Whoonga

Whoonga (also known as nyaope or wunga)[1] is a form of black tar heroin, possibly mixed with other substances, that has come into widespread use in South Africa since 2009. Its use is concentrated in the impoverished townships of Durban, although it is claimed to be appearing in other places in South Africa as well.[2]

Informal settlement in Durban

The drug is sometimes said to contain antiretroviral drugs particularly efavirenz of the type prescribed to treat HIV, but analysis of samples shows no such content, and police have remarked that dealers are known to add "all sorts of stuff" to a drug to bulk it out. This adulteration was the subject of Getting High on HIV Medication, a 2014 documentary video by Vice correspondent Hamilton Morris.[3]

Uses

Whoonga is said to be used as recreational drug. It generates intense feelings of euphoria, deep contentment and relaxation. It also reduces appetite. Effects of whoonga may last two to four hours.[4] The drug is usually smoked with cannabis in the form of a joint,[5] but methods of preparation for injection do exist.[6]

The cost of the drug is reported to be about 30 rand (Approximately US$2.50, as of April 2018) per straw.[7] Reports indicate that a whoonga addict needs several doses a day,[8] however, users are typically too poor to afford the drug out of their legal income. Addicts therefore turn to crime to raise the money for their supply. Some addicts do small work such as gardening and working on cars as mechanics. There are reports that claim whoonga addicts attempt to become HIV-positive, since anti-retrovirals are distributed to HIV patients free of charge by the Department of Health, however, this claim is just by speculation as some addicts are already HIV positive and simply try to apply at the clinic as someone else in order to get double doses. Some addicts apply for medication at multiple clinics.[9]

According to a report in The Sowetan, the organisation Whoonga Free, founded to battle addiction to the drug, collapsed for lack of funding in March 2011.[10]

In early 2017, a growing trend of sharing the drug-induced high through minor blood transfusions was identified by local media in a practice known as "bluetoothing" (named after the Bluetooth wireless technology). This was allegedly done so as to more economically share the high amongst users, though in reality such a blood sample could not contain an active quantity of the drug. [11] The practice is virtually unheard of on the street. According to one of the men whose photo appeared in media reports, "it was a picture that somebody took, a journalist, and that story was just made up."[12]

Adverse effects

The effects of whoonga typically wear off in 6 to 24 hours, allowing for the onset of unpleasant side-effects.[5] These include agonizing stomach cramps, back ache, sweating, chills, anxiety, restlessness, depression, nausea and diarrhea.[5]

More serious side-effects include internal bleeding, stomach ulcers and death.[8]

Contested claims of anti-retroviral content

Whoonga is famous for allegedly containing antiretroviral drugs prescribed for HIV,[13][14][15] but its exact ingredients are disputed and it has been argued that the claim that the drug contains AIDS medication is simply an urban legend.[16]

One version of the claim is that whoonga contains classic psychoactive drugs such as cannabis,[9][17] methamphetamine[18] or heroin[18][19] potentiated by interactions with ritonavir, an antiretroviral medication used to treat HIV/AIDS. Ritonavir is thought to enhance or prolong the effects of some street drugs, such as MDMA.[13] Another claim is that the drug contains efavirenz (alone or with the ingredients mentioned above), another antiretroviral which has psychoactive side effects. Dr. David Grelotti has noted that efavirenz has a "well-known tendency to cause especially vivid and colorful dreams and other central nervous system effects. Hypothetically, that could enhance the effects of cannabis, methamphetamine, heroin and other illicit drugs."[13]

AIDS experts point out that the ingredients of the anti-retroviral drugs are unlikely to cause the whoonga high and users may be fooling themselves in that regard.[15] A laboratory analysis of samples of whoonga failed to detect any anti-retroviral drugs in its makeup,[20] and a medical scientist who has analysed the contents of the drug has concluded that it does not contain AIDS anti-retroviral medication.[16] According to some experts of the South African Police Service and drug rehabilitation centres whoonga is essentially just a rebranding of older heroin based drugs.[18] A member of the police's Organised Crime Unit has said that "drug dealers add all sorts of stuff to the heroin, the primary ingredient, just to increase the mass of the drug when it's sold and make the heroin go further. A lot of the stuff has no effect and users have no idea what's going in."[18]

The anti-retroviral drugs allegedly used to make whoonga are part of those distributed in the area to patients with HIV, being on government treatment projects. The claimed major source of the anti-retrovirals appears to be robbery from HIV patients, with media reports claiming that patients are being mugged for their pills as they leave the clinics where they obtain them. Reports also claim that some patients sell their HIV medications and that some corrupt health workers may be selling the anti-retrovirals illegally into the whoonga market.[9][21][22]

A Harvard School of Public Health researcher has expressed concern that people with HIV who smoke whoonga may develop mutant strains of the HIV virus which are resistant to the medication.[13] HIV drug resistance is growing due to recreational use of HIV drugs efavirenz and ritonavir, rendering them ineffective not only for users but non-users as well,[23] with one study showing that 3% to 5% of people with HIV in areas where whoonga was used were showing "pre-treatment resistance" to antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV.[13]

As of February 2013, the South African Department of Justice and Constitutional Development was in the process of amending the Drugs and Drug Trafficking Act 140 of 1992 so that the possession and trafficking of the drug is made illegal.[1]

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See also

Notes
  1. "Nyaope to be officially classified". Sowetan Live. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  2. http://ewn.co.za/2017/08/25/rights-group-raids-on-hijacked-buildings-not-solving-core-issues
  3. Hamilton Morris (22 April 2014). "Getting High on HIV Medication". Vice magazine. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  4. "Nyaope / Whoonga". MobieG. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  5. "Signs and symptoms of the use of Dagga and Nyaope". Ridge Times. 21 December 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  6. "NYAOPE BLOOD SHOCK!". DailySun. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  7. Tshipe, Lerato (1 February 2017). "'Bluetooth' drug craze sweeps townships | IOL". Pretoria News. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  8. Fihlani, Pumza (28 February 2011). "'Whoonga' threat to South African HIV patients". BBC News. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
  9. New drug sweeping South Africa – Al Jazeera English Report (video, 2:15 min)
  10. Corrine Louw: Whoonga Battle Lost. The Sowetan, 12 April 2011
  11. https://www.iol.co.za/news/bluetooth-drug-high-impossible-10686212
  12. https://bhekisisa.org/article/2017-02-15-00-bluetooth-the-myth-that-fooled-a-nation/
  13. Richard Knox: Dangers of 'Whoonga': Abuse Of AIDS Drugs Stokes Resistance. National Public Radio, 18 December 2012
  14. Ronelle Ramsamy: Deadly Gamble Archived 6 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Zululand Observer, 2010
  15. Donna Bryson: AIDS drugs stolen in South Africa for 'whoonga' . Associated Press, 28 November 2010
  16. Rat Poison & Heroin, Samora Chapman, Mahala, 2013
  17. Ayanda Mdluli, Branden Ward and Daniel Whitehorn: Whoonga drug spreads rapidly. Website of the Sunday Tribune on 21 June 2010 (retrieved 5 November 2010)
  18. Masood Boomgaard: Whoonga Whammy. Independent Online, 28 November 2010
  19. Slindile Maluleka: Dagga muffins back at schools. Independent Online, 8 November 2010
  20. Kwa Dabekaa: Heroin's Handmaiden. Dispatches, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 28 July 2011
  21. Bryson, Donna (20 November 2010). "'Whoonga' drug: a new twist in S.Africa's AIDS war". Associated Press. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  22. Subashi Naidoo: 'Two pulls and I was hooked'. Addicts mug patients for ARVs. Times Live, 28 November 2010
  23. http://www.voxxi.com/hiv-drug-resistance-whoonga/

References
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