,145
Mohamd Moustafa Sleiman NORTH 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Akkar 14,911 76,452 136,947/283,792
Mohammad Kassem Rachid Al Hajjar MOUNT LEBANON 4 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Reconciliation 10,003 98,967 173,320/329,874
Mohammad Moutapha Khawaja BEIRUT 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Beirut’s Unity 7,834 47,087 147,801/353,421
Moustafa Ali Hussein NORTH 1 Strong Lebanon      Independent Alawite Strong Akkar 1,353 34,430 136,947/283,796
Moustapha Ali Al Hussein MOUNT LEBANON 1 National Coalition      Independent Shia Decision is Ours 256 18,553 117,603/176,717
Nabih Moustafa Berri SOUTH 2 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 42,137 134,068 150,264/304,192
Nadim Bachir Gemayel

Resigned on 8/8/2020[6]

 BEIRUT 1 Kataeb      Kataeb Maronite Beirut One 3,936 16,772 44,714/134,742
Nazih Nicolas Najem BEIRUT 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Greek Orthodox Future for Beirut 2,351 62,970 147,801/353,415
Nehmat Georges Frem MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Lebanon until 25th October 2019, then independent      Independent Maronite Strong Lebanon 10,717 54,544 117,603/176,710
Nehme Youssef Tohme MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Greek Catholic Reconciliation 7,253 98,967 173,320/329,878
Nicolas Kamil Nahas NORTH 2 Independent Centre Bloc      Azm Movement Greek Orthodox Determination 1,057 42,019 151,759/350,150
Nicolas Maurice Sehnaoui BEIRUT 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Catholic Strong Beirut One 3,451 18,373 44,714/134,737
Hassan Ezzeddine[7] SOUTH 2 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty
Nouaf Mahmoud El Mousawi

Resigned on 7/18/2019[8]

 SOUTH 2 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Shia Hope and Loyalty 24,379 134,068 150,264/304,194
Nouhad Saleh Al Mashnouk BEIRUT 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Beirut 6,411 62,970 147,801/353,418
Osman Mohamad Alameddine NORTH 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni The Future is for the North 10,221 51,937 151,759/350,144
Oussama Maarouf Saad El Masri SOUTH 1      Popular Nasserite Organization Sunni For Everyone 9,880 22,083 67,346/122,525
Paulette Sirakan Yacobian

Resigned on 8/8/2020[9]

 BEIRUT 1 Civil Society      Independent Armenian Orthodox Kulluna Watani 2,500 6,842 44,714/134,736
Pierre Rachid Bou Assi MOUNT LEBANON 3 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Baabda Unity & Development 13,498 26,500 80,052/166,139
Roger Gergi Azar MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Strong Lebanon 6,793 54,544 117,603/176,711
Roula Nizar El Tabesh BEIRUT 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Beirut 6,637 62,970 147,801/353,416
Saad Eddine Rafik Al Hariri BEIRUT 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Beirut 20,751 62,970 147,801/353,413
Salim Abdallah Saade NORTH 3 Social Nationalist Bloc      Syrian Social Nationalist Party Greek Orthodox Together for North and Lebanon 5,263 40,788 117,811/249,416
Salim Georges Aoun BEKAA 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Zahle for Everyone 5,567 36,391 94,082/175,615
Sami Ahmad Chaouki Fatfat NORTH 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni The Future is for the North 7,943 51,937 151,759/350,147
Sami Amin Gemayel

Resigned on 8/8/2020[10]

 MOUNT LEBANON 2 Kataeb      Kataeb Maronite Metn Pulse 13,968 19,003 92,446/179,923
Samir Adnan El Jisr NORTH 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni The Future is for the North 9,527 51,937 151,759/350,146
Selim Antoine Khoury SOUTH 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Greek Catholic Saida & Jezzine Together 708 20,127 67,346/122,527
Shamel Rachid Roukoz MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Lebanon until 25th October 2019, then independent      Independent Maronite Strong Lebanon 7,300 54,544 117,603/176,713
Shawki Gergi Al Dakash MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Definite Change 10,032 26,980 117,603/176,715
Simon Farid Abi Ramia MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Strong Lebanon 9,729 54,544 117,603/176,712
Sitrida Elias Tawk NORTH 3 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Strong Republic Pulse 6,677 37,376 117,811/249,416
Tamam Saeb Beik Salam BEIRUT 2 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Beirut 9,599 62,970 147,801/353,414
Taymour Walid Joumblatt MOUNT LEBANON 4 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druz Reconciliation 11,478 98,967 173,320/329,872
Tony Sleiman Franjieh NORTH 3 National Coalition      Marada Maronite Together for North and Lebanon 11,407 40,788 117,811/249,416
Wael Wehbe Abou Faour BEKAA 2 Democratic Gathering      Progressive Socialist Party Druze Future for W. Bekaa and Rashaya 10,677 31,817 68,227/143,815
Walid Mohamad Souccarieh BEKAA 3 Loyalty to the Resistance      Hezbollah Sunni Hope and Loyalty 6,916 140,747 190,268/315,646
Walid Wajih El Baarin NORTH 1 Lebanon First      Future Movement Sunni Future for Akkar 20,426 76,452 136,947/283,790
Wehbe Khalil Khalil Katicha NORTH 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Greek Orthodox Future for Akkar 7,911 76,452 136,947/283,791
Yassin Kamel Jaber SOUTH 3 Development and Liberation      Amal Movement Shia Hope and Loyalty 7,920 193,224 228,563/460,566
Ziad Halim Al Hawwat MOUNT LEBANON 1 Strong Republic      Lebanese Forces Maronite Definite Change 14,424 26,980 117,603/176,714
Ziad Michel Assouad SOUTH 1 Strong Lebanon      Free Patriotic Movement Maronite Saida & Jezzine Together 7,270 20,127 67,346/122,526
Lebanese Parliament Building 1947

Political parties
Main article: List of political parties in Lebanon

Numerous political parties exist in Lebanon. Many parties are little more than ad hoc electoral lists, formed by negotiation among influential local figures representing the various confessional communities; these lists usually function only for the purpose of the election, and do not form identifiable groupings in the parliament subsequently. Other parties are personality-based, often comprising followers of a present or past political leader or warlord. Few parties are based, in practice, on any particular ideology, although in theory most claim to be.

No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the total number of seats in the Parliament, and until 2005 no coalition ever won more than a third of the total. The general election held in 2005, however, resulted in a clear majority (72 seats out of 128) being won by the alliance led by Saad Hariri (son of murdered former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri); half of these were held by Hariri's own Future Movement.

Additionally, Hezbollah won 14 seats.[11]

Speaker

The Speaker of the Parliament, who by custom must be a Shi'a Muslim, is now elected to a four-year term. Prior to the Taif Agreement, he was elected to a two-year term. He forms part of a "troika" together with the President (required to be a Maronite Christian) and the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim). The privileges of the Speaker are unusually powerful, relative to other democratic systems. The current speaker is the leader of the Amal Party, Nabih Berri.

Electoral system
Main article: Elections in Lebanon

The system of multi-member constituencies has been criticized over the years by many politicians, who claim that it is easy for the government to gerrymander the boundaries. The Baabda-Aley constituency, established for the 2000 election, is a case in point: the predominantly Druze area of Aley (in the east of Beirut) were combined, in a single constituency, with the predominantly Christian area of Baabda. The same thing happens in the South, meaning that although several seats within the constituency are allocated to Christians, they have to appeal to an electorate which is predominantly Muslim. Many opposition politicians, mostly Christians, have claimed that the constituency boundaries were extensively gerrymandered in the elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, 2005 and 2009. There have also been calls for the creation of a single, country-wide constituency.

gollark: I think I have experienced the wave thing with rarer ones.Also, codes, what?
gollark: How very mysterious.
gollark: So what are these other patterns? Just stuff like "uncommon eggs lying around will get other eggs when taken soonish"?
gollark: There's more to it than biomes and the 5-min/1-hour drops?
gollark: Patterns?

See also

References
  1. Official website of government. 6 June 2015.
  2. "ICL - Lebanon - Constitution". www.servat.unibe.ch. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
  3. Lebanon's MPs extend own terms. Al-Monitor. Published: 10 November 2014.
  4. "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  5. "Démission du député Marwan Hamadé". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  6. "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  7. ASSAF, Claude (2019-09-10). "A Tyr, le candidat du Hezbollah en voie d'être élu d'office - Claude ASSAF". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  8. "Nawaf Moussaoui, député du Hezbollah, présente sa démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2019-07-18. Retrieved 2019-12-19.
  9. "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  10. "Les députés Kataëb et Paula Yacoubian annoncent leur démission". L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
  11. https://web.archive.org/web/20060927093727/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9155/
  • Davie, May (1997) The History and Evolution of Public Spaces in Beirut Central District, Solidere, Beirut.
  • Saliba, Robert (2004) Beirut City Center Recovery: The Foch-Allenby and Etoile Conservation Area, Steidel, Göttingen.
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