Triple jump
The triple jump, sometimes referred to as the hop, step and jump or the hop, skip and jump, is a track and field event, similar to the long jump. As a group, the two events are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop, a bound and then a jump into the sand pit. The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games' inception in 1896.[1]
| Athletics Triple jump | |
|---|---|
 | |
| World records | |
| Men |  |
| Women |  |
| Olympic records | |
| Men |  |
| Women |  |
According to IAAF rules, "the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off; in the step he shall land on the other foot, from which, subsequently, the jump is performed."[2]
The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards of Great Britain & N.I., with a jump of 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in), and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine, with a jump of 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in). Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg.
History
Historical sources on the ancient Olympic Games occasionally mention jumps of 15 meters or more. This led sports historians to conclude that these must have been a series of jumps, thus providing the basis for the triple jump.[3] However, there is no evidence for the triple jump being included in the ancient Olympic Games, and it is possible that the recorded extraordinary distances are due to artistic license of the authors of victory poems, rather than attempts to report accurate results.[4]
The triple jump was a part of the inaugural modern Olympics in Athens, although at the time it consisted of two hops on the same foot and then a jump.[5] In fact, the first modern Olympic champion, James Connolly, was a triple jumper. Early Olympics also included the standing triple jump, although this has since been removed from the Olympic program and is rarely performed in competition today. The women's triple jump was introduced into the Atlanta Olympics in 1996.[6]
In Irish mythology the geal-ruith (triple jump), was an event contested in the ancient Irish Tailteann Games as early as 1829 BC.[7]
Technique
Approach
The approach is one of the most important parts of an athlete's jump. The athlete sprints down a runway to a takeoff mark, from which the triple jump is measured. The takeoff mark is commonly a physical piece of wood or similar material embedded in the runway, or a rectangle painted on the runway surface. In modern championships a strip of plasticine, tape, or modeling clay is attached to the far edge of the board to record athletes overstepping or "scratching" the mark, defined by the trailing edge of the board. These boards are placed at different places on the run way depending on how far the athlete can jump. Typically the boards are set; (furthest from the pit to closest) 40 ft, 32 ft, and 24 ft. These are the most common boards you see at the high school and collegiate levels, but boards can be placed anywhere on the runway. There are three phases of the triple jump: the "hop" phase, the "bound" or "step" phase, and the "jump" phase. They all play an important role in the jump itself. These three phases are executed in one continuous sequence.The athlete has to maintain a good speed through each phase. They should also try to stay consistent to avoid fouls.[8]
Hop
The hop begins with the athlete jumping from the take-off board on one leg, which for descriptive purposes, will be the right leg. Precise placement of the foot on the take-off is important in order for the athlete to avoid a foul. The objective of the first phase is to hop out, with athletes focusing all momentum forward. The hop landing phase is very active, involving a powerful backward "pawing" action of the right leg, with the right take-off foot landing heel first on the runway.
Step
The hop landing also marks the beginning of the step phase, where the athlete utilizes the backward momentum of the right leg to immediately execute a powerful jump forwards and upwards, the left leg assisting the take-off with a hip flexion thrust. Similar to a bounding motion. This leads to the step-phase mid-air position, with the right take off leg trailing flexed at the knee, and the left leg now leading flexed at the hip and knee. The jumper then holds this position for as long as possible, before extending the knee of the leading left leg and then immediately beginning a powerful backward motion of the whole left leg, again landing on the runway with a powerful backward pawing action. The takeoff leg should be fully extended with the drive leg thigh just below parallel to the ground. The takeoff leg stays extended behind the body with the heel held high. The drive leg extends with a flexed ankle and snaps downward for a quick transition into the jump phase. The athlete tries to take the farthest step they can while maintaining balance and control, using techniques such as pulling their leg up as high as possible.
Jump
The step landing forms the take-off of the final phase (the jump), where the athlete utilizes the backward force from the left leg to take off again. The jump phase is very similar to the long jump although most athletes have lost too much speed by this time to manage a full hitch kick, and mostly used is a hang or sail technique. This is the athletes last chance to make it into the sand pit. This phase is similar to a typical long jump.
When landing in the sand-filled pit, the jumper should aim to avoid sitting back on landing, or placing either hand behind the feet. The sand pit usually begins 13m from the take off board for male international competition, or 11m from the board for international female and club-level male competition. Each phase of the triple jump should get progressively higher, and there should be a regular rhythm to the three landings.
Foul
A "foul", also known as a "scratch," or missed jump, occurs when a jumper oversteps the takeoff mark, misses the pit entirely, does not use the correct foot sequence throughout the phases, or does not perform the attempt in the allotted amount of time (usually about 90 seconds). When a jumper "scratches," the seated official will raise a red flag and the jumper who was "on deck," or up next, prepares to jump.
It shall not be considered a foul if an athlete, while jumping, should touch or scrape the ground with his/her "sleeping leg". Also called a "scrape foul", "sleeping leg" touch violations were ruled as fouls prior to the mid-1980s. The IAAF changed the rules following outrage at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, when Russian field officials in the Men's Triple Jump ruled as foul 8 of the 12 jumps made by two leading competitors (from Brazil and Australia) thus helping two Russian jumpers win the Gold and Silver medals.
Records
Outdoor
| Area | Men's | Women's | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mark (m) | Athlete | Mark (m) | Athlete | |
| World | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | |
| Continental records | ||||
| Africa | 17.66 m (57 ft 11 1⁄4 in) |  | 15.39 m (50 ft 5 3⁄4 in) | |
| Asia | 17.59 m (57 ft 8 1⁄2 in) |  | 15.25 m (50 ft 1⁄4 in) |  |
| Europe | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | |
| North, Central America and Caribbean | 18.21 m (59 ft 8 3⁄4 in) | | 15.29 m (50 ft 1 3⁄4 in) |  |
| Oceania | 17.46 m (57 ft 3 1⁄4 in) | .svg.png){kind=small} | 14.04 m (46 ft 3⁄4 in) | |
| South America | 17.90 m (58 ft 8 1⁄2 in) |  | 15.41 m (50 ft 6 1⁄2 in) |  |
Note: Results cannot count towards records if they are Wind assisted (>2.0 m/s).
All-time top 25 triple jumpers
- Key
set prior to IAAF acceptance of indoor events as equivalent with outdoor events (in 2000)
Men (Absolute)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Date | Location | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18.29 m (60 ft 0 in) | 1.3 | |
7 August 1995 | Gothenburg | |
| 2 | 18.21 m (59 ft 8 3⁄4 in) | 0.2 | |
27 August 2015 | Beijing | [13] |
| 3 | 18.14 m (59 ft 6 in) | 0.4 | |
29 June 2019 | Long Beach | [14] |
| 4 | 18.09 m (59 ft 4 in) | −0.4 | |
27 July 1996 | Atlanta | |
| 5 | 18.08 m (59 ft 3 3⁄4 in) | 0.0 | |
28 May 2015 | Havana | [15] |
| 6 | 18.04 m (59 ft 2 in) | 0.3 |  |
18 August 2013 | Moscow | |
| 7 | 17.97 m (58 ft 11 1⁄4 in) | 1.5 | |
16 June 1985 | Indianapolis | |
| 8 | 17.92 m (58 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 1.6 | .svg.png){kind=small} |
31 August 1987 | Rome | |
| 1.9 |  |
20 May 1995 | Odessa | |||
| 10 | 17.90 m (58 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | 0.4 | |
20 May 2007 | Belém | |
| 1.0 |  |
20 June 1990 | Bratislava | |||
| 12 | 17.89 m (58 ft 8 1⁄4 in) A | 0.0 | |
15 October 1975 | Mexico City | |
| 13 | 17.87 m (58 ft 7 1⁄2 in) | 1.7 | |
27 June 1987 | San Jose | |
| 14 | 17.86 m (58 ft 7 in) | 1.3 | |
2 September 1985 | Kobe | |
| 15 | 17.85 m (58 ft 6 3⁄4 in) | 0.0 | |
8 August 1997 | Athens | |
| 16 | 17.83 m (58 ft 5 3⁄4 in) | |||||
| indoor | |
1 March 1997 | Sindelfingen | |||
| indoor |  |
7 March 2004 | Budapest | |||
| 18 | 17.81 m (58 ft 5 in) | 1.0 |  |
5 July 2005 | Lausanne | |
| 0.1 | |
29 July 2009 | Barcelona | |||
| 20 | 17.78 m (58 ft 4 in) | 1.0 | |
7 June 1986 | Leningrad | |
| 0.6 | |
15 June 1986 | Havana | |||
| 0.8 | |
17 July 2004 | Havana | |||
| 23 | 17.77 m (58 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.0 | |
18 July 1987 | Bryansk | |
| indoor |  |
6 February 1994 | Grenoble | |||
| indoor | |
2 February 2020 | Paris | [16] |
Notes
Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 17.77 m:
- Jonathan Edwards also jumped 18.16 (1995), 18.01 (1998), 18.00 (1995), 17.99 (1998), 17.98 (1995), 17.92 (2001), 17.88 (1996), 17.86 (2002) and 17.82 (1996).
- Pedro Pablo Pichardo also jumped 18.06 (2015), 17.99 (2015), 17.96 (2015), 17.95 (2018), 17.94 (2015), 17.93 (2015), 17.85 (2015) and 17.79 (2015).
- Christian Taylor also jumped 18.11 (2017), 18.06 (2015), 18.04 (2015), 18.02 (2015), 17.96 (2011), 17.92 (2019), 17.86 (2016 & 2019), 17.82 (2 × 2019), 17.81 (2012 & 2018), 17.80 (2016), 17.78 (2016), 17.77 (2016) and 17.77 (2016).
- Teddy Tamgho also jumped 17.98 (2010), 17.92i (2 × 2011), 17.91 (2011), 17.90i (2010) and 17.84 (2010).
- Will Claye also jumped 18.06 (2019), 17.91 (2017), 17.82 (2017) and 17.79 (2017).
- Christian Olsson also jumped 17.80 (2002).
Below is a list of wind-assisted marks:
- Jonathan Edwards jumped 18.43 (+2.4), 18.39 (+3.9) and 17.90 (+2.5) in Villeneuve d'Ascq on 25 June 1995.
- Willie Banks jumped 18.20 (+5.2) in Indianapolis on 16 July 1988.
- Mike Conley jumped 18.17 (+2.1) in Barcelona on 3 August 1992.
- Will Claye jumped 18.05 (+2.4) in Eugene on 27 May 2017.
- Yoelbi Quesada jumped 17.97 (+7.5) in Madrid on 20 June 1995.
- Charles Simpkins jumped 17.93 (+5.2) in Indianapolis on 16 July 1988.
- Christian Olsson jumped 17.92 (+3.4) in Gateshead on 13 June 2003.
- Denis Kapustin jumped 17.86 (+5.7) in Sevilla on 5 June 1994.
- Christian Taylor jumped 17.93 (+3.4) in Székesfehérvár on 9 July 2019.
- Nelson Évora jumped 17.82 (+2.5) in Seixal on 26 June 2009.
- Keith Connor jumped 17.81 (+4.6) in Brisbane on 9 October 1982.
Women (Absolute)
| Rank | Mark | Wind (m/s) | Athlete | Date | Location | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 15.50 m (50 ft 10 in) | 0.9 | | 10 August 1995 | Gothenburg | |
| 2 | 15.43 m (50 ft 7 1⁄4 in) | indoor | |
21 February 2020 | Madrid | [19] |
| 3 | 15.39 m (50 ft 5 3⁄4 in) | 0.5 | | 17 August 2008 | Beijing | |
| 4 | 15.36 m (50 ft 4 1⁄2 in) | indoor | | 6 March 2004 | Budapest | |
| 5 | 15.32 m (50 ft 3 in) | 0.9 |  | 21 August 2004 | Athens | |
| 6 | 15.31 m (50 ft 2 3⁄4 in) | 0.0 |  | 18 July 2014 | Monaco | |
| 7 | 15.29 m (50 ft 1 3⁄4 in) | 0.3 | | 11 July 2003 | Rome | |
| 8 | 15.28 m (50 ft 1 1⁄2 in) | 0.9 | | 31 August 2007 | Osaka | |
| 9 | 15.25 m (50 ft 1⁄4 in) | 1.7 | | 4 September 2010 | Split | |
| 10 | 15.20 m (49 ft 10 1⁄4 in) | 0.0 |  | 4 August 1997 | Athens | |
| −0.3 |  | 24 September 2000 | Sydney | |||
| 12 | 15.18 m (49 ft 9 1⁄2 in) | 0.3 | | 10 August 1995 | Gothenburg | |
| 13 | 15.16 m (49 ft 8 3⁄4 in) | 0.1 | | 4 August 1997 | Athens | |
| 0.7 | | 2 August 2004 | Linz | |||
| indoor | | 28 February 1998 | Valencia | |||
| 16 | 15.14 m (49 ft 8 in) | 1.9 | | 26 July 2009 | Cheboksary | |
| 17 | 15.09 m (49 ft 6 in) | 0.5 | | 29 August 1993 | Stuttgart | |
| −0.5 | | 31 May 1997 | Valencia | |||
| 19 | 15.08 m (49 ft 5 1⁄2 in) | indoor |  | 13 February 2008 | Peania | |
| 20 | 15.07 m (49 ft 5 1⁄4 in) | −0.6 | | 22 August 1999 | Sevilla | |
| 21 | 15.04 m (49 ft 4 in) | 1.7 | | 30 May 2015 | Eugene | |
| 22 | 15.03 m (49 ft 3 1⁄2 in) | 1.9 |  | 26 June 2004 | Rome | |
| indoor | | 11 March 1995 | Barcelona | |||
| 24 | 15.02 m (49 ft 3 1⁄4 in) | 0.9 | |
9 August 2006 | Gothenburg | |
| 25 | 15.00 m (49 ft 2 1⁄2 in) | 1.2 |  | 4 July 2004 | Iraklio |
Notes
Below is a list of all other legal jumps equal or superior to 15.03 m:
- Yulimar Rojas also jumped 15.41 (2019), 15.37 (2019), 15.29i (2020), 15.18 (2019), 15.11 (2019), 15.06 (2019), 15.05 (2019) and 15.03i (2020).
- Tatyana Lebedeva also jumped 15.34 (2004), 15.33 (2004), 15.32 (2000), 15.25 (2001), 15.23 (2004 & 2006), 15.19 (2006), 15.18 (2003), 15.15 (2006), 15.14 (2003, 2004 & 2007) and 15.13 (2003 & 2006).
- Inessa Kravets also jumped 15.33 (1996).
- Françoise Mbango Etone also jumped 15.30 (2004) and 15.05 (2003).
- Yamilé Aldama also jumped 15.28 (2004), 15.27 (2003), 15.21 (2004), 15.11 (2003) and 15.08 (2003).
- Hrysopiyí Devetzí also jumped 15.25 (2004), 15.05 (2006), 15.04 (2006) and had results 2007+ DQ for doping.
- Catherine Ibargüen also jumped 15.17 (2016) and 15.04 (2016).
Below is a list of wind-assisted marks:
- Magdelin Martínez jumped 15.24 A (+4.2) in Sestriere on 1 August 2004.
- Anna Pyatykh jumped 15.17 (+2.4) in Athens on 2 July 2006.
- Keila da Silva Costa jumped 15.10 (+2.7) in Uberlândia on 6 May 2007.
- Olga Saladukha jumped 15.06 (+2.3) in Stockholm on 29 July 2011.
- Liadagmis Povea jumped 15.05 (+3.1) in La Habana on 8 March 2019.
Olympic medalists
Men
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Women
World Championships medalists
Men
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Women
Note
- B The original bronze medalist (Hrysopiyi Devetzi of Greece) was disqualified for doping in 2016.[20]
World Indoor Championships medalists
Men
- A Known as the World Indoor Games
Women
Season's bests
Men
|
Women
|
- "i" denotes indoor performance.
References
- "The Story of Triple Jump". Retrieved 2019-05-22.
- "IAAF Competition Rules 2012-2013". Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- Rosenbaum, Mike (2012). An Illustrated History of the Triple Jump. Retrieved from http://trackandfield.about.com/od/triplejump/ss/illustriplejump.htm.
- Koski, Rissanen & Tahvanainen (2004). Antiikin urheilu. Olympian kentiltä Rooman areenoille. [The Sports of Antiquity. From the Fields of Olympia to Roman Arenas.] Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus Oy. ISBN 951-796-341-6
- "Triple jump | athletics". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
- "Athletics at the 1996 Atlanta Summer Games: Women's Triple Jump". Sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2013-08-18.
- Adams, Patricia (2006-03-01). History of the Highland Games and Women in Scottish Athletics. ...contained in the Irish "Book of Leinster", which was written in the twelfth century AD...this book describes the Tailteann Games held at Telltown, County Meath from 1829 BC until at least 554 BC...included in these events...were the geal-ruith (triple jump). Clan MacTavish Genealogy and History, 1 March 2006. Retrieved from http://www.dunardry.net/ladies_lounge.html Archived 2008-05-17 at the Wayback Machine.
- Eissa, Abeer (2014-03-27). "Biomechanical evaluation of the phases of the triple jump take-off in a top female athlete". Journal of Human Kinetics. 40: 29–35. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0004. ISSN 1640-5544. PMC 4096103. PMID 25031670.
- Men's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- Women's Outdoor Triple Jump Records. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- Triple Jump - men - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- Triple Jump - men - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- "Triple Jump Results" (PDF). IAAF. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- John Mulkeen (30 June 2019). "Claye moves to third on world all-time triple jump list with 18.14m". IAAF. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
- Javier Clavelo Robinson; Phil Minshull (29 May 2015). "Pichardo triple jumps 18.08m in Havana". IAAF. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
- "Indoor round-up: Zango leaps African triple jump record of 17.77m". World Athletics. 2 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- Triple Jump - women - senior - outdoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- Triple Jump - women - senior - indoor. IAAF. Retrieved on 2014-01-25.
- Jon Mulkeen (21 February 2020). "Rojas breaks world indoor triple jump record in Madrid with 15.43m". World Athletics. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
- "IOC sanctions 16 athletes for failing anti-doping test at Beijing 2008". IOC. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
External links
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