Tallulah Bankhead

Tallulah Brockman Bankhead (January 31, 1902 – December 12, 1968) was an American actress of the stage and screen.[1][2] Bankhead was a member of the Brockman Bankhead family, a prominent Alabama political family; her grandfather and uncle were U.S. Senators and her father served as an 11-term member of Congress, the final two as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Tallulah's support of liberal causes such as civil rights broke with the tendency of the Southern Democrats to support a more typically aligned agenda, and she often opposed her own family publicly.[3][4]

Tallulah Bankhead
Bankhead in 1941
Born
Tallulah Brockman Bankhead

(1902-01-31)January 31, 1902
Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.
DiedDecember 12, 1968(1968-12-12) (aged 66)
New York City, U.S.
Resting placeSaint Paul's Churchyard, Kent, Maryland
OccupationActress
Years active1918–1968
Spouse(s)
​
(
m. 1937; div. 1941)
Parent(s)
RelativesJohn H. Bankhead
(paternal grandfather)
John Hollis Bankhead II
(paternal uncle)

Primarily an actress of the stage, Bankhead did have one hit film—Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944) [5]—as well as a brief but successful career on radio. She later made appearances on television as well.

In her personal life, Bankhead struggled with alcoholism and drug addiction, smoked around 120 cigarettes per day, and was known for her promiscuous sex life with both men and women; Bankhead also openly talked about her vices. She supported foster children and helped families escape the Spanish Civil War and World War II. She was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1972,[6] and the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1981.[7] Upon her death, Bankhead had amassed nearly 300 film, stage, television, and radio roles.[8]

Early life
Tallulah Bankhead aged 15 (second from left), with grandfather John H. Bankhead (far left), father William B. Bankhead (second from right), and elder sister Eugenia Bankhead (far right) in 1917
"Sunset", the Bankhead house in Jasper, Alabama, where Tallulah and her sister grew up

Tallulah Brockman Bankhead was born on January 31, 1902, in Huntsville, Alabama, to William Brockman Bankhead and Adelaide Eugenia "Ada" Bankhead (née Sledge); her great-great-grandfather, James Bankhead (1738–1799) was born in Ulster, Ireland and settled in South Carolina.[9] "Tallu" was named after her paternal grandmother, who in turn was named after Tallulah Falls, Georgia.[10] Her father hailed from the Bankhead-and-Brockman political family, active in the Democratic Party of the South in general and of Alabama in particular. Her father was the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1936 to 1940. She was the niece of Senator John H. Bankhead II and granddaughter of Senator John H. Bankhead.[11] Her mother, Adelaide "Ada" Eugenia, was a native of Como, Mississippi, and was engaged to another man when she met William Bankhead on a trip to Huntsville to buy her wedding dress. The two fell in love at first sight and were married on January 31, 1900, in Memphis, Tennessee. Their first child, Evelyn Eugenia (January 24, 1901 – May 11, 1979), was born two months prematurely and had some vision difficulties.

The following year, Tallulah was born on her parents' second wedding anniversary, on the second floor of what is now known as the Isaac Schiffman Building. A marker was erected to commemorate the site, and in 1980 the building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.[12] Three weeks after Bankhead's birth, her mother died of blood poisoning (sepsis) on February 23, 1902. Coincidentally, her maternal grandmother had died giving birth to her mother. On her deathbed, Ada told her sister-in-law to "take care of Eugenia, Tallulah will always be able to take care of herself". Bankhead was baptized next to her mother's coffin.

William B. Bankhead was devastated by his wife's death, which sent him into a bout of depression and alcoholism. Consequently, Tallulah and her sister Eugenia were mostly reared by their paternal grandmother, Tallulah James Brockman Bankhead, at the family estate called "Sunset" in Jasper, Alabama.[11] As a child, Bankhead was described as "extremely homely" and overweight, while her sister was slim and prettier. As a result, she did everything in her efforts to gain attention, and constantly sought her father's approval. After watching a performance at a circus, she taught herself how to cartwheel, and frequently cartwheeled about the house, sang, and recited literature that she had memorized. She was prone to throwing tantrums, rolling around the floor, and holding her breath until she was blue in the face. Her grandmother often threw a bucket of water on her to halt these outbursts.

Bankhead's famously husky voice (which she described as "mezzo-basso") was the result of chronic bronchitis due to childhood illness. She was described as a performer and an exhibitionist[13] from the beginning, discovering at an early age that theatrics gained her the attention she desired. Finding she had a gift for mimicry, she entertained her classmates by imitating the schoolteachers. Bankhead claimed that her "first performance" was witnessed by none other than the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur. Her Aunt Marie gave the famous brothers a party at her home near Montgomery, Alabama, in which the guests were asked to entertain. "I won the prize for the top performance, with an imitation of my kindergarten teacher", Bankhead wrote. "The judges? Orville and Wilbur Wright."[14] Bankhead also found she had a prodigious memory for literature, memorizing poems and plays and reciting them dramatically.

Tallulah and Eugenia's grandmother and aunt were beginning to find the girls difficult to handle. Their father William, who was working from their Huntsville home as a lawyer, proposed enrolling the girls in a convent school (although he was a Methodist and her mother an Episcopalian). In 1912, both girls were enrolled in the Convent of the Sacred Heart in Manhattanville, New York when Eugenia was 11 and Tallulah was 10. As William's political career brought him to Washington, the girls were enrolled in a series of different schools, each one a step closer to Washington, DC. When Bankhead was 15, her aunt encouraged her to take more pride in her appearance, suggesting that she go on a diet to improve her confidence. Bankhead quickly matured into a southern belle. The girls were not really tamed by the schools, however, as both Eugenia and Tallulah went on to have a lot of relationships and affairs during their lives. Eugenia was more of an old romantic as she got married at 16 and ended up marrying seven times to six different men during her life, while Tallulah was a stronger and even more rebellious personality, who sought a career in acting, was into lust in her relationships even more than love, and showed no particular interest in marrying, although she did marry actor John Emery in 1937, a marriage which ended in divorce in 1941.

Bankhead was also childhood friends with American socialite, later novelist, Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, the wife of American author and expatriate F. Scott Fitzgerald.

Career

Beginnings in New York (1917–22)
Bankhead as a teenager, c. 1917

At 15, Bankhead submitted her photo to Picture Play, which was conducting a contest and awarding a trip to New York plus a movie part to 12 winners based on their photographs. However, she forgot to send in her name or address with the picture. Bankhead learned that she was one of the winners while browsing the magazine at her local drugstore. Her photo in the magazine was captioned "Who is She?", urging the mystery girl to contact the paper at once. Congressman William Bankhead sent in a letter to the magazine with her duplicate photo.

Arriving in New York, Bankhead discovered that her contest win was fleeting: She was paid $75 for three weeks' work on Who Loved Him Best and had only a minor part, but she quickly found her niche in New York City. She soon moved into the Algonquin Hotel, a hotspot for the artistic and literary elite of the era, where she quickly charmed her way into the famed Algonquin Round Table of the hotel bar. She was dubbed one of the "Four Riders of the Algonquin", consisting of Bankhead, Estelle Winwood, Eva Le Gallienne, and Blyth Daly. Three of the four were non-heterosexual - Bankhead and Daly were bisexuals, and Le Gallienne was a lesbian. Bankhead's father had warned her to avoid alcohol and men when she got to New York; Bankhead later quipped "He didn't say anything about women and cocaine."[15] The Algonquin's wild parties introduced Bankhead to cocaine and marijuana, of which she later remarked "Cocaine isn't habit-forming and I know because I've been taking it for years."[16] Bankhead did abstain from drinking, keeping half of her promise to her father. At the Algonquin, Bankhead befriended actress Estelle Winwood. She also met Ethel Barrymore, who attempted to persuade her to change her name to Barbara. Bankhead declined, and Vanity Fair later wrote "she's the only actress on both sides of the Atlantic to be recognized by her first name only."

In 1919, after roles in three other silent films, When Men Betray (1918), Thirty a Week (1918), and The Trap (1919), Bankhead made her stage debut in The Squab Farm at the Bijou Theatre in New York. She soon realized her place was on stage rather than screen, and had roles in 39 East (1919), Footloose (1919), Nice People (1921), Everyday (1921), Danger (1922), Her Temporary Husband (1922), and The Exciters (1922). Though her acting was praised, the plays were commercially and critically unsuccessful. Bankhead had been in New York for five years, but had yet to score a significant hit. Restless, Bankhead moved to London.

Fame in Great Britain (1922–31)

In 1923 she made her debut on the London stage at Wyndham's Theatre. She appeared in over a dozen plays in London over the next eight years, most famously The Dancers. Her fame as an actress was ensured in 1924 when she played Amy in Sidney Howard's They Knew What They Wanted. The show won the 1925 Pulitzer Prize.

Welsh artist Augustus John with Bankhead and her portrait (1929)

While in London, Bankhead bought herself a Bentley, which she loved to drive. She was not very competent with directions and constantly found herself lost in the London streets. She would telephone a taxi-cab and pay the driver to drive to her destination while she followed behind in her car.[17] During her eight years on the London stage and touring across Great Britain's theatres, Bankhead earned a reputation for making the most out of inferior material. For example, in her autobiography, Bankhead described the opening night of a play called Conchita:

In the second act ... I came on carrying a monkey ... On opening night, the monkey went berserk ... (he) snatched my black wig from my head, leaped from my arms and scampered down to the footlights. There he paused, peered out at the audience, then waved my wig over his head ... The audience had been giggling at the absurd plot even before this simian had at me. Now it became hysterical. What did Tallulah do in this crisis? I turned a cartwheel! The audience roared ... After the monkey business I was afraid they might boo me. Instead I received an ovation.[18]

Career in Hollywood (1931–33)
Promotional poster for Faithless

Bankhead returned to the United States in 1931, but Hollywood success eluded her in her first four films of the 1930s. She rented a home at 1712 Stanley Street in Hollywood (now 1712 North Stanley Avenue) and began hosting parties that were said to "have no boundaries".[19] Bankhead's first film was Tarnished Lady (1931), directed by George Cukor, and the pair became fast friends. Bankhead behaved herself on the set and filming went smoothly, but she found film-making to be very boring and did not have the patience for it. After over eight years of living in Great Britain and touring on their theatrical stages, she did not like living in Hollywood; when she met producer Irving Thalberg, she asked him "How do you get laid in this dreadful place?" Thalberg retorted "I'm sure you'll have no problem. Ask anyone."[20] Although Bankhead was not very interested in making films, the opportunity to make $50,000 per film was too good to pass up. Her 1932 movie Devil and the Deep is notable for the presence of three major co-stars, with Bankhead's receiving top billing over Gary Cooper, Charles Laughton, and Cary Grant; it is the only film with Cooper and Grant as the film's leading men. She later said "Dahling, the main reason I accepted [the part] was to fuck that divine Gary Cooper!"[21] Later in 1932, Bankhead starred opposite Robert Montgomery in Faithless.

Return to Broadway (1933–38)
Bankhead in 1934

Returning to Broadway, Bankhead worked steadily in a series of middling plays which were, ironically, later turned into highly successful Hollywood films starring other actresses. 1933's Forsaking All Others by Edward Barry Roberts and Frank Morgan Cavett — a romantic comedy-drama in which three friends sustain a love triangle lasting several years — was a modest success for Bankhead, running 110 performances, but the 1934 film version with Joan Crawford was one of that year's bigger financial and critical successes.[22] Similarly, Bankhead's next two short-lived plays, Jezebel by Owen Davis and Dark Victory by George Brewer Jr. and Bertram Bloch, were both transformed into high-profile, prestigious film vehicles for Bette Davis.

But Bankhead persevered, even through ill health. In 1933, while performing in Jezebel, Bankhead nearly died following a five-hour emergency hysterectomy due to gonorrhea, which she claimed she had contracted from George Raft.[23][24] Weighing only 70 lb (32 kg) when she left the hospital, she vowed to continue her promiscuous and party lifestyle, stoically saying to her doctor "Don't think this has taught me a lesson!"[25]

Bankhead continued to play in various Broadway performances over the next few years, gaining excellent notices for her portrayal of Elizabeth in a revival of Somerset Maugham's The Circle. However, when she appeared in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra with her then-husband John Emery, the New York Evening Post critic John Mason Brown memorably carped "Tallulah Bankhead barged down the Nile last night as Cleopatra – and sank."[26]

From 1936 to 1938, David O. Selznick, producer of Gone with the Wind (1939) called Bankhead the "first choice among established stars" to play Scarlett O'Hara in the upcoming film.[27] Although her 1938 screen test for the role in black-and-white was superb, she photographed poorly in Technicolor. Selznick also reportedly believed that at age 36, she was too old to play Scarlett, who is 16 at the beginning of the film (the role eventually went to Vivien Leigh). Selznick sent Kay Brown to Bankhead to discuss the possibility of Bankhead playing prostitute Belle Watling in the film, which she turned down.[28]

Critical acclaim (1939–45)

Regina and Sabina
Bankhead as Regina Giddens in The Little Foxes (1939)

Her brilliant portrayal of the cold and ruthless, yet fiery Regina Giddens in Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes (1939) won her Variety magazine's award for Best Actress of the Year. Bankhead as Regina was lauded as "one of the most electrifying performances in American theater history". During the run, she was featured on the cover of Life. Bankhead and playwright Hellman, both formidable women, feuded over the Soviet Union's invasion of Finland.[29] Bankhead (a strong critic of communism from the mid 1930s onwards) was said to want a portion of one performance's proceeds to go to Finnish relief, and Hellman (a communist who had defended the Moscow Trials of 1936, and was a member of the Communist Party USA in 1938–40) objected strenuously, and the two women did not speak for the next quarter of a century, eventually reconciling in late 1963.[30] Nevertheless, Bankhead called the character of Regina in Hellman's play "the best role I ever had in the theater".[31]

Bankhead earned another Variety award and the New York Drama Critics' Award for Best Performance by an Actress followed her role in Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, in which Bankhead played Sabina, the housekeeper and temptress, opposite Fredric March and Florence Eldridge (husband and wife offstage). About her work in Wilder's classic, the New York Sun wrote "Her portrayal of Sabina has comedy and passion. How she contrives both, almost at the same time, is a mystery to mere man."[32] She also clashed with Elia Kazan on The Skin of Our Teeth and during rehearsals of Clash by Night she called the producer, Billy Rose a "loathsome bully" who retorted that "How could anyone bully Niagara Falls?".[1]

Lifeboat
Lobbycard from Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944)

In 1944, Alfred Hitchcock cast her as cynical journalist Constance Porter in her most successful film, both critically and commercially, Lifeboat. Her superbly multifaceted performance was acknowledged as her best on film and won her the New York Film Critics Circle award. A beaming Bankhead accepted her New York trophy and exclaimed "Dahlings, I was wonderful!"[33]

Renewed success (1948–52)

Bankhead appeared in a revival of Noël Coward's Private Lives, taking it on tour and then to Broadway for the better part of two years. The play's run made Bankhead a fortune. From that time, Bankhead could command 10% of the gross and was billed larger than any other actor in the cast, although she usually granted equal billing to Estelle Winwood, a frequent co-star and close friend from the 1920s until Bankhead's death in 1968.[30]

In 1950, in an effort to cut into the rating leads of The Jack Benny Program and The Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy Show, which had jumped from NBC radio to CBS radio the previous season, NBC spent millions over the two seasons of The Big Show starring "the glamorous, unpredictable" Bankhead as its host, in which she acted not only as mistress of ceremonies, but also performed monologues (often written by Dorothy Parker) and songs. Despite Meredith Willson's Orchestra and Chorus and top guest stars from Broadway, Hollywood, and radio, The Big Show, which earned rave reviews, failed to do more than dent Jack Benny and Edgar Bergen's ratings. The next season, NBC installed her as one of a half-dozen rotating hosts of NBC's The All Star Revue on Saturday nights.

Bankhead was director Irving Rapper's first choice for the role of Amanda in the film version of Tennessee William's The Glass Menagerie. Laurette Taylor, who originated the role of Amanda, was an idol of Bankhead's and also an alcoholic, whose brilliant performance in the original Broadway production reversed years of career decline. Rapper called Bankhead's screen test the greatest performance he had ever seen: "I thought she was going to be difficult, but she was like a child, so sweet and lovely. I was absolutely floored by her performance. It's the greatest test I've ever made or seen in my life. I couldn't believe I was seeing such reality. Bankhead was absolutely natural, so moving, so touching without even trying. The crew was stunned, too." But studio head Jack Warner rejected the idea because of his fear of Bankhead's drinking; though she promised not to drink during shooting, he refused to give her the part. The role was given to Gertrude Lawrence instead, whose acting was panned by most critics.[34]

Late career (1952–68)

Bankhead wrote a bestselling autobiography Tallulah: My Autobiography. (Harper & Bros., 1952) that was published in 1952. Though Bankhead's career slowed in the mid-1950s, she never faded from the public eye. Her highly public and often scandalous personal life began to undermine her reputation as a terrific actress, leading to criticism she had become a caricature of herself. Although a heavy smoker, heavy drinker, and consumer of sleeping pills, Bankhead continued to perform in the 1950s and 1960s on Broadway, radio, television, and in the occasional film, even as her body got more and more frail from the mid 1950s up until her death in 1968.

In 1953, Bankhead was enticed into appearing in a stage act at the Sands Hotel in Las Vegas. She was paid a then-generous $20,000 per week for her appearances, reciting scenes from famous plays, reading poetry and letters that had the audience in stitches—and she even sang a bit. Las Vegas critics bet she would flop but she was a smash, and she came back to the Sands for three years.[35]

Addiction, illness and icon status

Around this time, Bankhead began to attract a passionate and highly loyal following of gay men, some of whom she employed as help when her lifestyle began to take a toll on her, affectionately calling them her "caddies". Though she had long struggled with addiction, her condition now worsened – she began taking dangerous cocktails of drugs to fall asleep, and her maid had to tape her arms down to prevent her from consuming pills during her periods of intermittent wakefulness. In her later years, Bankhead had serious accidents and several psychotic episodes from sleep deprivation and hypnotic drug abuse. Though she always hated being alone, her struggle with loneliness began to lapse into a depression. In 1956, playing the truth game with Tennessee Williams, she confessed, "I'm 54, and I wish always, always, for death. I've always wanted death. Nothing else do I want more."

Bankhead's most popular and perhaps best remembered television appearance was the December 3, 1957, The Ford Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show. Bankhead played herself in the classic episode titled "The Celebrity Next Door". The part was originally slated for Bette Davis, but Davis had to bow out after cracking a vertebra. Lucille Ball was reportedly a fan of Bankhead and did a good impression of her. By the time the episode was filmed, however, both Ball and Desi Arnaz were deeply frustrated by Bankhead's behavior during rehearsals. It took her three hours to "wake up" once she arrived on the set and she often seemed drunk. She also refused to listen to the director and she did not like rehearsing. Ball and Arnaz apparently did not know about Bankhead's antipathy to rehearsals or her ability to memorize a script quickly. After rehearsals, the filming of the episode proceeded without a hitch and Ball congratulated Bankhead on her performance.

Last years on stage

In 1956, Bankhead appeared as Blanche DuBois (a character inspired by her) in a revival of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire (1956). Williams had wanted Bankhead for the original production, but she turned it down. Tennessee Williams himself (they were close friends) called her Blanche "the worst I have seen", accusing her of ruining the role to appease her fans who wanted camp. She agreed with this verdict, and made an effort to conquer the audience which her own legend had drawn about her, giving a performance two weeks later of which he remarked: "I'm not ashamed to say that I shed tears almost all the way through and that when the play was finished I rushed up to her and fell to my knees at her feet. The human drama, the play of a woman's great valor and an artist's truth, her own, far superseded, and even eclipsed, to my eye, the performance of my own play."[36] The director remarked that her performance exceeded Jessica Tandy and Vivien Leigh's in the role. However, the initial reviews had decided the production's fate, and the producer pulled the plug after 15 performances.

Bankhead received a Tony Award nomination for her performance of a bizarre 50-year-old mother in the short-lived Mary Coyle Chase play Midgie Purvis (1961). It was a physically demanding role and Bankhead insisted on doing the stunts herself, including sliding down a staircase bannister. She received glowing reviews, but the play suffered from numerous rewrites and failed to last beyond a month. Her last theatrical appearance was in The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore (1963), a revival of another Williams play, directed by Tony Richardson.[37] She had suffered a severe burn on her right hand from a match exploding while she lit a cigarette, and it was aggravated by the importance of jewelry props in the play.[38] She took heavy painkillers, but these dried her mouth, and most critics thought that Bankhead's line readings were unintelligible. Like Antony and Cleopatra, the nadir of her career, she only made five performances, and in the same unhappy theater.

New media

Among her last radio appearances was in an episode of the BBC's Desert Island Discs with Roy Plomley in 1964.[39] Bankhead, at 62 and audibly suffering from breathing difficulties from emphysema in the interview, frankly spoke of how hopeless she would be on a desert island, admitting that she "couldn't put a key in the door, dahling. I can't do a thing for myself." In the interview, host Plomley spoke of Bankhead's glory days as the most celebrated actress of 1920s London. Later he recalled of their interview, "She was a very frail and ailing old lady, and I was shocked to see how old and ill she looked as I helped her out of a taxi. She had come from her hotel wearing a mink coat slung over a pair of lounging pyjamas, and she leaned heavily on my arm as I supported her to the lift. Her eyes were still fine, and there was still beauty in the bone structure of her face beneath the wrinkles and ravages of hard living. Her hands shook, and when she wished to go to the loo she had to ask Monica Chapman to accompany her to help her with her clothing."[40]

Her last motion picture was in a British horror film, Fanatic (1965). Fanatic was released in the U.S. as Die! Die! My Darling!, which she protested, thinking it was exploiting her characteristic catchphrase, but did not succeed in getting it changed. During the screening she held privately for her friends, she apologized for "looking older than God's wet nurse" (in the film she wore no makeup and dyed her hair grey, and the film used very claustrophobic close-ups to accentuate her age and frailty). She called the B-movie horror flick "a piece of shit", though her performance in it was praised by critics and remains popular as a cult film and with her fans. For her role in Fanatic, she was paid $50,000.[35] Her last appearances on television came in March 1967 as the villainous Black Widow in the Batman TV series, and on the December 17, 1967, episode of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour comedy-variety TV series, in the "Mahta Harry" skit.[41] She also appeared on NBC's famous lost Tonight Show Beatles interview that aired on May 14, 1968.[42] Sitting behind the interview desk and beside Joe Garagiola, who was substituting for an absent Johnny Carson, she took an active role during the interview, questioning Paul McCartney and John Lennon.[43] George Harrison and Ringo Starr were not present and were in England at the time, as noted during the interview.

Death
230 East 62nd Street, New York, New York

Bankhead moved into 230 East 62nd Street in the late 1950s, and then to a co-op at 333 east 57th Street (#13-E).

On December 12, 1968, Bankhead died in St. Luke's Hospital in Manhattan, aged 66. The cause of death was pleural double pneumonia,[44] complicated by emphysema due to cigarette smoking, malnutrition, and possibly a strain of the flu which was endemic at that time. Her last coherent words reportedly were a garbled request for "Codeine ... bourbon."[45]

Despite claiming to be poor for much of her life, Bankhead left an estate valued at $2 million.[35]

A private funeral was held at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Kent County, Maryland, on December 14. A memorial service was held at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City on December 16.[46] She was buried in Saint Paul's Churchyard, near Chestertown, Maryland, where her sister, Eugenia, lived.[2]

For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Bankhead has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6141 Hollywood Blvd.[47]

Personal life

Bankhead was famous not only as an actress, but also for her many affairs, compelling personality, and witticisms such as, "There is less to this than meets the eye." and "I'm as pure as the driven slush."[48][49] She was an extrovert, uninhibited, outspoken, and often got naked at private parties. She said she lived for the moment.[1]

Bankhead was an avid baseball fan whose favorite team was the New York Giants.[50] This was evident in one of her famous quotes, through which she gave a nod to the arts: "There have been only two geniuses in the world, Willie Mays and Willie Shakespeare. But, darling, I think you'd better put Shakespeare first."[51] Bankhead identified herself as an Episcopalian despite not being the typical churchgoing type.[52]

Political activism

Like her family, Bankhead was a Democrat, but she broke with many Southerners with her support for civil rights, with her strong opposition to racism and segregation, and with her campaigning for Harry Truman's reelection in 1948. She is credited with having helped Truman immeasurably by belittling his rival, New York's Governor and Republican presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey, as Truman defied predictions by defeating Dewey and winning the election.[53] After Truman was elected, Bankhead was invited to sit with the president during his inauguration. While viewing the inauguration parade, she booed the South Carolina float which carried then-governor and segregationist Strom Thurmond, who recently ran against Truman on the Dixiecrat ticket, splitting the Democratic vote. Bankhead later endorsed Estes Kefauver in 1952 and 1956, John F. Kennedy in 1960, Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, and Eugene McCarthy in 1968.[54]

Marriage

Bankhead married actor John Emery on August 31, 1937 at her father's home in Jasper, Alabama.[55] Bankhead filed for divorce in Reno, Nevada, in May 1941.[56] It was finalized on June 13, 1941. The day her divorce became final, Bankhead told a reporter "You can definitely quote me as saying there will be no plans for a remarriage."[57]

Bankhead had no children, but she had four abortions before she had a hysterectomy in 1933, when she was 31.[58] She was the godmother of Brook and Brockman Seawell, children of her lifelong friend, actress Eugenia Rawls and Rawls' husband Donald Seawell.[59]

Sexuality and sexual exploits

An interview that Bankhead gave to Motion Picture magazine in 1932 generated controversy. In the interview, Bankhead ranted wildly about the state of her life and her views on love, marriage, and children:

I'm serious about love. I'm damned serious about it now ... I haven't had an affair for six months. Six months! Too long ... If there's anything the matter with me now, it's not Hollywood or Hollywood's state of mind ... The matter with me is, I WANT A MAN! ... Six months is a long, long while. I WANT A MAN![60]

Time ran a story about it, angering Bankhead's family. Bankhead immediately telegraphed her father, vowing never to speak with a magazine reporter again. For these and other offhand remarks, Bankhead was cited in the Hays Committee's "Doom Book", a list of 150 actors and actresses considered "unsuitable for the public" which was presented to the studios. Bankhead was at the top of the list with the heading: "Verbal Moral Turpitude". She publicly called Hays "a little prick".[61]

Following the release of the Kinsey reports, she was once quoted as stating, "I found no surprises in the Kinsey report. The good doctor's clinical notes were old hat to me ... I've had many momentary love affairs. A lot of these impromptu romances have been climaxed in a fashion not generally condoned. I go into them impulsively. I scorn any notion of their permanence. I forget the fever associated with them when a new interest presents itself."[62]

In 1933, Bankhead nearly died following a five-hour emergency hysterectomy due to venereal disease. Only 70 lb (32 kg) when she left the hospital, she stoically said to her doctor, "Don't think this has taught me a lesson!"[63]

It hadn't. At this time, Bankhead was having an affair with the artist Rex Whistler who, according to his biographer Anna Thomasson, lost his virginity to her at the age of 29. Offering him what Thomasson calls "an uncomplicated crash-course in sex," Bankhead's glamour and charisma appealed to the "instictively submissive Rex."[64] One afternoon in early 1934, Bankhead's friend David Herbert called at her suite at the Hotel Splendide in Piccadilly, only to be informed by her maid that "Miss Bankhead is in the bath with Mr Rex Whilster." Hearing Herbert's voice from the hall Bankhead reportedly shouted,"I'm just trying to show Rex I'm definitely a blonde!"[65]

Rumors about Bankhead's sex life have lingered for years. In addition to the many men she was romantically linked with, she was also linked romantically with many notable female personalities of the day, including Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich, Hattie McDaniel, Beatrice Lillie, Alla Nazimova, Blyth Daly, writers Mercedes de Acosta and Eva Le Gallienne, and singer Billie Holiday.[33] Actress Patsy Kelly confirmed she had a sexual relationship with Bankhead when she worked for her as a personal assistant.[66] John Gruen's Menotti: A Biography notes an incident in which Jane Bowles chased Bankhead around Capricorn, Gian Carlo Menotti and Samuel Barber's Mount Kisco estate, insisting that Bankhead needed to play the lesbian character Inès in Jean-Paul Sartre's No Exit (which Paul Bowles had recently translated). Bankhead locked herself in the bathroom and kept insisting, "That lesbian! I wouldn't know a thing about it."[67]

Bankhead never publicly used the term "bisexual" to describe herself, preferring to use the term "ambisextrous" instead.[68]

Credits

Broadway
Date Production Role Notes
March 13 – April 1918 The Squab Farm
May 10 – June 1920 Footloose Rose de Brissac
March 2 – June 1921 Nice People Hallie Livingston
November 16, 1921 – January 1922 Everyday Phyllis Nolan
September 22 – October 1922 The Exciters "Rufus" Rand
March 1 – June 1933 Forsaking All Others Mary Clay
November 7 – December 1934 Dark Victory Judith Traherne
February 12 – March 1935 Rain Sadie Thompson Revival
April 29 – July 1935 Something Gay Moncia Grey
September 21, 1936 – January 1937 Reflected Glory Miss Flood
November 10 – 1937 Antony and Cleopatra Cleopatra Revival
April 18 – June 1938 The Circle Elizabeth Revival
February 15, 1939 – February 3, 1940 The Little Foxes Regina Giddens Won: Variety Award for Best Actress of the Year[69]
December 27, 1941 – February 7, 1942 Clash by Night Mae Wilenski
November 18, 1942 – September 25, 1943 The Skin of Our Teeth Sabina Won: New York Drama Critics Award, Variety Award for Best Actress of the Year[70]
March 13 – June 9, 1945 Foolish Notion Sophie Wang
March 19 – April 12, 1947 The Eagle Has Two Heads The Queen
October 4, 1948 – May 7, 1949 Private Lives Amanda Prynne Revival
September 15, 1954 – January 29, 1955 Dear Charles Dolores
February 15–26, 1956 A Streetcar Named Desire Blanche Du Bois Revival
January 30 – February 9, 1957 Eugenia Eugenia, Baroness Munster
February 1–18, 1961 Midgie Purvis Midgie Purvis Nominated: Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play
January 1 – 1964 The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore Mrs. Goforth Revival

Filmography
Film
Year Title Role Notes
1918 Who Loved Him Best? Nell Alternative title: His Inspiration
1918 When Men Betray Alice Edwards Uncredited
1918 Thirty a Week Barbara Wright Uncredited
1919 The Trap Helen Carson Alternative title (UK): A Woman's Law
1928 His House in Order Nina Graham Lost film[71]
1931 Tarnished Lady Nancy Courtney
1931 My Sin Carlotta/Ann Trevor
1931 The Cheat Elsa Carlyle
1932 Thunder Below Susan
1932 Make Me a Star Herself Uncredited
1932 Devil and the Deep Diana Sturm
1932 Faithless Carol Morgan
1933 Hollywood on Parade No. A-6 Herself Short subject
1943 Stage Door Canteen Herself
1944 Lifeboat Constance "Connie" Porter Won: New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress
1945 A Royal Scandal Catherine the Great Alternative title: Czarina
1953 Main Street to Broadway Herself
1959 The Boy Who Owned a Melephant Narrator Short subject
1965 Fanatic Mrs. Trefoile Alternative title (US): Die! Die! My Darling!
1966 The Daydreamer The Sea Witch Voice
Television
Year Title Role Notes
1952–
1953		 All Star Revue Herself 7 episodes
1953 The Buick-Berle Show Herself 2 episodes
1954 The Colgate Comedy Hour Herself Episode #4.19
1954–
1962		 The United States Steel Hour Hedda Gabler 2 episodes
1955 The Martha Raye Show Herself 1 episode
1957 Schlitz Playhouse of Stars Episode: "The Hole Card"
1957 General Electric Theater Katherine Belmont Episode: "Eyes of a Stranger"
1957 The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour Herself Episode: "The Celebrity Next Door"
1965 The Red Skelton Show Mme. Fragrant Episode: "A Jerk of All Trades"
1967 Batman Black Widow 2 episodes

Radio appearances
YearProgramEpisode/source
1934The Rudy Vallée ShowThe Affairs of Anatol
1934Lux Radio TheatreLet Us Be Gay
1937Screen Directors PlayhouseTwelfth Night[72]
1939New York Drama Critics Circle Award ProgramThe Little Foxes
1942Philip Morris PlayhouseThe Little Foxes
1943Radio Reader's DigestThe Unsinkable Mrs. Brown
1943–1944Stage Door CanteenMisc.[73]
1950Screen Directors PlayhouseLifeboat[74]
1950-1952The Big Show (NBC Radio)

Legacy

Tallulah Bankhead is regarded as one of the great stage actresses of the 20th century,[75] acclaimed for her natural eloquence and dynamism. She excelled in both serious and comedic roles, and for over two decades, she was among the most celebrated actresses in Broadway or London's West End, praised in the superlative "perhaps the greatest actress this country has ever produced."[76] For the most part, Bankhead was lauded even in her failed vehicles, and she was considered by critics to be a rare and unique talent. At the height of her career, she was a "living legend", Broadway's most original leading lady. Her eccentric personality was an asset to her career rather than a hindrance, but as years of hard living took their toll, her highly publicized and often scandalous private life began to undermine her reputation of being a terrific actress. Her legend, which had once nourished her, nearly ruined her. The worst facets of her character were encouraged by her fans as virtues, and for the better part of her late career, she played to their caricature of herself. Obituaries on her passing reflected on how far she had fallen from her former grandeur, à la John Barrymore. The critic Brooks Atkinson was more candid: "Since Miss Bankhead lived as she wanted to, there is no point in deploring the loss of a talented actress". However, the legend which had ruined her career made her an enormously popular icon in both the theatrical and particularly the gay communities. Decades of sustained interest in Bankhead eventually realized itself in a renewed appreciation for her body of work.[77]

Awards and honors

Among Bankhead's awards were a New York Drama Critics Award for Best Performance by an actress in The Skin of Our Teeth in 1942, as well as a Variety award in The Little Foxes and Skin. She was nominated for a Tony award for her performance in Midgie Purvis, and won the New York Film Critics Award for Best Actress in a Film for her work in Lifeboat. Bankhead was the first white woman to be featured on the cover of Ebony magazine, and was one of the very few actresses and the only stage actress to have a cover on both Time and Life. In 1928, she was honored as one of the 10 most remarkable women in London. A resolution honoring her achievements was passed in the Alabama Legislature.[78] Bankhead was (posthumously) one of the original members of the American Theater Hall of Fame inducted upon its establishment in 1972.

Year Award Nominated work Result
1928 Ten Most Remarkable Women In London – Won
1939 Variety Award for Best Actress of the Year The Little Foxes Won
1942 New York Drama Critics Award for Best Actress in a Production The Skin of Our Teeth Won
1942 Variety Award for Best Actress of the Year The Skin of Our Teeth Won
1944 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress Lifeboat Won
1950 Radio's Woman of the Year The Big Show Won
1960 Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6141 Hollywood Blvd Motion pictures Inducted
1961 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play Midgie Purvis Nominated
1972 American Theater Hall of Fame Lifetime achievement Won

In theatre

Bankhead earned her greatest acclaim for two classic roles she originated: Regina in Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes and Sabina in Thornton Wilder's The Skin of our Teeth. At the Algonquin Hotel, Bankhead left prominent impressions upon playwrights such as Zoe Akins and Rachel Crothers. Crothers later wrote the play Everyday for Bankhead, and Akins patterned the character of Eva Lovelace in her play Morning Glory on Bankhead. She became good friends with Tennessee Williams, who was immediately struck upon meeting her, describing her as "result[ing] from the fantastic crossbreeding of a moth and a tiger". Williams wrote four female roles for her, Myra Torrance in Battle of Angels, Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire, Princess Kosmonopolis in Sweet Bird of Youth, and Flora Goforth in The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore. A song in the 1937 musical I'd Rather Be Right, "Off the Record", contains the line "I'm not so fond of Bankhead, but I'd love to meet Tallulah".[79] The Bankhead Theater (Livermore Performing Arts Center) has her namesake.

In art

A collection of 50 portraits of Bankhead in her London years is housed in the United Kingdom's National Portrait Gallery.[80] Augustus John painted a portrait of Bankhead in 1929 which is considered one of his greatest pieces. Frank Dobson also sculpted a bust of Bankhead during her London period. The Library of Congress houses numerous works of Bankhead.[81]

Biographies

Many books have been written about Bankhead's life. In chronological order, they are:

  • Bankhead, Tallulah. Tallulah: My Autobiography. Harper & Bros., 1952.
  • Gill, Brendan. Tallulah. Holt, London: Rinehart & Winston, 1972.
  • Israel, Lee. Miss Tallulah Bankhead. New York: Putnam Pub Group, 1972.
  • Tunney, Kieran. Tallulah: Darling of the Gods. New York: Dutton, 1973.
  • Rawls, Eugenia. Tallulah, A Memory. University of Alabama Press, 1979.
  • Brian, Denis. Tallulah, Darling: A Biography of Tallulah Bankhead. New York: Macmillan, 1980.
  • Patrick, Pamela Cowie. Tallulah Bankhead: The Darling of the Theater. Huntsville: Writers Consortium Books, 1989.
  • Carrier, Jeffrey. Tallulah Bankhead, A Bio-Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.
  • Bret, David. Tallulah Bankhead: A Scandalous Life. New York: Robson Books/Parkwest, 1997.
  • Lavery, Bryony. Tallulah Bankhead. Bath: Absolute Press, 1999.
  • Archibald, Alecia Sherard. Tallulah Bankhead: Alabama's Bad Girl Star. Alabama: Seacoast Publishing, Inc., 2003
  • Lobenthal, Joel. Tallulah!: The Life and times of a Leading Lady. New York: HarperCollins, 2004.

Tributes

A Tallulah Bankhead Tribute was held by the Walker County Arts Alliance in her hometown of Jasper, Alabama, on June 11–15, 2015.[82] A similar tribute was held for a week at the University of Alabama in Birmingham in November 1977.[83]

Bankhead left a lasting impact on American culture despite modern audiences being unfamiliar with the stage performances for which she was most acclaimed. Bankhead remains far more prominent in the public imagination than contemporary Broadway actresses of her caliber, and due to her unique personality and often self-destructive behavior.

She has become a frequently imitated camp icon.[84]

Many critics (and Bankhead herself) compared the characterization of Margo Channing in All About Eve to that of Bankhead.[85][86] The costume designer Edith Head had explicitly admitted to styling Channing's appearance to that of Bankhead.

Bankhead's voice and personality inspired voice actress Betty Lou Gerson's work on the character Cruella De Vil in Walt Disney Pictures' One Hundred and One Dalmatians, which the studio calls "a manic take-off on famous actress Tallulah Bankhead."[87]

A cocktail at the Ritz Hotel in London is called "The Tallulah", named for the occasion when Bankhead visited the hotel and drank champagne out of her shoe.[88]

Fictional portrayals
  • In the 1969 film Goodbye, Mr. Chips, actress Siân Phillips portrays Ursula Mossbank, a character clearly inspired by the Bankhead mystique and mannerisms, but no suggestion is made in the film that that character is supposed to be Bankhead herself.
  • Eugenia Rawls developed a one-woman show in 1971, Tallulah, A Memory, where she portrayed her "lifetime friend" Bankhead.[89] She later published it as a book of the same title in 1979.[90][91]
  • In the 1980 made-for-television movie, The Scarlett O'Hara War, Carrie Nye plays Bankhead as she and many others vie for the role of Scarlett O' Hara in Gone with the Wind.[92]
  • In the 1983 off-Broadway musical, Tallulah!,[93] Helen Gallagher portrays Bankhead's life from the early days in Alabama to her New York career and centers on her relationship with her father.
  • Rock musician/actor Suzi Quatro portrayed Bankhead in a musical named Tallulah Who? in 1991. The musical was based on a book by Willie Rushton. The show ran from February 14 to March 9 at The Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch, UK, and received favorable reviews.[94][95]
  • The 1995 documentary Wigstock: The Movie featured an act entitled The Dueling Bankheads whose drag stars emulate the camp icon's exaggerated style.[96]
  • Character actor and self stylized "illusionist",[97] Jim Bailey originated the role of Bankhead in the play Tallulah and Tennessee in 1999.[98]
  • In her first one-woman show, Kathleen Turner played the titular character in Sandra Ryan Heyward's[99] Tallulah from 2000-2001.[100]
  • Valerie Harper starred as Bankhead in Looped, which premiered at The Pasadena Playhouse.[101] It opened on Broadway on February 19, 2010 at the Lyceum Theatre.[102]
  • In the 2015-2017 series Z: The Beginning of Everything, about Bankhead's childhood friend Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, Christina Bennett Lind plays Bankhead.[103]
  • Paget Brewster portrayed Bankhead in two episodes of the 2020 Netflix miniseries, Hollywood.[104] The show includes a highly fictionalized version of Bankhead and her place in the 1940s Golden Age of Hollywood.
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References

Notes
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  2. Schumach, Murray (December 13, 1969). "Tallulah Bankhead Dead at 65; Vibrant Stage and Screen Star" (PDF). The New York Times. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  3. "DAH-LING". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  4. LIFE. Time Inc. July 3, 1939.
  5. Screen World Presents the Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Volume 1
  6. "The Milwaukee Journal – Google News Archive Search". google.com. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  7. "Inductees". Alabama Women's Hall of Fame. State of Alabama. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
  8. Carrier, Jeffrey L. (January 1, 1991). Tallulah Bankhead: A Bio-bibliography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313274527. Retrieved August 11, 2016 – via Google Books.
  9. "James Bankhead". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  10. Krakow, Kenneth K. (1975). Georgia Place-Names: Their History and Origins (PDF). Macon, GA: Winship Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-915430-00-2.
  11. (Procter Reeves 2009, pp. 83–84)
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  13. Spoto, Donald (January 1, 1999). The Dark Side of Genius: The Life of Alfred Hitchcock. Da Capo Press. ISBN 030680932X.
  14. (Bankhead 2004, p. 14)
  15. Fleming, E. J., The Fixers, McFarland & Co., 2005, p. 109
  16. (Hellman 1973, p. 146)
  17. (Fadiman 2000, p. 39)
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  20. (Fleming 2005, p. 110)
  21. (Donnelley 2000, p. 51)
  22. (Israel, 1972, p. 158)
  23. Silsbee, Kirk (June 23, 2015). "The Garden of Allah: all the secrets from the rich and famous revealed - British GQ". British GQ. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  24. "Born Today in 1902: Actress Tallulah Bankhead, Dahling!". The Gay Almanac. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
  25. (Lobenthal 2004, p. 224)
  26. (Lobenthal 2004, p. 273)
  27. (Haskell 2009, p. 63): "According to source: "a memo from Selznick, November 11, 1936: 'Bankhead is first choice among established stars – and many votes coming in for her. She is taking Arden treatments and preparing for Cukor's arrival in NY to test her'"
  28. (Lambert 1976, p. 53)
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  37. (Richardson 1993, p. 147): "Directing her was totally impossible. 'Loud or soft – how do you want it?' she asked me. There wasn't any other choice. Tallulah was simply past it. She couldn't remember, she couldn't perform."
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  45. (Lobenthal 2004, p. 533)
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  48. (Bankhead 2004, p. 82)
  49. (Wintle 1978, p. 47)
  50. "Murphy, Robert E. "The Real Villain of New York Baseball", The New York Times, Sunday, June 24, 2007". Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  51. (Linge 2005, p. 181)
  52. Paul F. Goodridge (April 2, 2015). William Brockman Bankhead. Page Publishing Inc. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-1-63417-696-5.
  53. (Bankhead 2004, p. 275)
  54. (Leuchtenburg 2007, p. 213)
  55. "Tallulah Bankhead and Actor John Emery Wed". Lawrence Journal-World. September 1, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  56. "Divorce to Be Sought by Tallulah Bankhead". The Milwaukee Journal. May 3, 1941. p. 9. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  57. "Tallulah Bankhead Wins Divorce". The Spokesman-Review. June 14, 1941. p. 2. Retrieved January 6, 2013.
  58. Kaufman, Gerald. "She couldn't say 'No'". telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  59. Christy, Marian. "EUGENIA RAWLS; A LOOK. REMEMBERED LAUGHTER. THOSE ARE THE GENEROSITIES OF LOVE". The Boston Globe. September 15, 1985. p. 98.
  60. (Mills 2005, pp. 275–276)
  61. Fleming, E. J. (November 29, 2004). The Fixers: Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling and the MGM Publicity Machine. McFarland. ISBN 9780786454952. Retrieved August 11, 2016 – via Google Books.
  62. (Bankhead 2004, p. 312)
  63. (Lobenthal 2004, p. 224)
  64. Thomasson, Anna (2015). A curious friendship : the story of a bluestocking and a bright young thing. London: Pan Books. p. 278. ISBN 978-1-4472-4554-4.
  65. Ibid.
  66. (Monush 2003, p. 388)
  67. (Gruen 1978, p. 53)
  68. (Stern 2009, p. 39)
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  72. jonthesYT (August 21, 2012). "Orson Welles Tallulah Bankhead "Twelfth Night" Shakespeare Estelle Winwood Cleaned". Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016 – via YouTube.
  73. The Old Time Radio Archives (December 7, 2014). "Duffy's Tavern OTR :: June 1, 1943 : Tallulah Bankhead : Old Time Radio". Retrieved August 11, 2016 – via YouTube.
  74. "Radio's Golden Age". Nostalgia Digest. 41 (3): 40–41. Summer 2015.
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  77. Tallulah!: The Life and Times of a Leading Lady
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  92. The Scarlett O'Hara War, retrieved January 26, 2019
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  94. "The Queen's Theatre listing of Quatro's performance in Tallulah Who? (via Wayback)". www.queens-theatre.co.uk. Hornchurch, UK: The Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. 2003. Archived from the original on December 16, 2004. Retrieved December 16, 2004.
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  103. Z: The Beginning of Everything, retrieved January 26, 2019
  104. Hollywood, retrieved May 1, 2020

Bibliography
  • Bankhead, Tallulah (2004). Tallulah: My Autobiography (2nd ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-635-2
  • Donnelley, Paul (2000). Fade To Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries. Omnibus. ISBN 0-7119-7984-7
  • Fadiman, Clifton & Bernard, Andre (2000) Bartlett's Book of Anecdotes. Hachette Digital, Inc. ISBN 0-316-08267-8
  • Fleming, E.J. (2005) The Fixers: Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling and The MGM Publicity Machine. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2027-8
  • Haskell, Molly (2009) Frankly, My Dear: Gone with the Wind Revisited. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11752-3
  • Gruen, John (1978) Menotti: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 0-02-546320-9
  • Hellman, Lillian (1973) Pentimento: A Book of Portraits. New American Library
  • Jones, Randy; Bego, Mark (2009). Macho Man: The Disco Era and Gay America's Coming Out. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 36–40. ISBN 9780275999629. OCLC 756473939.
  • Kazan, Elia (1997) Elia Kazan: A Life. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80804-8
  • Lambert, Gavin (1976) GWTW: The Making of Gone With the Wind. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 5-530-86392-2
  • Leuchtenburg, William E. (2007) The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson. LSU Press. ISBN 0-8071-3286-1
  • Linge, Mary Kay (2009) Willie Mays: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-33401-3
  • Lobenthal, Joel (2004) Tallulah: The Life and Times Of a Leading Lady. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-039435-8
  • Mills, Eleanor (2005) Journalistas: 100 Years of the Best Writing and Reporting by Women Journalists. Seal Press. ISBN 0-7867-1667-3
  • Monush, Barry (2003) The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors: From the Silent Era to 1965, Volume 1. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 1-55783-551-9
  • Procter Reeves, Jacquelyn (2009) Wicked North Alabama. The History Press. ISBN 1-59629-753-0
  • Richardson, Tony (1993) Long Distance Runner – A Memoir. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-16852-3
  • Shalit, Gene (2003) Great Hollywood Wit: A Glorious Cavalcade of Hollywood Wisecracks, Zingers, Japes, Quips, Slings, Jests, Snappers, & Sass from the Stars. Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-28273-7
  • Stern, Keith & McKellen, Ian (2009) Queers in History: The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Historical Gays, Lesbians and Bisexuals. BenBella Books. ISBN 1-935251-83-X
  • Wintle, Justin & Kenin, Richard (1978) The Dictionary of Biographical Quotation of British and American Subjects. Taylor & Francis.

Further reading
  • Bankhead, Tallulah (1952). Tallulah: My Autobiography.
  • Carrier, Jeffrey (1991). Tallulah Bankhead: A Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood. ISBN 0313274525.
  • Israel, Lee (1973). Miss Tallulah Bankhead. Dell Publishing.
  • Mackrell, Judith (2013). Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. ISBN 978-0-330-52952-5
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