UEFA Champions League

The UEFA Champions League (abbreviated as UCL, also known as the European Cup) is an annual club football competition organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and contested by top-division European clubs, deciding the competition winners through a group and knockout format. It is one of the most prestigious football tournaments in the world and the most prestigious club competition in European football, played by the national league champions (and, for some nations, one or more runners-up) of their national associations.

"European Champions League" and "European Cup" redirect here. For the table tennis competition, see European Champions League (table tennis). For the trophy, see European Champion Clubs' Cup. For other uses, see European Cup (disambiguation).
This article is about the men's competition. For the women's competition, see UEFA Women's Champions League.

UEFA Champions League
Founded1955 (1955)
(rebranded in 1992)
RegionEurope (UEFA)
Number of teams32 (group stage)
79 (total)
Qualifier forUEFA Super Cup
FIFA Club World Cup
Related competitionsUEFA Europa League
(2nd tier)
UEFA Europa Conference League
(planned 3rd tier)
Current champions Liverpool (6th title)
Most successful club(s) Real Madrid (13 titles)
Television broadcastersList of broadcasters
Websiteuefa.com
2019–20 UEFA Champions League
2020–21 UEFA Champions League

Introduced in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup, it was initially a straight knockout tournament open only to the champions of Europe's domestic leagues, with its winner reckoned as the European club champion. The competition took on its current name in 1992, adding a round-robin group stage and allowing multiple entrants from certain countries.[1] It has since been expanded, and while most of Europe's national leagues can still only enter their champion, the strongest leagues now provide up to four teams.[2][3] Clubs that finish next-in-line in their national league, having not qualified for the Champions League, are eligible for the second-tier UEFA Europa League competition, and from 2021, teams not eligible for the UEFA Europa League will qualify for a new third-tier competition called the UEFA Europa Conference League.[4]

In its present format, the Champions League begins in late June with a preliminary round, three qualifying rounds and a play-off round, all played over two legs. The six surviving teams enter the group stage, joining 26 teams qualified in advance. The 32 teams are drawn into eight groups of four teams and play each other in a double round-robin system. The eight group winners and eight runners-up proceed to the knockout phase that culminates with the final match in late May or early June.[5] The winner of the Champions League qualifies for the following year's Champions League, the UEFA Super Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup.[6][7] In 2020, the traditional schedule for UEFA matches was disrupted due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The format of the quarter-finals onward were amended and are being played as single match knockout ties at neutral venues in Lisbon, Portugal from 12 to 23 August.

The competition has been won by 22 clubs, 12 of which have won it more than once.[8] Real Madrid is the most successful club in the tournament's history, having won it 13 times, including its first five seasons. Liverpool are the reigning champions, having beaten Tottenham Hotspur 2–0 in the 2019 final. Spanish clubs have the highest number of victories (18 wins), followed by England (13 wins) and Italy (12 wins). England has the largest number of winning teams, with five clubs having won the title.

History
See also: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

The first pan-European tournament was the Challenge Cup, a competition between clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[9] The Mitropa Cup, a competition modelled after the Challenge Cup, was created in 1927, an idea of Austrian Hugo Meisl, and played between Central European clubs.[10] In 1930, the Coupe des Nations (French: Nations Cup), the first attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe, was played and organised by Swiss club Servette.[11] Held in Geneva, it brought together ten champions from across the continent. The tournament was won by Újpest of Hungary.[11] Latin European nations came together to form the Latin Cup in 1949.[12]

After receiving reports from his journalists over the highly successful Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones of 1948, Gabriel Hanot, editor of L'Équipe, began proposing the creation of a continent-wide tournament.[13] After Stan Cullis declared Wolverhampton Wanderers "Champions of the World" following a successful run of friendlies in the 1950s, in particular a 3–2 friendly victory against Budapest Honvéd, Hanot finally managed to convince UEFA to put into practice such a tournament.[1] It was conceived in Paris in 1955 as the European Champion Clubs' Cup.[1]

1955–67: Beginnings
Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1959. He led Real Madrid to win five consecutive European Cups between 1956 and 1960.

The first edition of the European Cup took place during the 1955–56 season.[14][15] Sixteen teams participated (some by invitation): Milan (Italy), AGF Aarhus (Denmark), Anderlecht (Belgium), Djurgården (Sweden), Gwardia Warszawa (Poland), Hibernian (Scotland), Partizan (Yugoslavia), PSV Eindhoven (Netherlands), Rapid Wien (Austria), Real Madrid (Spain), Rot-Weiss Essen (West Germany), Saarbrücken (Saar), Servette (Switzerland), Sporting CP (Portugal), Stade de Reims (France), and Vörös Lobogó (Hungary).[14][15] The first European Cup match took place on 4 September 1955, and ended in a 3–3 draw between Sporting CP and Partizan.[14][15] The first goal in European Cup history was scored by João Baptista Martins of Sporting CP.[14][15] The inaugural final took place at the Parc des Princes between Stade de Reims and Real Madrid.[14][15][16] The Spanish squad came back from behind to win 4–3 thanks to goals from Alfredo Di Stéfano and Marquitos, as well as two goals from Héctor Rial.[14][15][16]

Real Madrid successfully defended the trophy next season in their home stadium, the Santiago Bernabéu, against Fiorentina.[17][18] After a scoreless first half, Real Madrid scored twice in six minutes to defeat the Italians.[16][17][18] In 1958, Milan failed to capitalise after going ahead on the scoreline twice, only for Real Madrid to equalise.[19][20] The final, held in Heysel Stadium, went to extra time where Francisco Gento scored the game-winning goal to allow Real Madrid to retain the title for the third consecutive season.[16][19][20] In a rematch of the first final, Real Madrid faced Stade Reims at the Neckarstadion for the 1959 final, and won 2–0.[16][21][22] West German side Eintracht Frankfurt became the first non-Latin team to reach the European Cup final.[23][24] The 1960 final holds the record for the most goals scored, with Real Madrid beating Eintracht Frankfurt 7–3 in Hampden Park, courtesy of four goals by Ferenc Puskás and a hat-trick by Alfredo Di Stéfano.[16][23][24] This was Real Madrid's fifth consecutive title, a record that still stands today.[8]

Johan Cruyff holding the European Cup during celebrations in Amsterdam following Ajax's 1972 triumph

Real Madrid's reign ended in the 1960–61 season when bitter rivals Barcelona dethroned them in the first round.[25][26] Barcelona themselves, however, would be defeated in the final by Portuguese side Benfica 3–2 at Wankdorf Stadium.[25][26][27] Reinforced by Eusébio, Benfica defeated Real Madrid 5–3 at the Olympic Stadium in Amsterdam and kept the title for a second consecutive season.[27][28][29] Benfica wanted to repeat Real Madrid's successful run of the 1950s after reaching the showpiece event of the 1962–63 European Cup, but a brace from Brazilian-Italian José Altafini at the Wembley Stadium gave the spoils to Milan, making the trophy leave the Iberian Peninsula for the first time ever.[30][31][32] Inter Milan beat an ageing Real Madrid 3–1 in the Ernst-Happel-Stadion to win the 1963–64 season and replicate their local-rival's success.[33][34][35] The title stayed in the city of Milan for the third year in a row after Inter beat Benfica 1–0 at their home ground, the San Siro.[36][37][38] Under the leadership of Jock Stein, Scottish club Celtic defeated Inter Milan 2–1 in the 1967 final to become the first British club to win the European Cup.[39][40] The Celtic players that day subsequently became known as the "Lisbon Lions", all of whom were born within 30 miles of Glasgow.[41]

1968–76

The 1967–68 season saw Manchester United become the first English team to win the European Cup, beating S.L. Benfica 4–1 in the final.[42] This final came 10 years after the Munich air disaster, which claimed the lives of eight United players, and injuring their Cup-winning manager, Matt Busby.[43] In the 1968–69 season, Ajax became the first Dutch team to reach the European Cup final, but they were beaten by A.C. Milan 4–1, who claimed their second European Cup, with Pierino Prati scoring a hat-trick.[44] The 1969–70 season saw the first Dutch winners of the competition. With Rotterdam based club Feyenoord knocking out the defending champions, Milan in the second round.[45] Before defeating Celtic in the final.[46] In the 1970–71 season Ajax won the title, beating Greek side Panathinaikos F.C. in the final.[47] the season saw a number of changes, with penalty shoot-outs being introduced, and the away goals rule being changed so that it would be used in all rounds except the final.[48] It was also the first time a Greek team reach the final, as well as that it was the first season the did not have Real Madrid participating in it. The Spanish giants had finished 6th in the La Liga and failed to qualify.[49]

Anthem
Main article: UEFA Champions League Anthem
"Magic...it’s magic above all else. When you hear the anthem it captivates you straight away."

—Zinedine Zidane[50]

The UEFA Champions League anthem, officially titled simply as "Champions League", was written by Tony Britten, and is an adaptation of George Frideric Handel's 1727 anthem Zadok the Priest (one of his Coronation Anthems).[51][52] UEFA commissioned Britten in 1992 to arrange an anthem, and the piece was performed by London's Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and sung by the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields.[51] UEFA's official website states it is, “known to set the hearts of many of the world's top footballers aflutter”.[51]

The Champions League anthem is played before the start of each match as the two teams are lined up while the Champions League logo is displayed in the centre circle.

The chorus contains the three official languages used by UEFA: English, German, and French.[53] The climactic moment is set to the exclamations ‘Die Meister! Die Besten! Les Grandes Équipes! The Champions!’.[54] The anthem's chorus is played before each UEFA Champions League game as the two teams are lined up, as well as at the beginning and end of television broadcasts of the matches. In addition to the anthem, there is also entrance music, which contains parts of the anthem itself, which is played as teams enter the field.[55] The complete anthem is about three minutes long, and has two short verses and the chorus.[53]

Special vocal versions have been performed live at the Champions League Final with lyrics in other languages, changing over to the host nation's language for the chorus. These versions were performed by Andrea Bocelli (Italian) (Rome 2009, Milan 2016 and Cardiff 2017), Juan Diego Flores (Spanish) (Madrid 2010), All Angels (Wembley 2011), Jonas Kaufmann and David Garrett (Munich 2012), and Mariza (Lisbon 2014). In the 2013 final at Wembley Stadium, the chorus was played twice. In the 2018 and 2019 finals, held in Kiev and Madrid respectively, the instrumental version of the chorus was played, by 2Cellos (2018) and Asturia Girls (2019).[56][57] The anthem has been released commercially in its original version on iTunes and Spotify with the title of Champions League Theme. In 2018, composer Hans Zimmer remixed the anthem with rapper Vince Staples for EA Sports' video game FIFA 19, with it also featuring in the game's reveal trailer.[58]

Branding

In 1991, UEFA asked its commercial partner, Television Event and Media Marketing (TEAM), to help "brand" the Champions League. This resulted in the anthem, "house colours" of black and white or silver and a logo, and the "starball". The starball was created by Design Bridge, a London-based firm selected by TEAM after a competition.[59] TEAM gives particular attention to detail in how the colours and starball are depicted at matches. According to TEAM, "Irrespective of whether you are a spectator in Moscow or Milan, you will always see the same stadium dressing materials, the same opening ceremony featuring the 'starball' centre circle ceremony, and hear the same UEFA Champions League Anthem". Based on research it conducted, TEAM concluded that by 1999, "the starball logo had achieved a recognition rate of 94 percent among fans".[60]

Format

Qualification
See also: UEFA coefficient
Map of UEFA countries whose teams reached the group stage of the UEFA Champions League
  UEFA member state that has been represented in the group stage
  UEFA member state that has not been represented in the group stage

The UEFA Champions League begins with a double round-robin group stage of 32 teams, which since the 2009–10 season is preceded by two qualification 'streams' for teams that do not receive direct entry to the tournament proper. The two streams are divided between teams qualified by virtue of being league champions, and those qualified by virtue of finishing 2nd–4th in their national championship.

The number of teams that each association enters into the UEFA Champions League is based upon the UEFA coefficients of the member associations. These coefficients are generated by the results of clubs representing each association during the previous five Champions League and UEFA Cup/Europa League seasons. The higher an association's coefficient, the more teams represent the association in the Champions League, and the fewer qualification rounds the association's teams must compete in.

Four of the remaining six qualifying places are granted to the winners of a six-round qualifying tournament between the remaining 43 or 44 national champions, within which those champions from associations with higher coefficients receive byes to later rounds. The other two are granted to the winners of a three-round qualifying tournament between the 11 clubs from the associations ranked 5 through 15, which have qualified based upon finishing second, or third in their respective national league.

In addition to sporting criteria, any club must be licensed by its national association to participate in the Champions League. To obtain a license, the club must meet certain stadium, infrastructure, and finance requirements.

In 2005–06 season, Liverpool and Artmedia Bratislava became the first teams to reach the Champions League group stage after playing in all three qualifying rounds. In 2008–09 season, both BATE Borisov and Anorthosis Famagusta achieved the same feat. Real Madrid holds the record for the most consecutive appearances in the group stage, having qualified 22 times in a row (1997–present). They are followed by Arsenal on 19 (1998–2016)[61] and Manchester United on 18 (1996–2013).[62]

Between 1999 and 2008, no differentiation was made between champions and non-champions in qualification. The 16 top ranked teams spread across the biggest domestic leagues qualified directly for the tournament group stage. Prior to this, three preliminary knockout qualifying rounds whittled down the remaining teams, with teams starting in different rounds.

An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005, after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before, but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season. UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League, giving England five qualifiers.[63] UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing. However, for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League, this meant that, if the Champions League winner fell outside of its domestic league's top four, it would qualify at the expense of the fourth-placed team in the league. Until 2015–16, no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League.[64] In May 2012, Tottenham Hotspur finished fourth in the 2011–12 Premier League, two places ahead of Chelsea, but failed to qualify for the 2012–13 Champions League, after Chelsea won the 2012 final.[65] Tottenham were demoted to the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.[65]

In May 2013,[66] it was decided that, starting from the 2015–16 season (and continuing at least for the three-year cycle until the 2017–18 season), the winners of the previous season's UEFA Europa League would qualify for the UEFA Champions League, entering at least the play-off round, and entering the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders was not used. The previous limit of a maximum of four teams per association was increased to five, meaning that a fourth-placed team from one of the top three ranked associations would only have to be moved to the Europa League if both the Champions League and Europa League winners came from that association and both finished outside the top four of their domestic league.[67]

In 2007, Michel Platini, the UEFA president, had proposed taking one place from the three leagues with four entrants and allocating it to that nation's cup winners. This proposal was rejected in a vote at a UEFA Strategy Council meeting.[68] In the same meeting, however, it was agreed that the third-placed team in the top three leagues would receive automatic qualification for the group stage, rather than entry into the third qualifying round, while the fourth-placed team would enter the play-off round for non-champions, guaranteeing an opponent from one of the top 15 leagues in Europe. This was part of Platini's plan to increase the number of teams qualifying directly into the group stage, while simultaneously increasing the number of teams from lower-ranked nations in the group stage.[69]

In 2012, Arsène Wenger referred to qualifying for the Champion's League by finishing in the top four places in the English Premier League as the "4th Place Trophy". The phrase was coined after a pre-match conference when he was questioned about Arsenal's lack of a trophy after exiting the FA Cup. He said "The first trophy is to finish in the top four".[70] At Arsenal's 2012 AGM, Wenger was also quoted as saying: "For me there are five trophies every season: Premier League, Champions League, the third is to qualify for the Champions League..."[71]

Group stage and knockout phase
A.C. Milan’s Ronaldinho and Zlatan Ibrahimović surrounded by Real Madrid defenders during a Champions League group stage game in 2010

The tournament proper begins with a group stage of 32 teams, divided into eight groups of four.[72] Seeding is used whilst making the draw for this stage, whilst teams from the same nation may not be drawn into groups together. Each team plays six group stage games, meeting the other three teams in its group home and away in a round-robin format.[72] The winning team and the runners-up from each group then progress to the next round. The third-placed team enters the UEFA Europa League.

For the next stage – the last 16 – the winning team from one group plays against the runners-up from another group, and teams from the same association may not be drawn against each other. From the quarter-finals onwards, the draw is entirely random, without association protection. The tournament uses the away goals rule: if the aggregate score of the two games is tied, then the team who scored more goals at their opponent's stadium advances.[73]

The group stage is played from September to December, whilst the knock-out stage starts in February. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. The final is typically held in the last two weeks of May or in the early days of June, which has happened in three consecutive odd-numbered years since 2015.

Distribution

The following is the default access list.[74]

Access list for 2018–19 to 2020–21 UEFA Champions League
Teams entering in this round Teams advancing from the previous round
Preliminary round
(4 teams)
  • 4 champions from associations 52–55
First qualifying round
(34 teams)
  • 33 champions from associations 18–51 (except Liechtenstein)
  • 1 winner from the preliminary round
Second qualifying round Champions Path
(20 teams)
  • 3 champions from associations 15–17
  • 17 winners from the first qualifying round
League Path
(6 teams)
  • 6 runners-up from associations 10–15
Third qualifying round Champions Path
(12 teams)
  • 2 champions from associations 13–14
  • 10 winners from the second qualifying round (Champions Path)
League Path
(8 teams)
  • 3 runners-up from associations 7–9
  • 2 third-placed teams from association 5–6
  • 3 winners from the second qualifying round (League Path)
Play-off round Champions Path
(8 teams)
  • 2 champions from associations 11–12
  • 6 winners from the third qualifying round (Champions Path)
League Path
(4 teams)
  • 4 winners from the third qualifying round (League Path)
Group stage
(32 teams)
  • UEFA Champions League title holder
  • UEFA Europa League title holder
  • 10 champions from associations 1–10
  • 6 runners-up from associations 1–6
  • 4 third-placed teams from associations 1–4
  • 4 fourth-placed teams from associations 1–4
  • 4 winners from the play-off round (Champions Path)
  • 2 winners from the play-off round (League Path)
Knockout phase
(16 teams)
  • 8 group winners from the group stage
  • 8 group runners-up from the group stage

Changes will be made to the access list above if the Champions League and/or Europa League title holders qualify for the tournament via their domestic leagues.

  • If the Champions League title holders qualify for the group stage via their domestic league, the champions of association 11 (Austria in 2019/2020) will enter the group stage, and champions of the highest-ranked associations in earlier rounds will also be promoted accordingly.
  • If the Europa League title holders qualify for the group stage via their domestic league, the third-placed team of association 5 (France) will enter the group stage, and runners-up of the highest-ranked associations in the second qualifying round will also be promoted accordingly.
  • If the Champions League and/or Europa League title holders qualify for the qualifying rounds via their domestic league, their spot in the qualifying rounds is vacated, and teams of the highest-ranked associations in earlier rounds will be promoted accordingly.
  • An association may have a maximum of five teams in the Champions League.[74] Therefore, if both the Champions League and Europa League title holders come from the same top-four association and finish outside of the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of the league will not compete in the Champions League and will instead compete in the Europa League.

Referees

Ranking

The UEFA Refereeing Unit is broken down into five experience-based categories. A referee is initially placed into Category 4 with the exception of referees from France, Germany, England, Italy, or Spain. Referees from these five countries are typically comfortable with top professional matches and are therefore directly placed into Category 3. Each referee's performance is observed and evaluated after every match; his category may be revised twice per season, but a referee cannot be promoted directly from Category 3 to the Elite Category.[75]

Appointment

In co-operation with the UEFA Refereeing Unit, the UEFA Referee Committee is responsible for appointing referees to matches. Referees are appointed based on previous matches, marks, performances, and fitness levels. To discourage bias, the Champions League takes nationality into account. No referee may be of the same origins as any club in his or her respecting groups. Referee appointments, suggested by the UEFA Refereeing Unit, are sent to the UEFA Referee Committee to be discussed or revised. After a consensus is made, the name of the appointed referee remains confidential up to two days before the match for the purpose of minimising public influence.[75]

Limitations

Since 1990, a UEFA international referee cannot exceed the age of 45 years. After turning 45, a referee must step down at the end of his season. The age limit was established to ensure an elite level of fitness. Today, UEFA Champions League referees are required to pass a fitness test to even be considered at the international level.[75]

Prizes

Trophy and medals
Main article: European Champion Clubs' Cup
Official trophy

Each year, the winning team is presented with the European Champion Clubs' Cup, the current version of which has been awarded since 1967. From the 1968–69 season and prior to the 2008–09 season any team that won the Champions League three years in a row or five times overall was awarded the official trophy permanently.[76] Each time a club achieved this a new official trophy had to be forged for the following season.[77] Five clubs own a version of the official trophy, Real Madrid, Ajax, Bayern Munich, Milan and Liverpool.[76] Since 2008, the official trophy has remained with UEFA and the clubs are awarded a replica.[76]

The current trophy is 74 cm (29 in) tall and made of silver, weighing 11 kg (24 lb). It was designed by Jürg Stadelmann, a jeweller from Bern, Switzerland, after the original was given to Real Madrid in 1966 in recognition of their six titles to date, and cost 10,000 Swiss francs.

As of the 2012–13 season, 40 gold medals are presented to the Champions League winners, and 40 silver medals to the runners-up.[78]

Prize money

As of 2019–20, the fixed amount of prize money paid to the clubs is as follows:[79]

  • Preliminary qualifying round: €230,000
  • First qualifying round: €280,000
  • Second qualifying round: €380,000
  • Third qualifying round: €480,000 (Only for clubs eliminated from the champions path, since clubs eliminated from the league path qualify directly for the UEFA Europa League group stage and therefore benefit from its distribution system.)
  • Base fee for group stage: €15,250,000
  • Group match victory: €2,700,000
  • Group match draw: €900,000
  • Round of 16: €9,500,000
  • Quarter-finals: €10,500,000
  • Semi-finals: €12,000,000
  • Losing finalist: €15,000,000
  • Winning the Final: €19,000,000

This means that, at best, a club can earn €82,450,000 of prize money under this structure, not counting shares of the qualifying rounds, play-off round or the market pool.

A large part of the distributed revenue from the UEFA Champions League is linked to the "market pool", the distribution of which is determined by the value of the television market in each nation. For the 2014–15 season, Juventus, who were the runners-up, earned nearly €89.1 million in total, of which €30.9 million was prize money, compared with the €61.0 million earned by Barcelona, who won the tournament and were awarded €36.4 million in prize money.[80]

Sponsorship
A can of Heineken with the branding of the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final
Betting advertisements are banned in Turkey. On 9 April 2013, Real Madrid (whose shirt sponsors were bwin at the time) were required to wear sponsor-free jerseys while playing against Galatasaray in Istanbul.

Like the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations, in contrast to the single main sponsor typically found in national top-flight leagues. When the Champions League was created in 1992, it was decided that a maximum of eight companies should be allowed to sponsor the event, with each corporation being allocated four advertising boards around the perimeter of the pitch, as well as logo placement at pre- and post-match interviews and a certain number of tickets to each match. This, combined with a deal to ensure tournament sponsors were given priority on television advertisements during matches, ensured that each of the tournament's main sponsors was given maximum exposure.[81]

From the 2012–13 knockout phase, UEFA used LED advertising hoardings installed in knock-out participant stadiums, including the final stage. From the 2015–16 season onwards, UEFA has used such hoardings from the play-off round until the final.[82]

The tournament's current main sponsors are:[83]

Adidas is a secondary sponsor and supplies the official match ball, the Adidas Finale, and Macron supplies the referee uniform.[92] Hublot is also a secondary sponsor as the official fourth official board of the competition.[93]

Panini was a partner of the UEFA Champions League until 2015 when Topps signed a deal to produce stickers, trading cards and digital collections for the competition.[94]

The tournaments previous sponsors were: Nike[95], Ford, Amstel, Nutella, [Eurocard, Continental, McDonald's, Vodafone, UniCredit, HTC, Sony Xperia.

Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising. However, only one sponsorship is permitted per jersey in addition to that of the kit manufacturer. Exceptions are made for non-profit organisations, which can feature on the front of the shirt, incorporated with the main sponsor or in place of it; or on the back, either below the squad number or on the collar area.[96]

If clubs play a match in a nation where the relevant sponsorship category is restricted (such as France's alcohol advertising restriction), then they must remove that logo from their jerseys. For example, when Rangers played French sides Auxerre and Strasbourg in the 1996–97 Champions League and the UEFA Cup, respectively, Rangers players wore the logo of Center Parcs instead of McEwan's Lager (both companies at the time were subsidiaries of Scottish & Newcastle).[97]

Media coverage
Main article: List of UEFA Champions League broadcasters

The competition attracts an extensive television audience, not just in Europe, but throughout the world. The final of the tournament has been, in recent years, the most-watched annual sporting event in the world.[98] The final of the 2012–13 tournament had the competition's highest TV ratings to date, drawing approximately 360 million television viewers.[99]

Records and statistics
Main article: European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics
See also: UEFA Champions League clubs performance comparison

Performances by club
Main article: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
Performances in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club
Club Titles Runners-up Seasons won Seasons runner-up
Real Madrid 13 3 1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018 1962, 1964, 1981
Milan 7 4 1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007 1958, 1993, 1995, 2005
Liverpool 6 3 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005, 2019 1985, 2007, 2018
Bayern Munich 5 5 1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013 1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012
Barcelona 5 3 1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 1961, 1986, 1994
Ajax 4 2 1971, 1972, 1973, 1995 1969, 1996
Inter Milan 3 2 1964, 1965, 2010 1967, 1972
Manchester United 3 2 1968, 1999, 2008 2009, 2011
Juventus 2 7 1985, 1996 1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017
Benfica 2 5 1961, 1962 1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990
Nottingham Forest 2 0 1979, 1980 —
Porto 2 0 1987, 2004 —
Celtic 1 1 1967 1970
Hamburg 1 1 1983 1980
Steaua București 1 1 1986 1989
Marseille 1 1 1993 1991
Chelsea 1 1 2012 2008
Borussia Dortmund 1 1 1997 2013
Feyenoord 1 0 1970 —
Aston Villa 1 0 1982 —
PSV Eindhoven 1 0 1988 —
Red Star Belgrade 1 0 1991 —
Atlético Madrid 0 3 — 1974, 2014, 2016
Reims 0 2 — 1956, 1959
Valencia 0 2 — 2000, 2001
Fiorentina 0 1 — 1957
Eintracht Frankfurt 0 1 — 1960
Partizan 0 1 — 1966
Panathinaikos 0 1 — 1971
Leeds United 0 1 — 1975
Saint-Étienne 0 1 — 1976
Borussia Mönchengladbach 0 1 — 1977
Club Brugge 0 1 — 1978
Malmö FF 0 1 — 1979
Roma 0 1 — 1984
Sampdoria 0 1 — 1992
Bayer Leverkusen 0 1 — 2002
Monaco 0 1 — 2004
Arsenal 0 1 — 2006
Tottenham Hotspur 0 1 — 2019

Performances by nation
Performances in finals by nation
Nation Titles Runners-up Total
 Spain 18 11 29
 England 13 9 22
 Italy 12 16 28
 Germany[lower-alpha 1] 7 10 17
 Netherlands 6 2 8
 Portugal 4 5 9
 France 1 5 6
 Romania 1 1 2
 Scotland 1 1 2
 Serbia[lower-alpha 2] 1 1 2
 Belgium 0 1 1
 Greece 0 1 1
 Sweden 0 1 1
Totals 64 64 128

All-time top scorers
Main article: List of UEFA Champions League top scorers
As of 14 August 2020[100][101][102]

A indicates the player was from the European Cup era. Players taking part in the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League are highlighted in boldface.
The table below does not include goals scored in the qualification stage of the competition.

Rank Player Goals Apps Ratio Years Club(s) (Goals)
1 Cristiano Ronaldo 130[lower-alpha 3] 170 0.76 2003– Manchester United (15), Real Madrid (105), Juventus (10)
2 Lionel Messi 115 143 0.8 2005– Barcelona
3 Raúl González 71 142 0.50 1995–2011 Real Madrid (66), Schalke 04 (5)
4 Robert Lewandowski 67 88 0.76 2011– Borussia Dortmund (17), Bayern Munich (50)
5 Karim Benzema 65 120 0.54 2006– Lyon (12), Real Madrid (53)
6 Ruud van Nistelrooy 56[lower-alpha 4] 73 0.77 1998–2009 PSV Eindhoven (8), Manchester United (35), Real Madrid (13)
7 Thierry Henry 50[lower-alpha 5] 112 0.45 1997–2012 Monaco (7), Arsenal (35), Barcelona (8)
8 Alfredo Di Stéfano 49 58 0.84 1955–1964 Real Madrid
9 Andriy Shevchenko 48[lower-alpha 6] 100 0.48 1994–2012 Dynamo Kyiv (15), Milan (29), Chelsea (4)
Zlatan Ibrahimović 48[lower-alpha 7] 120 0.40 2001–2017 Ajax (6), Juventus (3), Inter Milan (6), Barcelona (4), Milan (9), Paris Saint-Germain (20)

Most appearances
Main article: List of footballers with 100 or more UEFA Champions League appearances
As of 14 August 2020[104][105]

Players that are still active in Europe are highlighted in boldface.
The table below does not include appearances made in the qualification stage of the competition.

Rank Player Nation Apps Years Club(s) (Apps)
1 Iker Casillas  Spain 177 1999–2019 Real Madrid (150), Porto (27)
2 Cristiano Ronaldo  Portugal 170 2003– Manchester United (52), Real Madrid (101), Juventus (17)
3 Xavi  Spain 151 1998–2015 Barcelona
4 Lionel Messi  Argentina 143 2005– Barcelona
5 Raúl  Spain 142 1995–2011 Real Madrid (130), Schalke 04 (12)
6 Ryan Giggs  Wales 141 1994–2014 Manchester United
7 Andrés Iniesta  Spain 130 2002–2018 Barcelona
8 Clarence Seedorf  Netherlands 125 1994–2012 Ajax (11), Real Madrid (25), Milan (89)
9 Paul Scholes  England 124 1994–2013 Manchester United
Sergio Ramos  Spain 2005– Real Madrid
gollark: > random musing: obviously if the speed of light was lower, there would be less energy in those sort of reactions. What *other* trickle down effects would it have, though?There's some relation between c and some electromagnetic constants (permittivity and permeability of free space) so you would probably change those too.
gollark: Somewhat relevant point: seriously just use nuclear it's energy dense enough.
gollark: You might have to contend with running out of usable energy in 10^lots years or something, I suppose.
gollark: The inevitable end point of "no growth/no new stuff/etc" is just "society runs through all available resources, can't get more, dies out" or maybe "natural disaster occurs and limited economic/technological resources don't allow dealing with it well".
gollark: This is why I don't like the "zero-growth" people, as well as the various other reasons.

See also

Notes
  1. Includes clubs representing West Germany. No clubs representing East Germany appeared in a final.
  2. Includes clubs representing the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945 to its breakup in 1992).
  3. Ronaldo additionally scored one goal[103] in four qualification matches.
  4. Van Nistelrooy additionally scored four goals in eight qualification matches.
  5. Henry additionally scored one goal in three qualification matches.
  6. Shevchenko additionally scored 11 goals in 16 qualification matches.
  7. Ibrahimović additionally scored one goal in four qualification matches.

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