Summits of the Americas
The Summits of the Americas (SOA) are a series of international summit meetings bringing together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). All countries have sent representatives to all meetings except for Cuba, who was expelled from the OAS under US pressure after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 7th Summit held in Panama in 2015 and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit.[1][2] In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the Organization of American States, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.
List of summits
| Summit | Dates | Host Country | Host City | Host leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | December 9–11, 1994 |  | Miami | Bill Clinton |
| 2nd | April 18–19, 1998 |  | Santiago | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle |
| 3rd | April 20–22, 2001 | .svg.png){kind=small} | Quebec City | Jean Chrétien |
| 4th | November 4–5, 2005 |  | Mar del Plata | Néstor Kirchner |
| 5th | April 17–19, 2009 |  | Port-of-Spain | Patrick Manning |
| 6th | April 14–15, 2012 |  | Cartagena | Juan Manuel Santos Calderón |
| 7th | April 10–11, 2015 |  | Panama City | Juan Carlos Varela |
| 8th | April 13–14, 2018 |  | Lima | Martín Vizcarra |
The summits that garnered most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata events, both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti–Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.
OAS member states
All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.
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Non-members
The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.
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(Overseas region)
(Overseas region)
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(Overseas collectivity)
(Overseas collectivity)
(Overseas collectivity)
(Constituent country)
(Public body)
(Constituent country)
(Public body)
(Constituent country)
(Public body)
(Overseas territory)
(Overseas territory)
(Overseas territory)
(Overseas territory)
Disputed with Argentina
(Overseas territory)
(Overseas territory)
Disputed with Argentina
(Overseas territory)
(Overseas territory)
(unincorporated unorganized territory)
Disputed with Haiti
(Unincorporated organized commonwealth)
(Unincorporated organized territory)
(Micronation, Honorary & unofficial Member)[13]
References
- Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba," Havana Times. April 15, 2009.
- http://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/04/13/business/business-breaking/cubas-raul-castro-skips-summit-of-the-americas/
- Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
- Summit Americas: I summit (1st)
- Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
- Summit Americas: III summit (3rd)
- Summit Americas: IV summit (4th)
- Summit Americas: V summit (5th)
- Summit Americas: VI summit (6th)
- Summit Americas: VII summit (7th)
- Summit Americas: VIII summit (8th)
- Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
- https://keywest.floridaweekly.com/articles/conch-republic-days-2/
- Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86569-288-6; OCLC 48132063
External links
- Summits of the Americas
- The Fifth Summit of The Americas
- Summits of the Americas Follow-up System (SISCA)
- Follow-up and Implementation of Summits
- Summits Virtual community (SVC)