Fouad Siniora

Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings: Fouad Sanyoura, Fuad Sinyora, Fouad Sanioura, Fouad Seniora, Fuad Siniora) (Arabic: فؤاد السنيورة‎, Fu'ād as-Sanyūrah) (born 19 July 1943) is a Lebanese politician, a former Prime Minister of Lebanon, a position he held from 19 July 2005 to 25 May 2008. He stepped down on 9 November 2009 in favor of Saad Hariri, the late Rafik Hariri's son.[1] He is the leader of the parliamentary group of the Future Movement.[2]

Fouad Siniora
فؤاد السنيورة
32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon
In office
18 July 2005 – 9 November 2009
PresidentÉmile Lahoud
Himself (Acting)
Michel Suleiman
DeputyElias al-Murr
Issam Abu Jamra
Preceded byNajib Mikati
Succeeded bySaad Hariri
President of Lebanon
Acting
In office
24 November 2007 – 25 May 2008
Prime MinisterHimself
Preceded byÉmile Lahoud
Succeeded byMichel Suleiman
Personal details
Born (1943-07-19) 19 July 1943
Sidon, Lebanon
Political partyFuture Movement
Spouse(s)Huda Siniora
Alma materAmerican University of Beirut

Early life and education

Sanioura was born into a Sunni Muslim family in Sidon on 19 July 1943. He earned a master of arts degree in Business Administration from the American University of Beirut after attending the American School for Boys in Sidon.

Early career

In the 1970s, Sanioura worked for Citibank and taught at the American University of Beirut, his alma mater,[3] and at the Lebanese University.[4] He then joined the audit committee at Lebanon's Central Bank in 1977. In 1982, he was recruited by Rafik Hariri to help him manage and expand his business empire. Upon the end of Lebanon's Civil War, Hariri became Lebanon's Prime Minister. Hariri appointed Sanioura as Minister of Finance in his successive cabinets. Sanioura was the Chairman and Managing Director of Groupe Mediterranee which encompasses four Hariri-owned banks.

Member of National Assembly

Siniora has strong ties with the international financial community. Strongly pro-business, he is considered a moderate partisan of free trade. He was a very close adviser to the late Rafik Hariri, and he is very close to his son Saad Hariri. He served as minister of state for financial affairs from 1992 to 1998, and as Minister of Finance from 2000 to 2004[5] during which he was the architect of the national debt that climbed from US $2 billion to US $50 billion. Siniora was the main architect of the Paris II Conference in November 2002 which allowed Lebanon to get US $2.6 billion, and the Paris III Conference in January 2007 which pledged 13 billion dollars to Lebanon. He was accused of corruption and mismanagement after Hariri's ousting in 1998, in what was mainly viewed as a conflict between Hariri and Syria, and a Syrian-orchestrated move to keep him in line. Siniora was cleared of all charges in 2003 by the parliament and the Judicial Court. In 2002, he abolished most of Lebanon's duty taxes and introduced a Value Added Tax.

Prime minister

After the victory of the anti-Syrian opposition in parliamentary elections held in May and June 2005, Fuad Siniora was asked by President Lahoud on 30 June 2005 to form a government. He resigned from the chairmanship of Group Méditerranée (a banking holding controlled by the Hariri family). After laborious negotiations with the President and the different political forces, Siniora formed a government on 19 July 2005.[6] It is the first government formed after the Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and the first government to include members of the pro-Iranian militant group Hezbollah. In regard to Hezbollah, the Siniora cabinet's official stance in the Pre-Doha Government was that "The government considers the resistance a natural and honest expression of the Lebanese people’s national rights to liberate their land and defend their honour against Israeli aggression and threats".

2006 Lebanon War

On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah launched a deadly cross-border attack against Israel Israel started a 33-day heavy bombardment and land invasion of Lebanon, also known as the 2006 Lebanon War.[7] On 27 July 2006, Siniora, seeking to end the conflict, presented a seven-point Siniora Plan at a 15-nation conference in Rome. Siniora also called for an Arab League meeting in Beirut. During a televised address at the conference, he famously "sobbed" as he described the effects of the war on the Lebanese people.[8] On 12 August 2006, Siniora cautiously welcomed the newly passed UNSCR 1701. The Lebanese Government even declared that unauthorised rocket launches towards Israel would constitute high treason, as the Israelis "would gain much propaganda".

Events leading to the Doha Agreement

On 13 November 2006, Shiite ministers backed by Hezbollah and Amal resigned from Siniora's cabinet. This took place on the eve of the day when the Special Tribunal for Lebanon trying the murderers of Rafik Hariri was to be discussed in a cabinet meeting. Although there were only six resigning ministers, nearly 40% of the Lebanese MPs are in the opposition.

The Lebanese opposition claimed that this resignation meant that the Siniora Government was not a legitimate one because it did not represent all religious groups in Lebanon, namely the Shiite Lebanese. According to the constitution, the government is legal as long as it has two-thirds of the ministers, and so the majority believed the Siniora government was still a totally legal cabinet.[9] The opposition demanded an increase in opposition representation in the cabinet, sufficient to hold veto power over decision making, as their requirement for returning. The majority saw this as a Syrian-orchestrated move to block the establishment of the Hariri tribunal.

On 1 December 2006, the parliamentary minority, primarily the pro-Syrian parties of Amal, Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement of Michael Aoun launched a campaign of street demonstrations with the goal of getting veto power in the government. The country was further put into paralysis when the opposition refused to attend the parliament and vote for a new president, after Emile Lahoud's Presidential term expired. This meant the Fuad Siniora was an acting president until the new president was voted in.

The demonstrations continued for 17 months until 7 May 2008 (which was a reply to 5 May 2008). The day is remembered by many Lebanese as the darkest day they had witnessed since the end of the Lebanese Civil War. Hizbollah, Amal, Syrian Social Nationalist Party, amongst others launched an armed strike against Beirut. The Rafik Hariri Intl. Airport, the Government's Grand Serail, and houses of Majority leaders, Saad Hariri and Walid Jumblatt, were all put under siege. Mount Lebanon was also attacked in the operation. Vengeance attacks broke out in other areas of Lebanon.[10] It is thought that about 200 people died in the few days of fighting. The Beirut siege ended shortly after the Lebanese leaders met in Doha and agreed to what is referred to as the Doha Agreement. The agreement promised the minority veto power, led to the election of President Michel Suleiman, and a promise to the majority the weapons will no longer be used for internal political gains.

Personal life

Siniora is known for his interest in Arab literature and poetry. He also participates in the annual Global Baku Forum, and is a member of the Nizami Ganjavi International Center, a global policy think-tank composed primarily of current and former presidents and prime ministers, and has lately contributed an article Are there new possibilities for the Middle East? for its journal. [11]

gollark: Or I could just compress an actual adjacency list, but boooooring.
gollark: Thusly, I somehow need to store VAST highly sparse bit matrices efficiently another way. I'm thinking quadtrees.
gollark: It appears that the algorithm or possibly library I wanted to use for efficiently storing sparse bit matrices was in fact 3 slow, and thus unusable for the sheer speed of osmarksßsearchengine™ 1.4..6..4....1.
gollark: https://github.com/FPGAWARS/apio
gollark: ftp.osmarks.net, not that I'm likely to configure that.

See also

References
  1. ben cahoon. "Lebanon". World Statesmen. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
  2. Meguerditchian, Van (18 March 2013). "March 14 youth demand unity". The Daily Star. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  3. Moubayed, Sami (8 July 2005). "The new face of Lebanon". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
  4. "BBC NEWS | Middle East | Profile: Fouad Siniora". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  5. "Former Ministers". web.archive.org. 18 December 2019.
  6. "PM Siniora focus of Lebanon power struggle". Reuters. 23 November 2007. Retrieved 24 March 2013.
  7. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) (18 July 2008). Israel buries soldiers recovered in prisoner swap.
  8. Siniora's Tears, Asharq Alawsat Newspaper.
  9. Lebanese Constitution: http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/le00t___.html
  10. "Hezbollah-led protest leads to clashes, violence in Lebanon". Ya Libnan. 7 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  11. His article appears in How do we lead in an uncertain world? in the special edition of Global Policy Analysis, the flagship journal of the Nizami Ganjavi International Center, Baku, 2020
Political offices
Preceded by
Najib Mikati		 Prime Minister of Lebanon
2005–2009		 Succeeded by
Saad Hariri
Preceded by
Émile Lahoud		 President of Lebanon
Acting
2007–2008		 Succeeded by
Michel Suleiman
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