TWA Flight Center

The TWA Flight Center, also known as the Trans World Flight Center, was an airport terminal at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK), completed in 1962 and adaptively repurposed as part of the TWA Hotel. The original terminal building, or head house, is partially encircled by a replacement building completed in 2008. The buildings collectively make up JetBlue's JFK operations and are known as Terminal 5 or T5.

Trans World Airlines Flight Center
NYC Landmark No. 1915, 1916
The terminal's head house in 2010
LocationTerminal 5, John F. Kennedy International Airport, Queens, New York 11430
United States
Area17.6 acres (7.1 ha)
ArchitectEero Saarinen and Associates; et al.
Architectural styleFuturist, Neo-futurist, Googie, Fantastic
NRHP reference No.05000994[1]
NYCL No.1915, 1916
Significant dates
Added to NRHPSeptember 7, 2005
Designated NYCLJuly 19, 1994

The TWA Flight Center was designed for Trans World Airlines by Eero Saarinen and Associates, and was erected between 1959 and 1962. It featured a prominent wing-shaped thin shell roof supported by four "Y"-shaped piers. Inside was an open three-level space with tall windows enabling expansive views of departing and arriving jets. Two tube-shaped red-carpeted departure-arrival corridors extended outward from the terminal, connecting to the gates. Roche-Dinkeloo, a successor firm to Saarinen's company, designed an expansion in 1970. The TWA Flight Center continued to operate as an air terminal until 2002. Its design received much critical acclaim; both the interior and the exterior of the head house were declared New York City Landmarks in 1994, and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The encircling Terminal 5 addition was designed by Gensler and constructed between 2005 and 2008. It contains the 26 active gates at Terminal 5, as well as numerous restaurants and stores. Although portions of the original complex have been demolished, the Saarinen-designed building remains standing. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), which operates JFK Airport, had once intended the original structure as an entrance to the replacement terminal. In 2016, the Port Authority began converting the original head house into the TWA Hotel, which opened in 2019 with two additional buildings adjacent to the T5 addition.

Design

The TWA Flight Center, designed by Eero Saarinen and his associates, is a pioneering example of thin-shell construction, consisting of a reinforced concrete shell roof supported at the corners.[2] The design straddles the Futurist, Neo-futurist, Googie and Fantastic architectural styles.[3] It is located at the middle of a curve in one of JFK Airport's service roads, in front of the elevated AirTrain JFK people mover.[4] From the Saarinen office, Kevin Roche, Cesar Pelli, Norman Pettula, and Edward Saad were key collaborators. Warren Platner was largely responsible for the interiors.[5] To engineer the roof, Saarinen collaborated with Charles S. Whitney and Boyd G. Anderson of the firm Ammann & Whitney.[2][6][lower-alpha 1] The general contractor was Grove Shepherd Wilson & Kruge.[7]

The Terminal 5 (also known as T5) addition, which is connected to the TWA Flight Center, is a 625,000-square-foot (58,100 m2) facility designed by Gensler. It contains 26 gates that can accommodate 250 flights per day,[8] as well as 20 million passengers annually.[9]

Form
Components of JFK T5:

The layout, or form, of the TWA Flight Center was designed to relate to its small wedge-shaped site, with walkways and gates placed at acute angles.[10] Saarinen described the head house's form as being like the "Leonardo da Vinci flying machine", according to his associate Kevin Roche.[11] Radiating out from the head house are two departure-arrival passenger tubes extending southeast and northeast.[12][lower-alpha 2]

The TWA Flight Center was one of the first to utilize enclosed passenger jetways, which extended from "gate structures" at the end of each tube. In the original plans, aircraft would be available via the "Flight Wing", a single-story building that passengers would have to walk to at ground level. The jetways obviated the need for passengers to walk on the ground, as well as sheltered passengers from inclement weather.[10][14][15]

T5 and the TWA Hotel buildings are located east of the original head house. The entry hall of T5 is composed of two arms that wrap around the TWA Flight Center in a crescent shape. The two passenger tubes from the TWA Flight Center were retained, but the original gate structures were destroyed.[16][17] T5 contains 26 gates.[8]

Exterior

Roof
Exterior view as seen in 2006

The TWA Flight Center is a two-story structure.[4] The roof's thin concrete shell was built to span a space with a minimum of material.[3] The roof is composed of four concrete shells: two upward-slanting shells at the edges, which resemble wings, and two smaller shells slanting downward toward the front and back of the structure. The upward-slanting shells reach a height of up to 75 feet (23 m) above the ground level. The rooftop shells converge at the center of the roof, where each of the four shells supports the others. Four "Y"-shaped piers support the roof, facing the front and back facades.[4][12][18] Skylights are located within the gaps between each shell.[12][19] The building's main entrance is on the land side, where the roof projects over a sidewalk (formerly a driveway) with a scupper.[12][19]

The roof concrete varies in thickness from 7 inches (180 mm) at the edges to 40 inches (1,000 mm) at the convergence of the four shells. The roof weighs 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) in total.[20]

Facade

The main portion of the TWA Flight Center's facade is made of large green-tinted glass walls.[4][12] These glass walls were coated with a dark-purple mylar film before 2005.[4] Single-story wings extend outward from the main terminal to the north and south, and contain several door openings within the concave walls. Inside these wings are maintenance areas.[19]

Interior

Original head house

Though the head house is two stories tall, it contains an intermediate level, joined to the lower level by a central staircase and to the upper level by four peripheral staircases.[21][22] Ceramic tiles line the walls and floors.[19][22] The TWA Flight Center incorporated many innovations for its time, including closed circuit television, a central public address system, baggage carousels, electromechanical split-flap display schedule board and baggage scales, and the satellite clustering of gates away from the main terminal.[10][14][23][24] The intermediate level contains an area facing east, where passengers could originally see the tarmac.[25] By the early 1990s, to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, a switchback ramp had been added between the lower level and the intermediate level.[26]

The ticket counter and baggage claim areas were placed at ground level, on the other side of the curbside canopy, to maximize convenience for passengers.[10] A sculpted marble information desk rose from the floor as a single slab.[19][13] There are also mechanical, service, and office areas in a partial basement under the intermediate level, as well as a tunnel that led to Flight Wing 1.[25]

A concrete balcony on the upper floor spans the central staircase from the lower floor to the intermediate level.[22][25] The TWA operated its Ambassador Club on the northern (left) portion of the upper floor.[22][27] Three restaurants were located on the southern (right) portion of the upper floor: the Constellation Club, Lisbon Lounge, and Paris Café.[28][22] Offices were also located on the upper level, north and south of the public areas.[25]

A footbridge spans the upper floor
Ambassador Club
Union News restaurants coffee shop by Raymond Loewy in 1962

Terminal 5 and TWA Hotel

Terminal 5 has a 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) retail area with 22 food concessions and 35 specialty retail stores[8] along with free wireless Internet access, a children's play area and a 1,500-space parking garage.[29][30] As the first airline terminal at JFK designed after the September 11, 2001, attacks,[31][32] T5 contains 20 security lanes, one of the largest checkpoints in a US airline terminal.[33]

Two buildings, north and south of the newer T5 structure, encircle the original headhouse to the east. These buildings are part of the TWA Hotel, which has 512 guest rooms, 40,000 square feet of meeting space, and an observation deck of 10,000 square feet.[34][35][36] The hotel is located outside the sterile area of Terminal 5.[29] The hotel's decorations, replicas of the original furnishings, include brass lighting, walnut-accented furnishings, and rotary phones. The hallways contain red carpeting, evocative of the color of the furniture in the original TWA lounge. The rooms also contain modern amenities such as blackout curtains and multiple-pane soundproof windows.[37][38]

Passageways
A passageway from the head house

The two passageways leading from the head house are completely enclosed and cross a service roadway that serves T5 and the TWA Hotel.[22][25] The passageway leading southeast was called Flight Tube 2, while the passageway leading northeast was called Flight Tube 1.[4] These tubes are covered in concrete, with an elliptical cross section as well as indirect lighting.[12] As a measure to save costs, the passageways did not have moving walkways.[15] The passageways originally led to Flight Wings 1 and 2, and ascended about 6 feet (1.8 m) between the head house and the respective flight wings. Flight Tube 1 was about 232 feet (71 m) long while Flight Tube 2 was 272 feet (83 m) long.[25] Following the opening of the TWA Hotel, the tubes connect the head house to additional rooms in the hotel, as well as to T5.[39][40]

Flight wings
Floor plans for the passenger sections of Flight Wings 1 (left) and 2 (right)Floor plans for the passenger sections of Flight Wings 1 (top) and 2 (bottom)

Flight Tube 2 connected to Flight Wing 2, from the 1962 Saarinen design, while Flight Tube 1 connected to Flight Wing 1, from a 1967–1970 expansion designed by successor firm Roche-Dinkeloo.[4][16] Both sections were characterized as being "violin"-shaped, with jetways extending outward from the end of each wing.[4] The flight wings had a base made of concrete and plaster, as well as a passenger concourse cantilevered above the base.[25]

Flight Wing 2, shaped like a multi-sided polygon, was the smaller of the two structures, with seven gates;[41] it contained utilitarian decor as well as a small flight operation center above the passenger area.[42][43] Two bridges led to departure lounges (labeled gates 39 and 42), which could both fit 100 passengers; these had a red-and-oyster color scheme with furnishings.[13][42] Flight Wing 1 was much larger than Flight Wing 2, having been built to accommodate Boeing 747 jumbo jets, and had 10 gates. Flight Wing 1 contained four levels, which served passengers, Federal Inspection Services, and operations; there were also baggage claim carousels in Flight Wing 1's basement, connected to the head house via people mover.[41] Both flight wings were demolished with the construction of T5.[8]

History
Early site model showing satellite passenger piers

New York International Airport, also known as Idlewild Airport, began construction in 1943 on the site of the Idlewild Beach Golf Course in southern Queens,[44] and had been operating since 1948 with a single terminal building and a control tower.[45][46] The following year, Trans World Airlines (TWA) signed a lease with the Port of New York Authority (later the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, or PANYNJ), which operated Idlewild Airport.[47][48] TWA had begun flying internationally in 1946 from New York's LaGuardia Airport with flights to Paris, London, Rome, Athens, Cairo, Lisbon, and Madrid.[48][49] In 1950, as both a domestic and international carrier, the former Transcontinental and Western Airlines changed its name to Trans World Airways.[50][49] By 1954, Idlewild had the highest volume of international air traffic of any airport globally.[45][51]

1955–1962: Planning, design, and construction

In 1955, the "Terminal City" master plan was developed for Idlewild Airport. All of the major airlines, including TWA, would build their own terminals, while smaller airlines would be served from an International Arrivals Building.[52][53][54] When the locations of each airline's terminal was announced, TWA and Pan Am were each assigned a spot on one side of the International Airlines Building; TWA's hangar was on the opposite side of its assigned lot.[48] Under the leadership of TWA president Ralph S. Damon, TWA hired Eero Saarinen and his Detroit-based firm to design the TWA Flight Center.[48][55][56] TWA was described as having "vision and confidence" for the project.[48][57] TWA anticipated that at peak hours, the terminal would accommodate a thousand passengers, with two thousand departures and arrivals per hour.[6] Additionally, TWA needed fourteen positions at the terminal for large jets.[11][58] Eero Saarinen's wife Aline recalled that her husband saw most other air terminals as being ugly, shoddy, and inconvenient.[6][59] By contrast, Eero Saarinen wanted the new terminal to be practically useful as well as a symbol to "interpret the sensation of flying."[60][61]

Construction photo showing self-supporting thin-shell construction in 1962

The Saarinen team started devising designs for the terminal's form in February 1956.[11] Although the site assigned to TWA was not the airline's first choice for an Idlewild terminal, the design team took advantage of the site to design a highly visible terminal.[10] Unhappy with initial designs, Saarinen asked TWA for more time and took an additional year to resolve the design.[3] Roche said that one initial design had called for an oval shell upon four piers, but that Saarinen had rejected that plan as awkward.[62] Furthermore, engineer Abba Tor had warned that a single slab of concrete might crack.[63] To model the roof of the TWA terminal, Saarinen's team composed several models made of wire, cardboard, and clay.[7][10][62] Models for the interior were also created; Roche said that the area around the center staircase was redone at least ten times.[64] While the Saarinen office created some 130 possible plans for the terminal, the contractors provided hundreds of their own drawings as well. Cross-sections and contour maps were also devised. The drawings took some 5,500 man-hours to produce.[7]

By November 1957, TWA had announced a design with a projected cost of $12 million.[10][58][65] Aline Saarinen worked with TWA to coordinate marketing activities centered on the terminal from the building announcement to its completion in 1962.[66] The plans were revised in 1958 after Saarinen's original design was determined to be too expensive.[67] Though both flight wings had been included in the original plan, only Flight Wing 2 was initially built as a cost-saving measure. The passageways were to have a glazed roof and moving walkways in the original plan, but these features were absent in the final construction, and two "arms" flanking the head house had been removed.[15]

Fourteen engineers and 150 workers were involved in construction,[68] which began in June 1959.[58][68] When Eero Saarinen died unexpectedly of a brain tumor in 1961,[69] Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo formed Roche-Dinkeloo, which worked to complete the building.[70] A grid was also devised to manage the steel-pipe scaffolding at the construction site, and 5,500 supports were used in the scaffolding.[68][71][72] The contour maps were precise to intervals of 1 foot (0.30 m).[68][71] Although the project employed carpenters with "no special skill", the procedures were precise enough that they allowed for a maximum deviation of only 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) from the plan.[71] The roof was poured as a single form starting on August 31, 1960;[68][73] the work took 120 hours.[74] By the end of 1960, the roof was fully supported by the four "Y"-shaped piers, and the scaffolding was removed.[58][72]

1962–2002: Original terminal
Exterior view of the terminal, seen from the land side

By March 1962, the incomplete TWA terminal was being used by passengers to get to planes.[75][76] The unfinished terminal building was also used for a fundraising benefit that April.[77] The completed terminal was dedicated on May 28, 1962.[78][79][80] Most other major U.S. airlines had completed their Idlewild terminals sooner: after the opening of the International Arrivals Building in 1957, United Airlines and Eastern Air Lines opened their own terminals in 1959, followed by American Airlines and Pan American World Airways (Worldport) in 1960, and Northwest Airlines and TWA in 1962.[52][81] The National Airlines Sundrome would be last, in 1969.[81] The airport's name was changed to John F. Kennedy International Airport in 1963.[82] Despite being finished relatively late compared to other terminals at JFK Airport, the TWA Flight Center incorporated many novel features for its time, which influenced the design of other airport terminals.[23][24]

The terminal as completed had seven aircraft positions, six of which were available from Flight Wing 2; the other boarding position was available from a temporary structure attached to Flight Tube 1.[14][76] As with many terminals designed before the advent of jumbo jets, increased passenger traffic and security issues, the design proved difficult to update as air travel evolved; terminal gates close to the street made centralized ticketing and security checkpoints difficult.[28][83] International flights at JFK during the 1960s were routed through the International Arrivals Building, and the structure attached to Flight Tube 1 was functionally inadequate.[83] By 1967, TWA announced that it would build Flight Wing 1 on the northwest to accommodate wide-body aircraft, hiring Roche-Dinkeloo to design the $20 million expansion.[84][85] Work started in 1968,[83] and the concrete shell was finished by that December.[86] Flight Wing 1 opened on February 25, 1970,[87] but the wing was not dedicated until March 20, when international passengers could pass through the terminal directly.[88] With the addition of Flight Wing 1 came the expansion of the ticketing counter in the head house. The baggage handling area was expanded and the new addition was connected to the basement of Flight Wing 1.[41]

By 1979, TWA had built a traffic island with a canopy to provide shelter for passengers waiting for ground transport.[89] The shelter, constructed by firm Witthoefft & Rudolf, won the Albert S. Bard Award for architectural excellence.[90] In the 1980s, a "temporary" wooden walkway was built to connect to the Sundrome when TWA expanded its operations there. By 1992, the TWA Flight Center was in "tawdry condition", with parts of the structure appearing actively deteriorated.[91] The PANYNJ considered demolishing the building, but the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated it as an exterior and interior landmark in 1994, preserving it.[23][40] Instead, the PANYNJ started considering plans for what would become the T5 expansion.[40] Elastomeric coating was added to the roof in 1999 to prevent leakage.[19]

TWA continued to financially deteriorate during the 1990s, and after it eliminated many routes in 1996, moved most of its New York operations to the TWA Flight Center.[92] TWA eventually sold its assets to American Airlines in October 2001.[17] For three months, American Airlines still operated flights out of the TWA Flight Center.[93] The terminal was officially closed in January 2002 with the expiration of the lease that had been held by TWA.[93][94] By then, airport officials saw the terminal as functionally outdated.[95]

2001–2005: Preservation attempts
Departures board in the head house

As a bi-state agency, the PANYNJ could legally bypass the Landmarks Preservation Commission's designation and demolish parts of the terminal. However, after preservationists raised concerns, the PANYNJ proposed an alternative that would preserve the tubes and build a new structure east of the existing building. The PANYNJ still wished to destroy one or both of the flight wings.[95][96] By August 2001, the PANYNJ presented its first proposal, which entailed converting the head house into a restaurant or conference center, while encircling the existing building with one or possibly two new terminals. The concept received opposition from the Municipal Art Society (MAS), as well as architects Philip Johnson and Robert A.M. Stern.[97] The opposition suggested the building, which brought passengers into immediate view of the sky and aircraft beyond, would be "strangled" if wrapped by another terminal, and that wrapping the Saarinen head house with another terminal would not preserve the spirit of the building but would mummify it "like flies in amber."[97] Philip Johnson, speaking at the 2001 presentation, said of the proposal:

This building represents a new idea in 20th-century architecture, and yet we are willing to strangle it by enclosing it within another building. Imagine, tying a bird's wings up. This will make the building invisible. If you're going to strangle a building to death, you might as well tear it down.[97]

By late 2002, there was still no agreement on the usage of the TWA Flight Center, except that the head house and passageways would be preserved.[93] The following year, PANYNJ and JetBlue agreed on a plan that would include reopening the TWA Flight Center and constructing a new 26-gate Terminal 5 behind the TWA Flight Center. At the time, JetBlue was operating out of the adjacent Terminal 6, the Sundrome, and was the airport's fastest growing carrier.[98] The PANYNJ and JetBlue came to an agreement on the construction of the new terminal itself in August 2004.[99]

In the time that the TWA Flight Center stood disused, it was utilized for brief events. Shortly after its closure, the head house was used for the filming of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can.[100] In 2004, the dormant head house briefly hosted an art exhibition called Terminal 5,[101] featuring the work of 19 artists from 10 countries.[28][102] The theme of the show featured work, lectures and temporary installations drawing inspiration from the terminal's architecture—and was to run from October 1, 2004 to January 31, 2005[28]—though it closed abruptly after the building itself was vandalized during its opening gala.[56][103][104] The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.[1][17]

2005–present: new JetBlue terminal
The JetBlue T5 reopening logo

In December 2005, the PANYNJ began construction of the T5 facility behind and partially encircling Saarinen's head house.[17] Peripheral portions of the head house were demolished to make space for a larger 26-gate facility designed by Gensler.[8] Originally, there were also tentative plans to renovate one of the departure lounges, known as The Trumpet.[105] During the construction of the new, Gensler-designed terminal, The Trumpet was lifted and moved 1,500 ft (460 m)[106] at a cost of $895,000,[105] only to be later demolished when the project's budget prioritized renovating the head house.[17] The original terminal had to be renovated to remove asbestos and replace deteriorated sections of the facility. The head house was planned to be used as an approach to the new T5 facility, and both buildings would be collectively known as Terminal 5.[107]

T5 reopened on October 22, 2008,[8][108] with JetBlue using an abstraction of the Saarinen terminal's gull-wing shape as the official logo for the event, an abstraction of the new terminal floor plan for the signage[17][109] and counting down the reopening via Twitter.[30] At the time of the T5 opening, JetBlue and PANYNJ had yet to complete renovation of the original Saarinen head house, and the building had stood empty while they decided what its future role should be. Early proposals included a conference center, an aviation museum, and a restaurant,[105] or a place to check in for flights departing from the newer JetBlue T5 building.[110]

2016–2019: Conversion of head house into hotel
Front view of the TWA Hotel

In April 2015, The Wall Street Journal reported that JetBlue and its partner, a hotel developer, were negotiating for the rights to turn the head house into a hotel.[111] Three months later, state governor Andrew Cuomo confirmed that the Saarinen building would become part of the TWA Hotel, a new on-site hotel for airport passengers.[112] Construction began in December 2016.[113] The structures on either side of the head house were demolished, though the head house was retained,[114] and additional structures were built.[115] During the head house's conversion into a hotel, many original details, such as the custom ceramic floor tiles and the 486 variously-shaped window panels, were replaced with replicas of the originals.[38][116] The departure board from the original construction was also restored. The hotel opened on May 15, 2019.[117]

Critical reception and landmark status

We wanted passengers passing through the building to experience a fully-designed environment in which each part arises from another and everything belongs to the same formal world.

— Eero Saarinen[118]

Under TWA president Damon's guidance, Saarinen had designed the terminal as "a building that starts your flight with your first glimpse of it and increases your anticipation after you arrive".[48][55] The airline wanted a structure "represent[ing] a daring departure from conventional air terminal concepts".[24] Shortly after the plans for the TWA Flight Center were announced in 1957, The New York Times described the plan as "hav[ing] a startling effect" for first-time visitors, but "not so revolutionary" inside.[119] Another newspaper said that the TWA terminal was "planned to combine the functional realities of a jet-age air terminal with the aesthetic drama of flight".[120]

While the TWA terminal's design had several critics and skeptics, it was still described as being appropriate in the context of the Jet Age.[68][76] Architect Robert A. M. Stern called the TWA Flight Center a symbolic "Grand Central of the jet age".[121] Ada Louise Huxtable, architecture critic for the Times, saw the TWA Flight Center as a bright spot in the "mediocrity" of JFK Airport.[76][122] The interior was also praised. Critic Edgar Kaufmann Jr. in 1962 called the interior "one of the few major works of American architecture in recent years that reaches its full stature as an interior".[22][57][123] Ken Macrorie of The Reporter compared the tarmac-facing waiting room to a railroad hub's waiting area and alluded to the similarities with the city's original Pennsylvania Station, which was demolished shortly after the TWA Flight Center was finished.[13][124] Adulation for the design continued through the 1990s, long after its completion.[123][125] Progressive Architecture magazine stated in 1992 that the terminal "represented a high point not only in the design of air terminals, but in the exercise of corporate responsibility".[91] Two years later, Times critic Herbert Muschamp called the TWA Flight Center "the most dynamically modeled space of its era".[126]

JFK Airport's vice president of redevelopment described the newer encircling Terminal 5 as "a very practical, very efficient building" in 2005.[16] T5 was also described as "hyper-efficient"[31] and a "monument to human throughput".[110] One reviewer said that T5 "might be the [...] best" terminal at JFK Airport.[29]

When the TWA Flight Center was completed, it received numerous accolades and awards, including from the Queens Center of Commerce[127] and the New York Concrete Industrial Board.[128] The American Institute of Architects gave the terminal an Award of Merit in 1963, and it was featured in magazines printed internationally;[68] in addition, Saarinen won the AIA Gold Medal posthumously in 1962.[129] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission held public hearings on the possibility of designating the TWA Flight Center's exterior and interior as official city landmarks in 1993.[130][131] The exterior and interior were designated as landmarks on July 19, 1994,[12][23][132] though the exterior designation excluded the gate structure attached to the northeastern tube.[133] The Municipal Art Society nominated the facility to the National Trust for Historic Preservation's list of the 11 Most Endangered Places in America in 2004, after the terminal's closure.[101] On September 7, 2005, the National Park Service listed the TWA Flight Center on the National Register of Historic Places.[17][1]

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See also

References

Notes
  1. Saarinen worked with the same team in executing the Kresge Auditorium (1953–1955) and the main terminal at Dulles International Airport (1958–1962).[2]
  2. In its reports about the TWA Flight Center, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission uses modified cardinal directions for convenience.[13] In this article, the precise cardinal directions are used.

Citations
  1. "National Register of Historic Places 2005 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. 2005. p. 242. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  2. Whitehead, Rob (2014). "Saarinen's shells: The evolution of engineering influence". Iowa State University Digital Repository: 84. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
  3. Makovsky, Paul (September 19, 2005). "Reconsidering Eero". Metropolis Magazine. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  4. National Park Service 2005, p. 3.
  5. Saarinen, Eero (2006). Eero Saarinen: Shaping the Future. Yale University Press. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-9724881-2-9. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  6. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1994, p. 5.
  7. Architectural Forum 1960, p. 119.
  8. "Mayor Bloomberg, Port Authority and Jetblue Cut Ribbon on New $875 Million Terminal at JFK Airport". Media-Newswire.com. September 23, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  9. "Gensler Designing Jet Blue Terminal at JFK Airport". Architectural Record. August 10, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  10. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1994, p. 6.
  11. Roche 1958, p. 79.
  12. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1994, p. 8.
  13. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1994, p. 8.
  14. Stoff, Joshua (2009). John F. Kennedy International Airport. Images of Aviation. Arcadia Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-7385-6468-5. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  15. National Park Service 2005, p. 23.
  16. Blum, Andrew (July 21, 2005). "JetBlue's Terminal Takes Wing". Business Week, Innovation. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  17. Dunlap, David W. (February 21, 2008). "Saarinen Terminal to Reopen at Kennedy Airport". City Room. The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  18. Leubkeman, Christopher Hart. "Form Swallows Function" in Progressive Architecture 1992, p. 108.
  19. National Park Service 2005, p. 4.
  20. Architectural Forum 1960, p. 122.
  21. National Park Service 2005, pp. 4–5.
  22. Landmarks Preservation Commission Interior 1994, p. 7.
  23. Dunlap, David W. (July 20, 1994). "T.W.A.'s Hub Is Declared A Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  24. National Park Service 2005, p. 8.
  25. National Park Service 2005, p. 5.
  26. Progressive Architecture 1992, pp. 92–93.
  27. Roche 1958, p. 81.
  28. "Now Boarding: Destination, JFK". The Architects Newspaper. September 21, 2004. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  29. Cheslaw, Louis (January 31, 2020). "JFK's Terminal 5 Is Actually a Decent Place to Hang Out". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  30. Maynard, Micheline (October 22, 2008). "JetBlue Twitters its New Terminal". The Lede. The New York Times. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  31. van Dyk, Deirdre (August 5, 2008). "Where JetBlue Put Its Millions". Time Magazine. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
  32. Hart, Sara (December 1, 2008). "Prepared for Takeoff". Architects Online. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  33. Dunlap, David W. (March 11, 2008). "An Airline Terminal for a Security-Wary Era". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  34. Gannon, Devin (September 29, 2017). "New details about JFK's TWA Hotel revealed, on track to open in 18 months". 6sqft. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  35. Plitt, Amy (September 29, 2017). "TWA Hotel unveils new renderings, retro-themed sales lounge". Curbed NY. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  36. Matthews, Karen (October 12, 2017). "Hotel at iconic TWA terminal will evoke glamour of jet age". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  37. Brown, Genevieve Shaw (April 17, 2018). "Step inside the brand new TWA hotel at JFK airport in New York City". ABC News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  38. Plitt, Amy (April 17, 2018). "TWA Hotel's rooms will combine the best of '60s style: first look". Curbed NY. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
  39. Jacobs, Karrie (May 29, 2019). "The Seductive Fantasy of Saarinen's TWA Terminal". Architect Magazine. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  40. Firshein, Sarah (July 23, 2019). "How the TWA Terminal, a midcentury icon, became one of NYC's coolest new hotels". Curbed NY. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  41. National Park Service 2005, p. 27.
  42. National Park Service 2005, pp. 5–6.
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Sources
External images
TWA Flight Center: c. 1962, Departure & Arrival Board
TWA Flight Center: c. 1962, Departure & Arrival Corridor
TWA Flight Center: c. 1962, Interior View

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