Victor Emmanuel II of Italy

Victor Emmanuel II (Italian: Vittorio Emanuele II; full name: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso di Savoia; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) was King of Sardinia from 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title of King of Italy and became the first king of a united Italy since the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the old Latin title Pater Patriae of the Roman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet of Father of the Fatherland (Italian: Padre della Patria).

Vittorio Emanuele II
King of Italy
Reign17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878
PredecessorNapoleon (1814)
SuccessorUmberto I
Prime Ministers
King of Sardinia; Duke of Savoy
Reign23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861
PredecessorCharles Albert
Prime Ministers
Born14 March 1820
Palazzo Carignano, Turin, Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Died9 January 1878(1878-01-09) (aged 57)
Quirinal Palace, Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Burial
Pantheon, Rome
Spouse
    ​
    (
    m. 1842; died 1855)
      ​
      (
      m. 1869)
      Issue
      see details...
      Full name
      Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso
      English: Victor Emmanuel Mario Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas
      HouseSavoy
      FatherCharles Albert of Sardinia
      MotherMaria Theresa of Austria
      ReligionRoman Catholicism
      Signature

      Born in Turin as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria, he fought in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–49) before being made King of Piedmont-Sardinia following his father's abdication. He appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. In 1855, he sent an expeditionary corps to side with French and British forces during the Crimean War; the deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol led the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Italian unification to other European powers.[1] This allowed Victor Emmanuel to ally himself with Napoleon III, Emperor of France. France had supported Sardinia in the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in liberating Lombardy from Austrian rule.

      Victor Emmanuel supported the Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, Victor Emmanuel halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont, and Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal forces. He subsequently met Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy and becoming the first King of Italy on 17 March 1861.

      In 1866, the Third Italian War of Independence allowed Italy to annex Veneto. In 1870, Victor Emmanuel also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to taking over the Papal States after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871. He died in Rome in 1878, and was buried in the Pantheon.

      The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honor.

      Biography
      Victor Emmanuel II in 1849

      Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia-Piedmont.

      He took part in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) under his father, King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.[2]

      He became King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne, after being defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favorable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of canailles."

      In 1852, he appointed Count Camillo Benso of Cavour ("Count Cavour") as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. This turned out to be a wise choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the "Risorgimento", the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s. [2] He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.

      Portrait of Victor Emmanuel II by Giuseppe Ugolini

      Crimean War
      Victor Emmanuel reviews the troops for the Crimean War

      Following Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, France.

      After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856 at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières-les-Bains (in Lorraine), where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont combat Austria, which still reigned over the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy.

      Wars of Italian Unification
      Main article: Second Italian War of Independence

      The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully. However, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy, but Austria did keep Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

      Later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Sardinia-Piedmont grew even larger. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

      Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861), which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces.

      The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming the new royal title, however. Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Rome, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered.

      Victor Emmanuel meets Giuseppe Garibaldi in Teano

      Completion of the unification
      Tomb of Victor Emmanuel II in the Pantheon
      Main article: Third Italian War of Independence

      In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied himself with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theater, he managed anyway to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. The British Foreign Secretary, Lord Clarendon, visited Florence in December 1867 and reported to London after talking to various Italian politicians: "There is universal agreement that Victor Emmanuel is an imbecile; he is a dishonest man who tells lies to everyone; at this rate he will end up losing his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty."[3] In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace.

      The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Sardinia-Piedmont had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

      Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, after meeting with Pope Pius IX's envoys, who had reversed the excommunication, and received last rites. He was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his son Umberto I.[4]

      Family and children

      In 1842 he married his first cousin once removed Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). By her he had eight children:[5]

      • Maria Clotilde (1843–1911), who married Napoléon Joseph (the Prince Napoléon). Their grandson Prince Louis Napoléon was the Bonapartist pretender to the French imperial throne.
      Victor Emmanuel II in Venice
      • Umberto (1844–1900), later King of Italy.
      • Amadeo (1845–1890), later King of Spain.
      • Oddone Eugenio Maria (1846–1866), Duke of Montferrat.
      • Maria Pia (1847–1911), who married King Louis of Portugal.
      • Carlo Alberto (2 June 1851 – 28 June 1854), Duke of Chablais.
      • Vittorio Emanuele (6 July 1852 – 6 July 1852).
      • Vittorio Emanuele (18 January 1855 – 17 May 1855), Count of Geneva.

      In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Vercellana (3 June 1833 – 26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese as "Bela Rosin", she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:

      • Vittoria Guerrieri (2 December 1848 – 29 December 1905), married three times and had issue.
      • Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March 1851 – 24 December 1894), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, married and had issue.
      Brooklyn Museum – Caricature of King Victor Emmanuel II – Thomas Nast – overall

      In addition to his morganatic second wife, Victor Emmanuel II had several other mistresses:

      —Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione, who, as the mistress of Napoleon III, pleaded the case for Italian unification.

      —Laura Bon at Stupinigi, who bore him two children:

      • Stillborn son (1852).
      • Emanuela Maria Alberta Vittoria di Roverbella (6 September 1853 – 1880/1890).

      —Virginia Rho at Turin, mother of two children:

      • Vittorio di Rho (1861 – Turin, 10 October 1913). He became a notable photographer.
      • Maria Pia di Rho (25 February 1866 – Vienna, 19 April 1947).

      —Unknown mistress at Mondovì, mother of:

      • Donato Etna (15 June 1858 – Turin, 11 December 1938). He became a much-decorated soldier.

      —Baroness Vittoria Duplessis, who bore him:

      • A daughter, perhaps named Savoiarda. She died as an infant.

      Honours
      Styles of
      King Victor Emmanuel II
      Reference styleHis Majesty
      Spoken styleYour Majesty
      Arms of Victor Emmanuel II as knight of the Golden Fleece

      Italian

      Foreign

      Ancestry
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      See also

      References
      1. Arnold, Guy (2002). Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810866133.
      2. Chisholm 1911.
      3. Mack Smith, Denis Italy and its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 p. 42
      4. "Excommunicating Politicians". 27 September 2004.
      5. Genealogical data from the Savoia page of the Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane website.
      6. Luigi Cibrario (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri. Eredi Botta. p. 107.
      7. Boettger, T. F. "Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece". La Confrérie Amicale. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
      8. "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
      9. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1865), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 55, 66
      10. Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1873), "Königliche Orden" p. 8
      11. Le livre d'or de l'ordre de Léopold et de la croix de fer, Volume 1 /Ferdinand Veldekens
      12. Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 466. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
      13. "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, p. 242, retrieved 29 April 2020
      14. Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 [The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite] (in German). 2. Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn. p. 535.
      15. Sachsen (1866). Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66. Heinrich. p. 4.
      16. Sveriges statskalender (in Swedish), 1877, p. 368, retrieved 2 May 2020 – via runeberg.org
      17. https://www.beaussant-lefevre.com/lot/86924/8138236?
      18. Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 59

      Sources

      In Italian
      • Del Boca, Lorenzo (1998). Maledetti Savoia. Casale Monferrato: Piemme.
      • Gasparetto, Pier Francesco (1984). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Rusconi.
      • Mack Smith, Denis (1995). Vittorio Emanuele II. Milan: Mondadori.
      • Pinto, Paolo (1997). Vittorio Emanuele II: il re avventuriero. Milan: Mondadori.
      • Rocca, Gianni (1993). Avanti, Savoia!: miti e disfatte che fecero l'Italia, 1848–1866. Milan: Mondadori.
      Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
      Born: 14 March 1820 Died: 9 January 1878
      Regnal titles
      Preceded by
      Charles Albert      		 King of Sardinia; Duke of Savoy
      23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861      		 Italian Unification under the House of Savoy
      Vacant
      Title last held by
      Napoleon I      		 King of Italy
      17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878      		 Succeeded by
      Umberto I
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