Tōkai–Tōsan dialect

The Tōkai–Tōsan dialect (東海東山方言 Tōkai–Tōsan hōgen) is a group of the transitional Japanese dialects spoken in the southern and eastern Chūbu region. The dialects spoken in the northwest Chubu region are classified as the Hokuriku dialect of Western Japanese. The Tokai–Tosan dialect has three sub-groups: Gifu–Aichi, Echigo, and Nagano–Yamanashi–Shizuoka. These are transitional between Western and Eastern Japanese; which branch of the family they fall in depends on which isoglosses are taken as definitive. (See Eastern and Western Japanese for details.)

Tōkai–Tōsan Japanese
Chūbu dialect
Native toJapan
RegionChūbu
Japonic
  • Japanese
    • Eastern Japanese
      • Tōkai–Tōsan Japanese
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologtoka1245[1]
Chartreuse: the transitional Tōkai–Tōsan dialects (Gifu–Aichi and Echigo), with both Eastern and Western features. Green: prototypical Eastern Japanese dialects (Yamanashi, Nagano, Eastern Shizuoka).

Nagano–Yamanashi–Shizuoka

The Nagano–Yamanashi–Shizuoka a.k.a. Na-Ya-Shi dialects are spoken in Nagano Prefecture, Yamanashi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture. It is characterized by a presumptive suffix -zura or -ra.

  • Nagano a.k.a. Shinshū dialect (Nagano Prefecture)
    • Okushinano dialect (Sakae, the northernmost village)
    • Hokushin dialect (northern area)
    • Tōshin dialect (eastern area)
    • Chūshin dialect (central area)
    • Nanshin dialect (southern area)
  • Shizuoka dialect (Shizuoka Prefecture especially central area)
    • Izu dialect (eastern Shizuoka Prefecture, formerly known as Izu Province)
    • Ikawa dialect (the upper reaches of the Ōi River) - language island
    • Enshū dialect (western Shizuoka Prefecture, formerly known as Tōtōmi Province)
  • Kōshū a.k.a. Yamanashi dialect (Yamanashi Prefecture, especially western area)
    • Narada dialect (Narada village in Hayakawa) - language island

Echigo

The Echigo dialect is spoken in mainly Niigata Prefecture, formerly known as Echigo Province.

  • Niigata dialect (city of Niigata)
  • Nagaoka dialect (central Niigata Prefecture, centered Nagaoka)
  • Jōetsu dialect (western Niigata Prefecture, centered Jōetsu)
  • Uonuma dialect (southern Niigata Prefecture)

Gifu–Aichi

The Gifu–Aichi a.k.a. Gi–A dialects are spoken in Gifu Prefecture and Aichi Prefecture. They share many grammar features with Western Japanese.

  • At the beginning of the movie Your Name the teacher teaches students differences between the standard Japanese language and the Tōkai-Tōsan dialect.
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References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Tōkai–Tōsan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
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