Intercontinental Cup (football)

The Intercontinental Cup, also known as European/South American Cup, and also Toyota Cup from 1980 to 2004 for commercial reasons by agreement with the automaker, was an international football competition endorsed by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL),[1][2] contested between representative clubs from these confederations (representatives of most developed continents in the football world), usually the winners of the UEFA Champions League and the South American Copa Libertadores. It ran from 1960 to 2004, when it was succeeded by the FIFA Club World Cup, with which it ran concurrently from 2000 to 2004.

Intercontinental Cup
European/South American Cup
Toyota Cup
The trophy given to champions
Organising bodyUEFA
CONMEBOL
Founded1960
Abolished2004
RegionEurope
South America
Number of teams2
Related competitionsUEFA Champions League
Copa Libertadores
Last champions Porto
(2nd title)
Most successful club(s) Boca Juniors
Milan
Nacional
Peñarol
Real Madrid
(3 titles each)

From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was as a two-legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a running question due to controversial events in the 1969 final,[3] and some European Cup-winning teams withdrew.[4] From 1980, the competition was contested as a single match played in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy, the Toyota Cup.[5] At that point, the organisation of the competition was passed to the Japan Football Association,[6] though it continued to be endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL.[7][8]

The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, who beat Peñarol of Uruguay in 1960. The last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004. The competition ended in 2004 and it merged with the FIFA Club World Cup in 2005.[9]

History

Beginnings

According to Brazilian newspaper Tribuna de Imprensa, the idea for the Intercontinental Cup rose in 1958 in a conversation between the then president of the Brazilian FA João Havelange and French journalist Jacques Goddet.[10] The first mention of the creation of the Intercontinental and Libertadores Cups was published by Brazilian and Spanish newspapers on 9 October 1958, referring to Havelange's announcement of the project to create such competitions, which he uttered during a UEFA meeting he attended as an invitee.[11][12][13][14] Prior to this announcement, the reigning European champions Real Madrid C.F. had already played two intercontinental club competitions, the 1956 Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes and the 1957 Tournoi de Paris (in the case of the 1956 tournament, the Madrid team scheduled its participation before becoming European champions).[15] According to a French video record of the highlights of the 1957 match, between Real Madrid C.F. and CR Vasco da Gama, this was the first match ever dubbed as "the best team of Europe vs. the best team of South America",[16][17] having this match been held at Parc des Princes, then managed by Jacques Goddet, and for both reasons CR Vasco da Gama has claimed that the 1957 match and the 1958 FIFA World Cup Brazilian victory have influenced the Europeans on the importance of South American football, and thus the idea in 1958 for the creation of the Intercontinental Cup[18] (the Madrid team declined to participate in the 1958 Paris Tournoi for it was held just 5 days before the final of the 1957/1958 European Cup).[19] The Madrid-Vasco 1957 match was described as "being like a club world cup match" by the Brazilian press,[20][21] as was a June 1959 friendly between Real Madrid and Torneio Rio – São Paulo champions Santos FC, which Real Madrid won 5–3.[22][23]

Created in 1960 at the initiative of the European confederation (UEFA), with CONMEBOL's support, the European/South American Cup, known also as the Intercontinental Cup, was contested by the holders of the European Champion Clubs' Cup and the winners of its newly established South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. The competition was not endorsed by FIFA,[24] and in 1961 they refused to allow it to take place unless the participants gave it a "private friendly match" status.[25] However, the competition went on regardless, with the endorsement of UEFA and CONMEBOL, both of whom include every edition of the competition in their records.[26][27][28] It was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realisation of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930.[29][30] Initially played over two legs, with a third match if required in the early years (when goal difference did not count), the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition were Spanish club Real Madrid. Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0–0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5–1 in Madrid to win.[31][32][33] After the victory of Real Madrid in the first edition of the Intercontinental Cup, Barcelona newspaper El Mundo Deportivo hailed the Madrid team as the First World Champion Club, on the one hand pointing out that the competition "did not include Africans, Asians and other countries part to FIFA", on the other hand expressing doubt that these regions might present football of the same high quality of Europe and South America.[34] The Spaniards titled themselves world champions until FIFA stepped in and objected; citing that the competition did not include any other champions from the other confederations, FIFA stated that they can only claim to be intercontinental champions of a competition played between two organisations.[35] Peñarol would appear again the following year and come out victorious after beating Portuguese club Benfica on the playoff; after a 1–0 win by the Europeans in Lisboa and a 5–0 trashing by the South Americans, a playoff at the Estadio Centenario saw the home side squeeze a 2–1 win to become the first South American side to win the competition.[36][37][38]

In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the sublime football of a Santos team led by Pelé, considered by some the best club team of all times.[39] Os Santásticos, also known as O Balé Branco (or white ballet), which dazzled the world during that time and containing stars such as Gilmar, Mauro, Mengálvio, Coutinho, and Pepe, won the title after defeating Benfica 3–2 in Rio de Janeiro and thrashing the Europeans 2–5 in their Estádio da Luz.[40][41][42] Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan. After each side won 4–2 at their respective home legs, a playoff match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1–0 victory.[40][43] The competition had attracted the interest of other continents. The North and Central America confederation, CONCACAF, had asked, unsuccessfully, to participate.[42][44] Milan's fierce rivals, Internazionale, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 editions, beating Argentine club Independiente on both occasions.[45][46][47][48][49] Peñarol gained revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4–0 in aggregate in 1966.[38][50][51]

Rioplatense violence

However, as a result of the violence often practised in the Copa Libertadores by Argentine and Uruguayan clubs during the 1960s,[52] disagreements with CONMEBOL, the lack of financial incentives and the violent, brutal and controversial way the Brazilian national team was treated in the 1966 FIFA World Cup by European teams, Brazilian football—including its club sides—declined to participate in international competitions in the late 1960s, including the Copa Libertadores and consequently the Intercontinental Cup. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play.[53] Calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organising it at all.

The 1967 game between Argentina's Racing Club and Scotland's Celtic was a violent affair, with the third decisive game being dubbed "The Battle of Montevideo" after three players from the Scottish side and two from the Argentine side were sent off. A fourth Celtic player was also dismissed near the end of the game, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on.[54][55][56][57]

A.C. Milan's Néstor Combin was left bloodied and unconscious after a brutal series against Estudiantes de La Plata

The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced England's Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series.[58][59][60] But it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competition's integrity.[61] After a 3–0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera.[62][63][64] Estudiantes' players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes' fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them. Pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion. Estudiantes goalkeeper Alberto Poletti also punched Gianni Rivera, but the most vicious treatment was reserved for Néstor Combin, an Argentinean-born striker, who had faced accusations of being a traitor as he was on the opposite side of the intercontinental match.[61][65][66]

Combin was kicked in the face by Poletti and later had his nose and cheekbone broken by the elbow of Ramón Aguirre Suárez. Bloodied and broken, Combin was asked to return to the pitch by the referee but fainted. While unconscious, Combin was arrested by Argentine police on a charge of draft dodging, having not undertaken military service in the country. The player was forced to spend a night in the cells, eventually being released after explaining he had fulfilled national service requirements as a French citizen.[61] Estudiantes won the game 2–1 but Milan took the title on aggregate.[61][64][65][66]

Italian newspaper Gazzetta dello Sport dubbed it "Ninety minutes of a man-hunt". The Argentinean press responded with "The English were right" – a reference to Alf Ramsey's famous description of the Argentina national football team as "animals" during the 1966 FIFA World Cup.[61][65][66] The Argentinean Football Association (AFA), under heavy international pressure, took stern action. Argentina's President, military dictator Juan Carlos Onganía, summoned Estudiantes delegate Oscar Ferrari and demanded "the severest appropriate measures in defence of the good name of the national sport. [It was a] lamentable spectacle which breached most norms of sporting ethics".[61][65][66] Poletti was banned from the sport for life, Suárez was banned for 30 games, and Eduardo Manera for 20 with the former and latter serving a month in jail.[61]

Degradation

Due to the brutality in these editions, FIFA was called into providing penalties and regulating the tournament. However, FIFA stated that it could not stipulate regulations in a competition that it did not organise. Though the competition was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, René Courte, FIFA's General Sub-Secretary, wrote a facade article shortly afterwards (1967) stating that FIFA viewed the competition as a "European-South American friendly match".[67] Courte's statement was endorsed by then–FIFA president Sir Stanley Rous, who then stated that FIFA saw the Intercontinental Cup as a friendly match.[68][69][70][71] After these controversial statements, Madrid newspaper ABC then pointed out that, though the Intercontinental Cup was not endorsed by FIFA, it was endorsed by UEFA and CONMEBOL, therefore being an "intercontinental jurisdiction" cup.[72] However, with the Asian and North-Central American club competitions in place, FIFA opened the idea of supervising the competition if it included those confederations, which was met with a negative response from its participating confederations, UEFA and CONMEBOL. According to Stanley Rous, CONCACAF and the Asian Football Confederation had requested, in 1967, their participation in the Intercontinental Cup, which was rejected by UEFA and CONMEBOL. In 1970, the FIFA Executive Committee gathering put forward, unsuccessfully, a proposal for the expansion of the Intercontinental Cup into a Club World Cup with representative clubs of every existing continental confederation.[73][74][75][76][77][78] Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79]

Estudiantes would face Dutch side Feyenoord the following season, which saw the Europeans victorious. Oscar Malbernat ripped off Joop van Daele's glasses and trampled on them claiming that he was "not allowed to play with glasses".[80][81][82][83] Dutch side Ajax, European champions of 1971, would decline to face Uruguay's Nacional due to violence in previous editions, which resulted in European Cup runners-up, Greek side Panathinaikos, participating.[84][85][86] Nacional won the series 3–2 on aggregate.[84][85][86][87]

Dutch team Ajax won the 1972 series v. Argentine club Independiente

Ajax participated in 1972 against Independiente.[88][89][90] The team's arrival at Buenos Aires was extremely hostile: Johan Cruyff received several death threats from Independiente's local fan firms.[91] Due to the indifference from the Argentine police, Ajax manager Ştefan Kovács appointed an organised emergency security detail for the Nederlandse meester, headed by himself and team member Barry Hulshoff, described as a big and burly man.[91] In the first leg, Cruyff opened the scoring in Avellaneda at the 5th minute. As a result, Dante Mircoli retaliated with a vicious tackle a couple of minutes later; Cruyff was too injured to continue and the Dutch team found themselves being assaulted with tackles and punches.[88][89][90] Kovács had to convince his team to play on during half-time as his players wanted to withdraw.[88][89][90] Ajax squeezed a 1–1 tie and followed up with a 3–0 trounce in Amsterdam to win the Cup.[88][89][90][92] Although Ajax were the defending champions, they again declined to participate a year later after Independiente won the Libertadores again, leaving it to Juventus, European Cup runners-up, to play a single-match final won by the Argentines.[89][90][93][94]

Also in 1973, French newspaper L'Équipe, which helped to bring about the birth of the European Cup, volunteered to sponsor a Club World Cup contested by the champions of Europe, South America, Central and North America and Africa, the only continental club tournaments in existence at the time; the competition was to potentially take place in Paris between September and October 1974 with an eventual final to be held at the Parc des Princes.[79][79][95][96][97] The proposal, supported by the South Americans,[79] was dismissed due to the negativity of the Europeans.[97] In 1974, João Havelange was elected FIFA president, having made the proposal, among others, of creating a multicontinental Club World Cup. In 1975, L'Équipe once again made its 1973 proposal, again to no avail.

West German club Bayern Munich also declined to play in 1974 as Independiente again qualified to participate.[98][99][100][101] European Cup runners-up Atlético Madrid from Spain won the competition 2–1 on aggregate.[98][99] Once again, Independiente qualified to participate in 1975; this time, both finalists of the European Cup declined to participate and the competition was not played.[102] That same year, L'Équipe tried, once again, to create a Club World Cup, in which the participants would have been: the four semifinalists of the European Cup, both finalists of the Copa Libertadores, as well as the African and Asian champions. However, UEFA declined once again and the proposal failed.[103]

In 1976, when Brazilian side Cruzeiro won the Copa Libertadores, the European champions Bayern Munich willingly participated, with the Bavarians winning 2–0 on aggregate. In an interview with Jornal do Brasil, Bayern's manager Dettmar Cramer denied that Bayern's refusal to dispute the 1974 and 1975 Intercontinental Cups were a result of the rivals being Argentine teams. He claimed it was a scheduling impossibility, rather, which kept the Germans from participating. He also stated that the competition was not economically rewarding due to the team's fan base's disinterest in the Cup. To cover the costs of playing the first leg in Munich's Olympiastadion, the organizers needed to have a minimum of 25,000 spectators. However, due to heavy snow and cold weather, only 18,000 showed up. Because of this deficit, Cramer stated that if Bayern were to win the European Cup again, they would decline to participate as it held no assurances of income.[104]

Argentine Boca Juniors played West German Borussia Mönchengladbach after European champions Liverpool declined to participate in the 1977 edition

Argentine side Boca Juniors qualified for the 1977 and 1978 editions, for which the European champions, English club Liverpool, declined to participate on both occasions. In 1977, Boca Juniors defeated European Cup runners-up, German club Borussia Mönchengladbach, 5–2 on aggregate.[105][106][107][108] Boca Juniors declined to face Belgian club Brugge in 1978 leaving that edition undisputed.[102] Paraguay's Olimpia won the 1979 edition against European Cup runners-up, Swedish side Malmö FF, after winning both legs.[109][110][111][112] However, the competition had greatly declined in prestige. After the 0–1 win of the South Americans in the first leg at Malmö, which saw fewer than 5,000 Swedish fans turn up, Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo called the Cup "a dog without an owner".[79]

The truth is that the Intercontinental Cup is an adventitious competition without foundation. It has no known owner, it depends on a strange consensus and the interested clubs are not tempted to risk much for so little money, as evidenced by the attendance at the game in Malmö, played, of course, in absence of this year's champion, Nottingham Forest, by the Swedish team, finalist in one of the most boring and worst games played to cap off the European Cup since 1956.

Spanish newspaper El Mundo Deportivo[79]

According to Brazilian newspaper O Estado de São Paulo, the deal for the establishment of the Interamerican Cup was made in 1968 by CONMEBOL and CONCACAF, and established that the Interamerican Cup champion club would be entitled to represent the American continent in the Intercontinental Cup.[113] According to the Mexican newspapers, after winning the 1977 and 1980 editions of the Interamerican Cup, Mexican clubs América and PUMAS Unam, and the Mexican Football Association, demanded, unsuccessfully, to participate in the Intercontinental Cup, either by representing the American continent against the European champions or by creating a UEFA-CONMEBOL-CONCACAF tournament.[114][115][116]

Rebirth in Japan
Uruguayan club Nacional won the first edition held in Japan, 1980

Seeing the deterioration of the Intercontinental Cup, Japanese motor corporation Toyota took the competition under its wing. It created contractual obligations to have the Intercontinental Cup played in Japan once a year in which every club participating were obliged to participate or face legal consequences. This modern format breathed new air into the competition which saw a new trophy handed out along with the Intercontinental Cup, the Toyota Cup.

The Toyota Cup (delivered together with the Intercontinental Cup) in the FC Porto museum

To protect themselves against the possibility of European withdrawals, Toyota, UEFA and every European Cup participant signed annual contracts requiring the eventual winners of the European Cup to participate at the Intercontinental Cup—as a condition UEFA stipulated to the clubs' participation in the European Cup—or risk facing an international lawsuit from UEFA and Toyota.[117]

The first Toyota Cup was held in 1980 which saw Uruguay's Nacional triumph over Nottingham Forest. The 1980s saw a domination by South American sides as Brazil's Flamengo and Grêmio, Uruguay's Nacional and Peñarol, Argentina's Independiente and River Plate take the spoils once each after Nacional's victory in 1980. Only Juventus, Porto and Milan managed to bring the trophy to the European continent.

In that decade, the English Football Association tried organising a Club World Cup sponsored by promoting company West Nally only to be shot down by UEFA.[118]

The 1990s proved to be a decade dominated by European teams, as Milan, Red Star Belgrade, Ajax, Juventus, Real Madrid, Manchester United, and newcomers Borussia Dortmund of Germany were fuelled to victory by their economic powers and heavy poaching of South American stars. Only three titles went to South America, as São Paulo and Argentina's Vélez Sársfield came out the winners, each of them defeating Milan, with São Paulo's inaugural win being over Barcelona.

The 2000s would see Boca Juniors win the competition twice for South America, while European victories came from Bayern Munich, Real Madrid, and Porto. The 2004 Intercontinental Cup proved to be the last edition, as the competition was merged with the FIFA Club World Cup.

International participation

All the winning teams from Intercontinental Cup are regarded as de facto "World club champions".[119][120][121][122] According to some texts on FIFA.com, due to the superiority at sporting level of the European and South American clubs to the rest of the world, reflected earlier in the tournament for national teams, the winning clubs of the Intercontinental Cup were named world champions and can claim to be symbolic World champions,[123][124] in a "symbolic" club world championship,[125] while the FIFA Club World Cup would have another dimension,[126] as the "true" world club showdown,[127][128][129] created because, with the passage of time and the development of football outside Europe and South America, it had become "unrealistic" to continue to confer the symbolic title of world champion upon the winners of the Intercontinental Cup,[130] the idea to expand it being mentioned for the first time in 1967 by Stanley Rous as CONCACAF and the AFC had established their continental club competitions and requested the participation,[71][73][74][75][76][77][78] an expansion that was to occur only in 2000 through the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship. Nevertheless, some European champions started to decline participation in the tournament after the events of 1969.[79] Though "symbolic" or de facto as a club world championship,[28] the Intercontinental Cup was an official title at interconfederation level, with both UEFA and CONMEBOL have always considered all editions of the competition as part of their honours.[7][8]

Throughout the history of football, various attempts have been made to organise a tournament that identifies "the best club team in the world" – such as the Football World Championship, the Lipton Trophy, the Copa Rio, the Pequeña Copa del Mundo and the International Soccer League– due to FIFA's lack of interest or inability to organise club competitions,[131] – the Intercontinental Cup is considered by FIFA as the predecessor[132] to the FIFA Club World Cup, which was held for the first time in 2000.

FIFA recognition

On 27 October 2017, the FIFA Council, while not promoting statistical unification between the Intercontinental Cup and the Club World Cup, in respect to the history of the two tournaments[133] (which merged in 2005),[9] has officilised (de jure) the world title of the Intercontinental Cup, recognising all the winners as official[134] club world champions,[135][136][137][138][139][140] with the same title of the FIFA Club World Cup winners, or "FIFA Club World Champions".[141][142][143][144][145][146][147]

FIFA recognises the Intercontinental Cup as the sole direct predecessor of the Club World Cup, and the champions of both aforementioned competitions are the only ones uncontroversially officially recognised by FIFA as Club World Champions, as seen in the FIFA Club World Cup Statistical Kit, the official document of FIFA's club competition. For the recognition request on the 1951 competition, see Copa Rio (international tournament).

Trophy

The competition trophy bears the words "Coupe Européenne-Sudamericaine" ("European-South American Cup") at the top. At the base of the trophy, there is the round logo of UEFA and a map of South America in a circle.

During the sponsorship by Toyota, the competition awarded an additional trophy, entitled "Toyota Cup".

Cup format

From 1960 to 1979, the Intercontinental Cup was played in two legs. Between 1960 and 1968, the cup was decided on points only, the same format used by CONMEBOL to determine the winner of the Copa Libertadores final through 1987. Because of this format, a third match was needed when both teams were equal on points. Commonly this match was host by the continent where the last game of the series was played. From 1969 through 1979, the competition adopted the European standard method of aggregate score, with away goals.

Starting in 1980, the final became a single match. Up until 2001, the matches were held at Tokyo's National Stadium. Finals since 2002 were held at the Yokohama International Stadium, also the venue of the 2002 FIFA World Cup final.

Results
Key
Match was won during extra time
Match was won on a penalty shoot-out
‡ Play-off match where teams were tied on points (1 win and 1 defeat each)
# European runner-up contested in place of European champion
Year Country Winners Score Runners-up Country Venue Location Refs
1960  ESP Real Madrid 0–0 Peñarol  URU Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay [148]
5–1 Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain
1961  URU Peñarol 0–1 Benfica  POR Estádio da Luz Lisbon, Portugal [149]
5–0 Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
‡2–1‡ Montevideo, Uruguay
1962  BRA Santos 3–2 Benfica  POR Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [150]
5–2 Estádio da Luz Lisbon, Portugal
1963  BRA Santos 2–4 Milan  ITA San Siro Milan, Italy [151]
4–2 Estádio do Maracanã Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
‡1–0‡
1964  ITA Internazionale 0–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [152]
2–0 San Siro Milan, Italy
‡1–0 (a.e.t.)‡ Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain
1965  ITA Internazionale 3–0 Independiente  ARG San Siro Milan, Italy [153]
0–0 La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina
1966  URU Peñarol 2–0 Real Madrid  ESP Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay [154]
2–0 Estadio Santiago Bernabéu Madrid, Spain
1967  ARG Racing 0–1 Celtic  SCO Hampden Park Glasgow, Scotland [155]
2–1 El Cilindro Avellaneda, Argentina
‡1–0‡ Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
1968  ARG Estudiantes 1–0 Manchester United  ENG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [156]
1–1 Old Trafford Manchester, England
1969  ITA Milan 3–0 Estudiantes  ARG San Siro Milan, Italy [157]
1–2 Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina
1970  NED Feyenoord 2–2 Estudiantes  ARG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [158]
1–0 De Kuip Rotterdam, Netherlands
1971  URU Nacional 1–1 Panathinaikos#1  GRE Karaiskakis Stadium Piraeus, Greece [159]
2–1  GRE Estadio Centenario Montevideo, Uruguay
1972  NED Ajax 1–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [160]
3–0 Olympic Stadium Amsterdam, Netherlands
1973  ARG Independiente 1–0 Juventus#2  ITA Stadio Olimpico Rome, Italy [161]
Second leg was not played. Independiente declared winner.
1974  ESP Atlético Madrid#3 0–1 Independiente  ARG La Doble Visera Avellaneda, Argentina [162]
2–0 Estadio Vicente Calderón Madrid, Spain
1975
Bayern Munich and Independiente did not find compatible schedule to play.
 [163]
1976  FRG Bayern Munich 2–0 Cruzeiro  BRA Olympiastadion Munich, West Germany [164]
0–0 Mineirão Belo Horizonte, Brazil
1977  ARG Boca Juniors 2–2 Borussia Mönchengladbach#4  FRG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina [165]
3–0 Wildparkstadion Karlsruhe, West Germany
1978
Liverpool and Boca Juniors declined to play each other.
 [163]
1979  PAR Olimpia 1–0 Malmö FF#5  SWE Malmö Stadion Malmö, Sweden [166]
2–1 Defensores del Chaco Asunción, Paraguay
1980  URU Nacional 1–0 Nottingham Forest  ENG National StadiumTokyo, Japan [167]
1981  BRA Flamengo 3–0 Liverpool [168]
1982  URU Peñarol 2–0 Aston Villa [169]
1983  BRA Grêmio 2–1 (a.e.t.) Hamburger SV  FRG [170]
1984  ARG Independiente 1–0 Liverpool  ENG [171]
1985  ITA Juventus 2–2 (a.e.t.) (4–2 p) Argentinos Juniors  ARG [172]
1986  ARG River Plate 1–0 Steaua București  ROU [173]
1987  POR Porto 2–1 (a.e.t.) Peñarol  URU [174]
1988  URU Nacional 2–2 (a.e.t.) (7–6 p) PSV Eindhoven  NED [175]
1989  ITA Milan 1–0 (a.e.t.) Atlético Nacional  COL [176]
1990  ITA Milan 3–0 Olimpia  PAR [177]
1991  YUG Red Star Belgrade 3–0 Colo-Colo  CHI [178]
1992  BRA São Paulo 2–1 Barcelona  ESP [179]
1993  BRA São Paulo 3–2 Milan#6  ITA [180]
1994  ARG Vélez Sársfield 2–0 Milan [181]
1995  NED Ajax 0–0 (a.e.t.) (4–3 p) Grêmio  BRA [182]
1996  ITA Juventus 1–0 River Plate  ARG [183]
1997  GER Borussia Dortmund 2–0 Cruzeiro  BRA [184]
1998  ESP Real Madrid 2–1 Vasco da Gama [185]
1999  ENG Manchester United 1–0 Palmeiras [186]
2000  ARG Boca Juniors 2–1 Real Madrid  ESP [187]
2001  GER Bayern Munich 1–0 (a.e.t.) Boca Juniors  ARG [188]
2002  ESP Real Madrid 2–0 Olimpia  PAR International StadiumYokohama, Japan [189]
2003  ARG Boca Juniors 1–1 (a.e.t.) (3–1 p) Milan  ITA [190]
2004  POR Porto 0–0 (a.e.t.) (8–7 p) Once Caldas  COL [191]

Notes

Performances

The performance of various clubs is shown in the following tables:[163][194]

Performance by club
Club Winners Runners-up Winning years Runner-up years
Milan
3
4
 1969, 1989, 1990 1963, 1993, 1994, 2003
Peñarol
3
2
 1961, 1966, 1982 1960, 1987
Real Madrid
3
2
 1960, 1998, 2002 1966, 2000
Boca Juniors
3
1
 1977, 2000, 2003 2001
Nacional
3
—
 1971, 1980, 1988 —
Independiente
2
4
 1973, 1984 1964, 1965, 1972, 1974
Juventus
2
1
 1985, 1996 1973
Santos
2
—
 1962, 1963 —
Internazionale
2
—
 1964, 1965 —
São Paulo
2
—
 1992, 1993 —
Ajax
2
—
 1972, 1995 —
Bayern Munich
2
—
 1976, 2001 —
Porto
2
—
 1987, 2004 —
Estudiantes
1
2
 1968 1969, 1970
Olimpia
1
2
 1979 1990, 2002
Grêmio
1
1
 1983 1995
River Plate
1
1
 1986 1996
Manchester United
1
1
 1999 1968
Racing
1
—
 1967 —
Feyenoord
1
—
 1970 —
Atlético Madrid
1
—
 1974 —
Flamengo
1
—
 1981 —
Red Star Belgrade
1
—
 1991 —
Vélez Sarsfield
1
—
 1994 —
Borussia Dortmund
1
—
 1997 —
Benfica
—
2
 — 1961, 1962
Liverpool
—
2
 — 1981, 1984
Cruzeiro
—
2
 — 1976, 1997
Celtic
—
1
 — 1967
Panathinaikos
—
1
 — 1971
Borussia Mönchengladbach
—
1
 — 1977
Malmö FF
—
1
 — 1979
Nottingham Forest
—
1
 — 1980
Aston Villa
—
1
 — 1982
Hamburger SV
—
1
 — 1983
Argentinos Juniors
—
1
 — 1985
Steaua București
—
1
 — 1986
PSV Eindhoven
—
1
 — 1988
Atlético Nacional
—
1
 — 1989
Colo-Colo
—
1
 — 1991
Barcelona
—
1
 — 1992
Vasco da Gama
—
1
 — 1998
Palmeiras
—
1
 — 1999
Once Caldas
—
1
 — 2004

Performance by country
Country Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning years
 Argentina
9
9
 Boca, Independiente, Estudiantes, River Plate, Racing Club, Vélez Sarsfield 1967, 1968, 1973, 1977, 1984, 1986, 1994, 2000, 2003
 Italy
7
5
 Milan, Juventus, Internazionale 1964, 1965, 1969, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1996
 Brazil
6
5
 Santos, São Paulo, Grêmio, Flamengo 1962, 1963, 1981, 1983, 1992, 1993
 Uruguay
6
2
 Peñarol, Nacional 1961, 1966, 1971, 1980, 1982, 1988
 Spain
4
3
 Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid 1960, 1974, 1998, 2002
 Germany
3
2
 Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund 1976, 1997, 2001
 Netherlands
3
1
 Ajax, Feyenoord 1970, 1972, 1995
 Portugal
2
2
 Porto 1987, 2004
 England
1
5
 Manchester United 1999
 Paraguay
1
2
 Olimpia 1979
 Yugoslavia
1
—
 Red Star Belgrade 1991
 Colombia
—
2
 — —
 Scotland
—
1
 — —
 Greece
—
1
 — —
 Sweden
—
1
 — —
 Romania
—
1
 — —
 Chile
—
1
 — —

Performance by confederation
Confederation Winners Runners-up Winning clubs Winning countries
CONMEBOL
22
21
13
4
UEFA
21
22
12
7

Coaches
Main article: List of Intercontinental Cup winning managers

Players

All-time top scorers
Pelé is the all-time top goalscorer in Intercontinental Cup's history with 7 goals in 3 matches
  • Pelé is the all-time top scorer in the competition having scored seven goals in three matches.
    • In 1962, he scored five goals in two matches against Benfica, including a hat-trick in the second leg played in Lisbon (the only hat trick in competition's history).[195]
    • In 1963, he scored two goals in one match (vs Milan).[196][197][198]
  • Only six players scored at least three goals in the Intercontinental Cup.[199]
Player Club Goals Apps Years
Pelé Santos
7
3
 1962, 1963
Alberto Spencer Peñarol
6
6
 1960, 1961, 1966
Luis Artime Nacional
3
2
 1971
José Sasía Peñarol
3
3
 1961
Santana Benfica
3
4
 1961, 1962
Sandro Mazzola Internazionale
3
4
 1964, 1965

Hat-tricks
  • Pelé is the only player in the history of the competition to have scored a hat-trick (Lisbon, 1962, second leg, against Benfica).
Player Nation Club Opponent Goals Goal Times Score Tournament Round Date
Pelé Brazil Santos Benfica315'; 25'; 64'5–21962 Intercontinental CupSecond leg11 October 1962

Man of the Match
Martín Palermo, the Man of the Match in 2000.

The man of the match was selected since 1980. Here is the list of the winners.[200]

Year Player Club
1980
 Waldemar Victorino Nacional
1981
 Zico Flamengo
1982
 Jair Peñarol
1983
 Renato Gaúcho Grêmio
1984
 José Percudani Independiente
1985
 Michel Platini Juventus
1986
 Antonio Alzamendi River Plate
1987
 Rabah Madjer Porto
1988
 Santiago Ostolaza Nacional
1989
 Alberigo Evani Milan
1990
 Frank Rijkaard Milan
1991
 Vladimir Jugović Red Star Belgrade
1992
 Raí São Paulo
1993
 Toninho Cerezo São Paulo
1994
 Omar Asad Vélez Sársfield
1995
 Danny Blind Ajax
1996
 Alessandro Del Piero Juventus
1997
 Andreas Möller Borussia Dortmund
1998
 Raúl Real Madrid
1999
 Ryan Giggs Manchester United
2000
 Martín Palermo Boca Juniors
2001
 Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich
2002
 Ronaldo Real Madrid
2003
 Matías Donnet Boca Juniors
2004
 Maniche Porto
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See also

References
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  158. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1970".
  159. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1971".
  160. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1972".
  161. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1973".
  162. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1974".
  163. "Intercontinental Club Cup".
  164. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1976".
  165. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1977".
  166. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1979".
  167. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1980".
  168. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1981".
  169. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1982".
  170. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1983".
  171. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1984".
  172. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1985".
  173. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1986".
  174. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1987".
  175. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1988".
  176. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1989".
  177. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1990".
  178. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1991".
  179. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1992".
  180. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1993".
  181. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1994".
  182. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1995".
  183. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1996".
  184. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1997".
  185. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1998".
  186. "Intercontinental Club Cup 1999".
  187. "Intercontinental Club Cup 2000".
  188. "Intercontinental Club Cup 2001".
  189. "Intercontinental Club Cup 2002".
  190. "Intercontinental Club Cup 2003".
  191. "Intercontinental Club Cup 2004".
  192. "THE DECLINE, FALL AND REBIRTH OF THE INTERCONTINENTAL CUP".
  193. "Intercontinental Cup 1973". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  194. "Hall of Honour".
  195. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/intconclub62.html
  196. http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/intconclub63.html
  197. "Extraordinary Pele crowns Santos in Lisbon". FIFA. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  198. "King-less Santos retain throne in style". FIFA. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  199. "Trivia on Intercontinental (Toyota) Cup".
  200. "Toyota Cup – Most Valuable Player of the Match Award". Archived from the original on 24 December 2008.

Bibliography
  • Amorim, Luís (1 December 2005). Intercontinental Cup 1960-2004. LuísAmorimEditions. ISBN 978-989-95672-5-2.
  • Amorim, Luís (1 September 2005). Taça Intercontinental 1960-2004. Multinova. ISBN 989-551-040-3.
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