Buenos Aires Underground

The Buenos Aires Underground (Spanish: Subterráneo de Buenos Aires), locally known as Subte (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsuβte], from subterráneo – 'underground' or 'subterranean'), is a rapid transit system that serves the area of the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The first section of this network (Plaza de Mayo-Plaza Miserere) opened in 1913, making it the 13th subway in the world, and first underground railway in Latin America, the Southern Hemisphere and the Spanish-speaking world, with the Madrid Metro opening five years later, in 1919. As of 2015, Buenos Aires is the only Argentine city with a metro system, but there is a proposal to build a metro in the city of Córdoba (the Córdoba Metro), while a proposal to build a metro in Rosario was shelved in favour of a tramway network.[3][4]

Buenos Aires Underground
Subterráneo de Buenos Aires
Bolívar station.
Overview
OwnerSubterráneos de Buenos Aires S.E. (government corporation)
LocaleBuenos Aires
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines7[1]
Number of stations104
Daily ridership1.38 million (2018) [2]
WebsiteCity of Buenos Aires
Operation
Began operation1 December 1913 (1913-12-01)
Operator(s)Metrovías
Technical
System length56.7 km (35.2 mi)[1]
63.1 km (39.2 mi) including Premetro[1]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification = 1500 V overhead line
= 550 V third rail
= 750 V overhead line
System map

Currently, the underground network's six lines—A, B, C, D, E, and H—comprise 56.7 kilometers (35.2 mi) of route that serve 87 stations. The network is complemented by the 7.4 km (4.6 mi) long Premetro line, and the 26 km (16 mi) long Urquiza suburban line, with 17 more stations in total. Traffic on lines moves on the left, because at the moment of system's open Argentina drove on the left. As of 2015, the underground also has 4 closed stations, and lines E and H are undergoing expansions. Over a million passengers use the network, which also provides connections with the city's extensive commuter rail and bus rapid transport networks.

The network expanded rapidly during the early decades of the 20th century; by 1944 its main routes were completed, with the addition of its newest line occurring as late as 2007. The pace of expansion fell sharply after the Second World War. In the late 1990s expansion resumed at a quicker pace, and four new lines were planned for the network. Despite this, the network's expansion has been largely exceeded by the transportation needs of the city and is said to be overcrowded. As of 2015, two modernisation plans have been presented: City of Buenos Aires law 670, proposing the creation of 3 new lines, F, G and I; and the PETERS plan, wherein 2 lines are created and the I line is postponed for future expansion, plus several other route amendments.

The entire network was nationalised in 1939, remaining in state hands and operation until the mid-1990s when it entered into a concession model. The previously state-operated lines were offered as 20-year concessions to interested private parties; the two complementary lines were also included in this privatisation and all have been operated by Metrovías since 1995, though the network and rolling stock remain the property of the City of Buenos Aires.

History

The Subte opened in 1913, becoming the 13th underground system in the world,[5] as well as the first in Latin America, the Southern Hemisphere and the Hispanophone world,[6] followed by the Madrid Metro in 1919.[7][8] The network was originally built and operated by three separate private companies and later nationalised in 1939. In 1952 it was absorbed by a unified state administration, in 1963 it became the property of a newly founded company, which changed hands in 1979.[9] The Subte then entered into a concession model in the mid-1990s through which private sector parties were to submit bids to execute investment plans "designed and funded" by the state, while implemented by the concessionaire. All the Underground lines, along with the Urquiza Line and Premetro were offered as 20-year concessions to interested private parties. By 1995, Metrovías took over the Subte under a $395 million plan.[10]

Early days
See also: Line A (Buenos Aires Underground) and Trams in Buenos Aires
The Le Tellier aerial tramway was an early proposed alternative to the existing tramway system (1889).
Vice president Victorino de la Plaza opening Line A (1913)
Construction of Line A under the Avenida de Mayo (1912)
In its early days, Line A continued on above ground (1913).
Entrance to Diagonal Norte station on Line C (1936)
Inside a Line B Metropolitan Cammell car, circa 1938
Evolution of the network from 1913 to 2015.

Discussions on the need to build an underground transportation system in Buenos Aires began in the late nineteenth century, alongside the tramway system, which was one of the most extensive in the world at the time. The first trams appeared in 1870, and by about 1900 the system was in a crisis exacerbated by the monopolisation of the lines, which had concentrated under the ownership of fewer companies during the electrification of the system.[11]

In this context, the first proposals for the building of an underground system were made, along with requests for government grants: first, in 1886, and several more in 1889. However, the Ministry of Interior (Ministerio del Interior, in Spanish) denied the city administration the power to license building in the city's subsoil and for this reason, subsequent drafts were submitted directly to this ministry.[12] In 1894, when it was decided to construct the Congress building in its present location, the underground idea was revived, since it would shorten the travel time between the Casa Rosada and the Congress. In 1896 Miguel Cané, former Mayor of Buenos Aires (1892–1893), expressed the need to build an underground railway similar to the one in London[13][14]

There were numerous proposals at the time to build an electric aerial tramway, with one such line to go down the Avenida de Mayo.[14][15] One proposal was the 1889 Le Tellier proposal, which envisioned multiple lines running along the city's wider avenues with the trams moved using cables and would hang from steel rails fixed to 6-metre-high (20 ft) steel and iron posts positioned in 10-to-15-metre (33 to 49 ft) intervals. The lines would take 24 months to build, and construction would commence 3 months after their approval by the Argentine National Congress, a decision which was ultimately not taken, favouring instead an underground tramway.[15][16]

The first Underground line was opened on 1 December 1913 and was built by the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company (AATC), which had been given permission to build in 1909. That line was made up of one of the existing sections of Line A, linking the stations of Plaza de Mayo and Plaza Miserere.[17] 170,000 passengers took part in the line's first trip.[18] On 1 April 1914 the line was to expand to Río de Janeiro station and on 1 July was extended to Primera Junta Station.[18]

In 1912 the Lacroze Hermanos company won a concession to build another Underground line. The company was a competitor to the Anglo-Argentine company, operating tramways in Buenos Aires as well as the Buenos Aires Central Railway, which later became part of the Urquiza Line.[19] Construction began in 1927 and this line became Line B when it was inaugurated on 17 October 1930.[18][20] During 17–18 December 380,000 passengers travelled on the line's then 32 cars.[18] The line was originally intended to continue above ground, with the current Federico Lacroze station to be the central terminal of the Buenos Aires Central Railway (today the General Urquiza Railway), however nowadays the overground service forms part of the Urquiza Line instead.[21]

By the 1920s, the Argentine government was dissatisfied with the lack of progress the AATC (which enjoyed a near-monopoly on the city's tramways by this point) had made in expanding the rest of the network and thus revoked its right to build any more lines in 1930, seeking instead another company to do so.[22] By this point, the AATC had only built 48 metres of what is today Line C, a line which would link two of the city's most important rail terminals (Constitución and Retiro) together.[23] In 1933 a third company, the Hispano-Argentina Company of Public Works and Finances (Compañía Hispano–Argentina de Obras Públicas y Finanzas (CHADOPYF), in Spanish) began construction of the other Underground lines.[24] Line C's first section, Constitución railway station-Diagonal Norte, was inaugurated on 9 November 1934 by Agustín P. Justo, then President of Argentina.[18]

CHADOPyF opened Line D in 1937, from Catedral through Tribunales; with Line E following later in 1944, from Constitución to San Juan y Urquiza, later joining with Boedo station.[18] By this point the advent of the Second World War had slowed expansion significantly, but the network was 29 km (18 mi) in length with each of the three companies – unusually for an underground network – continuing to run their respective lines, which were financed entirely with private capital, unlike the country's railways which had been largely dependent on subsidies.[23][25]

Nationalisation
Bolívar station on Line E was opened in 1966.
Former logo of SBA (1963–1980s)
Current logo of SBASE (1980s-present)

The entire network was centralised and nationalised in 1939 under the management of the Transport Corporation of Buenos Aires (CTCBA) and the lines were given their current lettered naming scheme, from A to D in the order in which the lines were opened.[11][26] In 1952 the CTCBA was absorbed by the Buenos Aires Transport General Administration (AGTBA) and in 1963, the administration was dissolved and the Underground network became the property of the Subterráneos de Buenos Aires company (SBA).[7][11]

In the early years of nationalisation, interchanges were provided between the lines previously belonging to the three different companies that built them (AATC, CHADOPyF and Lacroze) since previously only the CHADOPyF lines (C, D and E) had formal connections between them. However, the rate of expansion of the network during this period had slowed considerably and only one station was opened during the 1970s.[25]

Four different long-term expansion proposals were put forward between 1964 and 1991 which all proposed adding numerous lines to the network as well as extending the existing ones. Given the political instability characteristic of Argentina during this time, none of these proposals came to fruition, though aspects of them have been incorporated into contemporary expansion plans. One additional proposal put forward in 1973 saw the unification of the city's commuter rail lines through tunnels and incorporated into the Buenos Aires Underground, and while this was also shelved, it has been adapted into the current Red de Expresos Regionales proposal.[27][28]

During the 1960s and 70s, efforts were primarily concentrated on Line E, which was re-routed from its terminus at Constitución to the centre of the city at the Plaza de Mayo in an attempt to boost passenger figures, something which proved to be successful.[25] The segment was opened by president Arturo Illia in 1966 and Spain offered CAF-General Eléctrica Española trains in order to cancel part of the debt it had accrued with Argentina; trains which continue to serve on the line today.[29] The line was extended westward to José María Moreno in 1973, in what would be the only expansion of the decade.

In 1979, SBA became Subterráneos de Buenos Aires Sociedad del Estado (SBASE) under Buenos Aires mayor Osvaldo Cacciatore of the National Reorganisation Process military junta. After a long period of stagnation, the Underground began to be expanded again with Lines B and E within the scope of these plans, though only the extension of Line E was commenced and completed before the transition to democracy where expansion was once again stalled.[30] During this time, four Premetro feeder lines were planned leading out from the western termini of Lines D and E as well as one in Puerto Madero, however only Line E2 was completed in 1987 and these plans were scrapped in 1994 when operation of the Underground changed hands.[31][32]

Privatisation
See also: Metrovías and Railway privatisation in Argentina
Echeverría station is one of the most recent additions to the network.

In 1994 the operation of the network was privatised, along with the country's railways, and is now managed by Metrovías. SBASE (as part of the Government of the City of Buenos Aires) maintained ownership the network, its rolling stock and infrastructure, and administers its expansion and budget. One cosmetic change carried out in the 1990s under private operation was the re-assignation of the colours of the lines, with Lines B and D switching colours, Line C changing from purple to blue and Line E changing from yellow to purple. The change of colours was also accompanied by a standardisation of the network's signage to match the new schemes.[33]

In 2012, the role of Metrovías was lessened to simply operating the lines, while maintenance of infrastructure became the responsibility of SBASE.[33] The relationship between Mauricio Macri's mayoral administration and Metrovías became increasingly strained, with the Government of Buenos Aires issuing multiple fines to the operator.[33] The relationship was further strained in 2013 when Metrovías' 20-year concession ended and has since been renewed on a year-by-year basis, leaving the door open for a state-run or mixed operation.[34] Among the public, privatisation has proved unpopular, with a survey carried out in 2015 indicating that 82% of passengers would like the Underground to be operated by the state instead of a private company.[35]

In more recent years, Line A and Line B have been extended westwards, adding a total of 4 stations to each line between 2003 and 2013.[36][37][38] During the same period, Line H was opened 2007,[18] making it the first completely new line on the underground since Line E, excluding the Premetro.[39] There have also been significant modernisations of infrastructure, signalling systems, stations and the network's rolling stock.[40][41]

The current contract expires on 31 December 2019 with bids being prepared by:[42][43]

Timeline of openings/closures
Date Line Opening(s) Closure
1913-12-01 Plaza de Mayo – Plaza Miserere
1914-04-01 Plaza Miserere – Río de Janeiro
1914-07-01 Río de Janeiro – Primera Junta
1930-10-17 Federico Lacroze – Callao
1931-07-22 Callao – Carlos Pellegrini
1931–12 Carlos Pellegrini – Leandro N. Alem
1934-11-09 Constitución – Diagonal Norte
1936-02-06 Diagonal Norte – Retiro
1937-06-03 Catedral – Tribunales
1940-02-23 Tribunales – Palermo
1944-06-20 Constitución – General Urquiza
1944-12-16 General Urquiza – Boedo (old)
1953-08-06 Paso Sur
Alberti Norte
1960-12-09 General Urquiza – Boedo (current) General Urquiza – Boedo (old)
1966-04-24 Boedo (current) – Av. La Plata
San José – Bolívar		 San José vieja
Constitución
1973-06-23 Av. La Plata – José María Moreno
1985-10-07 José María Moreno – Emilio Mitre
1985-10-31 Emilio Mitre – Medalla Milagrosa
1985-11-27 Medalla Milagrosa – Varela
1986-05-08 Varela – Plaza de los Virreyes
1987-04-29 Intendente Saguier – Centro Cívico
Intendente Saguier – General Savio
1987-12-29 Palermo – Ministro Carranza
1997-05-31 Ministro Carranza – José Hernández
1999-06-21 José Hernández – Juramento
2000-03-13 Fátima
2000-04-27 Juramento – Congreso de Tucumán
2003-08-09 Federico Lacroze – Los Incas/Parque Chas
2006-11-07 Pola
2007-10-18 Once – Caseros
2008-12-23 Primera Junta – Carabobo
2010-12-06 Once – Corrientes
2011-10-04 Caseros – Parque Patricios
2013-05-27 Parque Patricios – Hospitales
2013-07-26 Los Incas/Parque Chas – Juan Manuel de Rosas
2013-09-27 Carabobo – San Pedrito
2015-12-18 Corrientes – Las Heras
2016-07-12 Santa Fe
2018-05-17 Las Heras – Facultad de Derecho
2019-06-03 Bolivar – Retiro

Network and services

The network comprises six underground lines, labelled "A" to "E" and "H" and which are further identified by different colours, covering a total route length of 56.7 kilometers (35.2 mi) and serving 87 stations.[1] There is also one surface 7.4-kilometer (4.6 mi) Premetro line with an additional 17 stations.[1] Daily ridership was approximately 1.11 million in 2015.[1] With the current usage patterns, the entire system is overstretched, and during weekdays overcrowded and with insufficient services. An expansion programme is underway, and it is expected to enlarge the network to 97 kilometers (60 mi) in the future.[44] Similarly, new rolling stock has been incorporated across lines since 2013 to improve capacity and the last of the current orders are set to arrive in 2016 and followed by further orders of new rolling stock, which is expected to increase ridership figures to 1.8 million by 2019.[40]

Fares and operating times
The network historically used token coins, but now uses the SUBE card.

Fares are AR$19.00 flat per trip on the Subte, though these can be as low as AR$11.40as 41st or more per trip depending on how many trips are made per month, while the Premetro has a flat rate of AR$7.00.[45][46], as the fare have been increased multiple time due to devalue of Argentine Peso. While tokens have been used in the past, at present, riders use contactless cards called SUBE, which are rechargeable with multiple forms of payment. Previously, single or multi-use paper cards with a magnetic strip (called Subtepass) were used, however, these were phased out of the system in May 2016, opting instead only to use the digital cards, with the exception of some retired, disabled and student cards.[46][47] Trains run from 05:00 until 23:00, every 3–4 minutes, for all lines except Line H which has a frequency of around 6 minutes.[48] Under modernisation plans commenced in 2013, service frequencies are set to increase to an average of one train every 2:20 by 2019.[40]

Trains originally ran until 01:00, but following the privatisation of the service through concession to Metrovías, the company established an earlier closing time of 23:00 in 1994 to carry out works on the lines; this change was only meant to be temporary, but was never reverted even after the works were completed.[49] There have been numerous petitions as well as a campaign by the City Ombudsman to extend services to 1:30 on weekdays and 3:00 on Fridays and Saturdays. These proposals have been rejected by Subterráneos de Buenos Aires, which stated in 2015 that the reduced schedule is needed in order to carry out infrastructure modernisation works across all the lines while they are closed.[50]

The subte operations are radio-controlled and monitored remotely from the Metrovías Central Operations Post (PCO in Spanish). In it, 24 operators have been monitoring four of the six subway lines (lines C and H have separate monitoring) since 2001. As of 2015, last formations arrive at their respective terminals at approximately 11:30pm, where maintenance and cleaning operations take place until about 04:00am.[18]

Buenos Aires Underground Lines[1]
Line Year of opening Last expansion Original path Current termini Length
(km)		 Number of
stations		 Daily
passengers (2018)[2]
1913 2013 Plaza de Mayo – Plaza Miserere Plaza de Mayo – San Pedrito 9.4 18 (17 per orientation) 258,000
1930 2013 Federico Lacroze – Callao L. N. Alem – J.M. de Rosas 11.8 17 361,000
1934 1936 Constitución – Diagonal Norte Constitución – Retiro 4.5 9 208,000
1937 2000 Catedral – Tribunales Catedral – Congreso de Tucumán 10.5 16 328,000
1944 2019 Constitución – Gral. Urquiza Retiro – Plaza de los Virreyes 11.9 18 94,000
2007 2018 Once – Caseros Facultad de Derecho – Hospitales 8.8 12 128,000

Premetro
Main article: Premetro (Buenos Aires)
Tram by Argentine company Materfer.

The PreMetro line E2 is a 7.4-kilometer (4.6 mi) tramway feeding Line E. The Premetro line opened in 1987. It carries approximately 2,300 passengers daily and is also run by Metrovías.[1] In 2015, SBASE began making plans to refurbish and rebuild many of the stations, including a brand new central terminal, as part of a plan to modernise the network, which also intends to increase the amount of rolling stock in circulation.[51][52] By the end of 2015, the Intendente Saguier terminal had been refurbished, though other works on the line were delayed.[53]

The Premetro was originally intended to include a number of feeder lines to the Underground network, including a second one to Line E and ones on lines C and D. The Premetro project was largely abandoned since it occurred in Argentina's transition to democracy from the military junta and then the privatisation of the railways, which was a difficult time economically for the country, and only Line E2 was built. New Premetro feeder lines have been proposed in recent years, however, the role of the network has given way to the new Metrobus network which covers many of the same routes originally intended for the Premetro.[54][55]

Urquiza Line
Main article: Urquiza Line
Line B rolling stock running above-ground on the Urquiza Line.

Línea Urquiza (in English: Urquiza Line) is a 26-kilometer (16 mi)[1] suburban electric commuter rail line originally designed to be part of the Underground system as part of Line B, and operated by the Underground operator Metrovías. As a result, it has similar characteristics to Line B, using third rail electrification and standard gauge as opposed to the broad gauge used in the Buenos Aires commuter rail network. It runs from the Federico Lacroze terminus in the barrio of Chacarita, to General Lemos terminus, Campo de Mayo in Greater Buenos Aires. The line is completely at grade (ground-level) and uses third rail current collection. It operates 20 hours a day, 7 days a week at 8-to-30-minute intervals. The Urquiza Line transported 15 million passengers in 2013.[1]

Originally the line was planned to run into the centre of Buenos Aires through a long tunnel. But when the tunnel was finally built in 1930, it ended up as the Line B. The access ramp still exists and is in use today, but for maintenance and storage purposes rather than for passenger services.[56] The Urquiza Line itself opened in 1948, so suburban passengers travelling on the Underground's Line B have to transfer to the Urquiza Line at Federico Lacroze station, named after its builder, about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the city centre.[57][58]

Stations and connections
See also: List of Buenos Aires Underground stations

Stations are listed from East to West or North to South. Stations in gray have yet to open. Stations in bold are the current termini. Small interchange icons indicate interchanges under construction
0 km
0 mi
 Plaza de Mayo
0.1 km
0.1 mi
service tunnel
0.3 km
0.2 mi
 Perú
0.7 km
0.4 mi
 Piedras
1.0 km
0.6 mi
 Lima
1.4 km
0.9 mi
 Sáenz Peña
2.0 km
1.2 mi
 Congreso
2.5 km
1.6 mi
 Pasco │ Pasco Sur
2.7 km
1.7 mi
 Alberti Norte │ Alberti
3.3 km
2.1 mi
 Plaza Miserere
4.0 km
2.5 mi
 Loria
4.7 km
2.9 mi
 Castro Barros
5.5 km
3.4 mi
 Río de Janeiro
6.2 km
3.9 mi
 Acoyte
6.7 km
4.2 mi
 Primera Junta
7.0 km
4.3 mi
Polvorín Workshop
7.4 km
4.6 mi
 Puán
8.3 km
5.2 mi
 Carabobo
9.0 km
5.6 mi
 San José de Flores
9.7 km
6 mi
 San Pedrito
10.8 km
6.7 mi
San Pedrito depot
Leandro N. Alem
Florida
 Carlos Pellegrini
Uruguay
 Callao
 Pasteur
 Pueyrredón
Carlos Gardel
 Medrano
 Ángel Gallardo
 Malabia
 Dorrego
Rancagua Workshop
 Federico Lacroze
Urquiza Line
 Tronador - Villa Ortúzar
 Los Incas - Parque Chas
 Echeverría
 Juan Manuel de Rosas
Rosas Workshop
Retiro
General San Martín
San Martín Workshops
 Lavalle
 Diagonal Norte
Service tunnel
 Avenida de Mayo
Moreno
Independencia
San Juan
Line E
San José Workshops
 Constitución
Service tunnel
 Catedral
Service tunnels
 9 de Julio
Tribunales
 Callao
 Facultad de Medicina
 Pueyrredón
Agüero
 Bulnes
 Scalabrini Ortiz
Canning Workshops
 Plaza Italia
 Palermo
Apeadero Carranza
 Ministro Carranza
Olleros
 José Hernández
 Juramento
 Congreso de Tucumán
Manuela Pedraza Garages
 Retiro
Catalinas
 Correo Central
Bolívar
Belgrano
 Independencia
San José
 Constitución
San José vieja
original alignment
 Entre Ríos
 Pichincha
 Jujuy
General Urquiza
 Boedo
 Apeadero Boedo
 Avenida La Plata
 José María Moreno
 Emilio Mitre
 Medalla Milagrosa
 Varela
 Plaza de los Virreyes
Mariano Acosta Workshops
Retiro
Terminal de Ómnibus
Padre Mugica
↑ planned extension
 
 Facultad de Derecho
 Las Heras
 Santa Fe
Córdoba
 Corrientes
Once
Venezuela
 Humberto I
Inclán
Caseros
Colonia Workshops
 Parque Patricios
Shops
Hospitales
Sáenz
under construction
Intendente Saguier
Balbastro
 Mariano Acosta
 Somellera
Workshops
 Ana María Janer
 Fátima
 Fernández de la Cruz
Presidente Illia
Parque de la Ciudad
Cecilia Grierson
 Escalada
 Pola
Ana Díaz
Centro Cívico
 Larrazábal
 Nicolás Descalzi
 Gabino Ezeiza
General Savio

Ghost stations
Alberti Norte station on Line A, closed in 1953.

There are four ghost stations on the Buenos Aires Underground, two on Line A and two on Line E. The Line A stations – Pasco Sur and Alberti Norte – were closed in 1953 since stations in that part of the line were grouped very closely together and having fewer stops would improve the line's frequency. Pasco Sur remains in very good condition, while Alberti Norte was converted into an electrical substation.[59]

The Line E stations were closed in 1966, after the line was re-routed from Constitución railway station (where it connected with Line C) closer to the centre of the city, leaving the San José vieja and Constitución stations out of the network, a move which tripled traffic on the line. The two stations have been used as workshops and storage areas in the past.[29]

At one point it was considered that the two former Line E stations and tunnels should be used for Line F since the line's southern terminus would be there and that part of the route would be roughly similar to the old Line E. However, it was eventually decided that the line should use new tunnels in that section due to its sharp curves.[60]

Expansion plans

Throughout the past, there have been several plans to expand the Underground system as a whole. The underground's routes are said to spread out like "branches of a tree" from the Plaza de Mayo, something Miguel Delibes described as "restrictive".[61] Current expansion efforts attempt to address those restrictions by creating more north–south lines and moving termini away from the city centre.[44] The current expansion plan was approved in the year 2000 under Law 670 and has seen the creation of Line H, as well as the extensions of Line A and Line B westwards. However, in 2015 an alternative plan has been proposed which would make numerous amendments to the Law 670 plan.[62]

Works in progress
New line H and extensions to other lines are under construction.

Line H's extensions to the north from Corrientes to Plaza Francia, serving intermediate stations at Córdoba, Santa Fe and Las Heras, and south from Hospitales with stations at Nueva Pompeya and Sáenz, were initiated with ground-breaking ceremonies on 17 January 2012.[63] Since then, following concerns that the construction of Plaza Francia station would damage the natural beauty of the area surrounding the Recoleta Cemetery, the station was relocated to Facultad de Derecho next to the University of Buenos Aires's faculty of law, with the change delaying the opening of the station until 2018.[64] Cordoba and Las Heras were opened in December 2015, while Santa Fe opened in mid-2016, providing the line with a connection to Line D.[65][66] The 20 new Alstom trains to serve the expected increase in passenger numbers as a result of the connection with Line D began arriving in the country in 2015.[67]

Planned lines
The future network as outlined in Law 670

The future expansion outlined in Law 670 sees the addition of three new lines. These lines' routes have already been approved by the Legislature of the City in Law 670. 39.3 km will be added to the network, expanding it to about 97 km in total length and providing several stations with various interchanges. This will also create new north–south routes, resulting in an appropriate network to avoid the city centre. The new lines will mean that more than two million inhabitants of Buenos Aires (accounting for about 70% of the city centre's population) will live within 400 metres of a metro station. The new lines will run between 56 new stations.

Line F will run from Barracas to Plaza Italia in Palermo and will include 16 new stations. The planned route length of this line is 10.8 km. Construction is due to begin in 2020, once the northern extension of Line H is complete, and as originally planned, the line will have automatic trains and platform screen doors.[68]

Line G will connect Retiro and Caballito/Villa Crespo; 12.5 km long with 15 new stations.[69] Originally, construction was due to start in 2012–2013, however city legislators opposed the turnkey construction proposed by Chinese firms since the total cost would have been 30% higher if it was done with local companies.[70] After this, it was decided to prioritise the other construction projects in the network.

Line I will run Parque Chacabuco to Ciudad Universitaria with 18 new stations. The route length is 12.6 km. The future of this line (which had the lowest priority in the expansion plans) is currently uncertain since it has been proposed that a Metrobus line be built instead, which would follow the same trajectory as the line.[71]

PETERS plan
The PETERS 3 layout was the one recommended in the study.

In October 2015, the city of Buenos Aires together with the Inter-American Development Bank presented a 150-page plan for the Underground called the Strategic and Technical Plan for the Expansion of the Subterranean Network (Plan Estratégico y Técnico para la Expansión de la Red de Subtes, or PETERS), highlighting past expansion efforts and the need to adapt plans to the current needs of the city.[27] In this version of the Underground, Line I is cancelled while Line G takes a different route through the centre of the city terminating at Constitucion railway station after going through the neighbourhood of San Telmo, rather than at Retiro railway station. Other changes include a Retiro Norte node where lines F and H terminate, rather than at Plaza Italia and Retiro respectively, while Line E is extended to Plaza Italia from Retiro – a segment which in the original plan was part of Line F. In these plans, Line C is extended both northwards in a loop to Retiro bus station and southwards to the Buenos Aires Belgrano Sur Line railway station minor terminal.[62]

Such plans are subject to approval by the Buenos Aires City Legislature and would mean the annulment of many of the current expansion plans outlined in Law 670. Some criticisms include the failure of the Peters plan to account for the extension of the Belgrano Sur Line to Constitucion railway station, meaning that Line C's extension to the minor Buenos Aires terminal would be redundant, and that the Retiro Norte node would also be made redundant by the planned Red de Expresos Regionales commuter rail tunnels which are to link the three major railway terminals of the city.[72]

Modernisation of existing lines

Much of the modernisation in recent years has centred around the Underground's rolling stock, with large scale renewals and refurbishments of existing fleets, in particular on Lines A and H. Along with this came the construction of new underground workshops and storage areas on lines A, H and E, as well as the expansion of the existing facilities on Lines B and D.[73]

In September 2015, the president of SBASE highlighted plans for 2015–2019 on the Underground at a conference with other South American mass transit operators in Brazil. One of the largest changes to be made during this period is the upgrading of signalling systems on all lines, with the exception of Line E. Lines A and B are to receive Automatic Train Operation systems, replacing their ATS and ATP systems respectively, whilst lines C, D and H are to receive Communications Based Train Control systems. The implementation of these systems was already under way on Lines C and H as of September 2015, and is due to be completed on other lines before 2019.[40][74] Line D is also to receive platform screen doors along with the CBTC system.[75]

Other works being carried out during this period include the improvement of disabled access in older stations, new ventilation systems on lines B, C and D, improvements in electrification (such as replacing overhead lines and substations) on lines A, B, C and D and the replacement of 14 km of track on Lines C and E. The total investment in this period for these new projects has been set at US$1.34 billion.[40][73][74]

Stations
A "digital space" at Plaza Italia station, which also features the new matte signs.

Starting in 2007, the network's stations began to receive technological updates ranging from Wi-Fi to interactive terminals. Through BA-WIFI (the citywide free internet service), passengers can use internet free of charge across all stations and aboard trains, though this has been delayed on Line A due to complications surrounding the line's age. There are also several "digital spaces" across the network and in its commercial galleries where seating areas are provided, along with recharging stations for mobile devices.[76][77]

In this period, there has also been widespread cosmetic changes to stations, including the restoration of historical murals, the incorporation of new artwork and improving the lighting.[78] The renovations on Line B have been met with criticism for destroying parts of the line's historical patrimony, which dates back to the 1930s.[79] The appearance of the network's signage has also been changed and the new signs have been gradually replacing the old ones since November 2014.[80]

Rolling stock
The Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel stock was replaced by the 300 Series.
CAF 6000 trains were one of the second hand purchases.
Main article: Buenos Aires Underground rolling stock

The Buenos Aires Underground has had among the longest serving and most varied rolling stock in the world, in part due to the network having been originally built and operated by three different companies in its early years, causing incompatibilities between the lines.[81] The network began with uniform rolling stock, with the Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company Anglo-Argentine Line A using La Brugeoise cars (with the exception of a few UEC Preston cars), the three CHADOPyF lines (C, D and E) using Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel stock and Lacroze's Line B using Metro-Cammell cars. However, as the lines were expanded and passenger numbers increased, more rolling stock was needed, which made the network less uniform, particularly with regards to the problematic Line B, which used a different electrification system and measurements to the other lines. Line B also became the first line of the network to receive second-hand rolling stock in 1995.[82]

Current fleets

In more recent years, there have been moves towards greater modernisation and standardisation, with large purchases of new rolling stock from companies like Alstom and China CNR Corporation, as well as smaller orders of second hand rolling stock, which the government of the City of Buenos Aires claims are temporary measures while those lines are modernised to be able to incorporate more modern rolling stock. Such stock has been acquired from Tokyo, Nagoya, and Madrid. From 2013 to 2019, 468 new cars are set to arrive while 232 are receiving refurbishment, bringing the average age of the fleet to 22 years in 2016, down from 34 in 2014.[40]

The network's oldest cars – the La Brugeoise cars – were retired in 2013, while its historically most widely used cars – the Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel cars – were to be retired in 2015, though this was pushed back to June 2016 following delays on the opening of Santa Fe station on Line H.[83][84][85] While there has been much movement of rolling stock, often in a "hand-me-down" manner from higher frequency lines to less used lines (the primary recipient being Line E), the transition to newer models has gone fairly smoothly, despite shortfalls in some lines following extensions. The Fiat-Materfer cars have been the primary stand-ins while the new trains arrive, though this role has also been filled by the Siemens-Schuckert Orenstein & Koppel cars, delaying their retirement.[81][86][87]

Though Line A ran on a different voltage to the rest of the network, it was converted to the 1500 V used on the rest of the network when the 200 Series trains began to arrive.[38] On the other hand, Line B has traditionally been the most troublesome of the network given its different voltage and the fact that it uses third rail electrification as opposed to the overhead lines used on the rest of the network, making it in effect a separate entity not capable of sharing its stock with other lines. Presently this line uses 1960s rolling stock acquired from Tokyo's Eidan 300/400/500/900 series Marunouchi Line, along with CAF 5000 and CAF 6000 stock acquired from Madrid which are to replace the aging Eidan stock.[88] The line, along with its remaining third rail stock, is being converted to overhead lines at 1500 V, after which the entire network will be standardised.[89]

Culture and heritage

The Buenos Aires Underground has historically been characterised by murals and other artistic works in its stations, making it a kind of museum throughout the system. These works, and a number of complete stations, are considered part of the cultural heritage of the city and several of them were declared National Historic Landmarks in 1997.[90]

National patrimony
A UEC Preston car inside the Polvorín Workshop. These were used from 1913 to 1977.[91]

Line A is renowned for having kept its original 1913 rolling stock running on the line up until 2013, making them the oldest underground carriages in commercial service in the world at the time. They were built by La Brugeoise, et Nicaise et Delcuve, a Belgian rolling stock manufacturer established in the city of Bruges, between 1913 and 1919. Entirely made of wood, they were originally designed to run as underground as well as tramway cars, but they were adapted in 1927 to their current style for underground service only.[5][92][93]

Refurbishment of La Brugeoise cars for public display began in 2013.[94]

In March 2013, La Brugeoise subway carriages were replaced by new Chinese 200 Series rolling stock, just 11 months prior to their 100-year anniversary on the line.[95] The original rolling stock has since been maintained, some in exhibition and some being converted to 1500 V to run tourist services on the line.[96] During the festivities of the 100-year anniversary of the underground on 1 December 2013, many restored La Brugeoise trains circulated Line A and there was a symphonic orchestra at Plaza de Mayo station as well as free rides for the entire city in order to mark the event.[97] Throughout the week that followed, there were also numerous displays and events across the different lines of the Underground.[6]

Currently, the Polvorín Workshop – originally inaugurated along with Line A – is being transformed into a museum to display artefacts and the former rolling stock of the Underground.[98][99] The workshop also serves as the headquarters for the Association of Friends of the Tramway and many of the Underground's historical artefacts are stored there, such as the wooden UEC Preston "palace cars", which also make appearances on Line A during special occasions such as anniversaries and even the inauguration of president Raúl Alfonsín in 1983, where he and other officials were transported from the National Congress to the Casa Rosada using these cars.[100][101]

Artwork and exhibits
One of the exhibits at Congreso de Tucumán on line D. Note the glass encasings along the walls where the busts are exhibited.
A mural undergoing restoration at 9 de Julio station.
A modern mural at Venezuela station on line H.

The network has over 390 artworks by over 170 artists across its stations, ranging from historic murals to modern art. Styles also vary, from mosaic to fileteado, sculpture and installation pieces.[102] Many stations are decorated with intricate ceramic tile work, some of which date back to 1913 when the Underground first opened its doors.[103][104] Featured artists include painters and reproductions by Quino, Molina Campos, Raúl Soldi, Rodolfo Medina and Jorge Schwarz. In addition, they provide spaces for music and theatre events, including an underground iteration of the Pepsi Music Festival on Line H.[105]

Line A

The oldest line on the network has maintained its original appearance from 1913 and 1914 on the Plaza de Mayo – Primera Junta segment following restoration works in 1988 for the 75th anniversary of the line and again in 2007. These older stations feature no advertisements, but instead have recreations of original advertisements from the early 20th century.[106] The Line's newest segment, which runs from Puán to San Pedrito, displays more modern artworks, such as those by Uruguayan artist Guillermo Roux at San José de Flores station.[107]

Line B

In Tronador – Villa Ortúzar station there are 18 stained glasses that refer to the history of the Villa Ortúzar neighbourhood, where the station is located.[108] In Los Incas – Parque Chas station there are murals related with different Pre-Columbian era civilisations are exhibited.[109] In 2015, SBASE faced criticism for its incorporation of new artworks in multiple stations on the line. Many of these artworks were painted directly over tiles dating back to the 1930s when the line was opened by the Lacroze company, while others were completely removed and destroyed.[79]

Line C

From Constitución to Diagonal Norte, the line features murals of Iberian landscapes created by Spanish artists such as Ignacio Zuloaga and Fernando Álvarez de Sotomayor y Zaragoza, which date back to the time of the line's opening by CHADOPyF.[110][111][112] General San Martín station includes photographic reproductions of the Museo de la Ciudad (City Museum) activities, photographic reproductions and images of the Plaza San Martín and photographic reproductions of streets and building of the South zone of the City.

Line D

The line's murals on its original Catedral – Palermo route date back to 1937 and 1940, and began to be restored in 2013. These include murals by Argentine artists Benito Quinquela Martín in Plaza Italia station.[113] There are also numerous showcase exhibits in its newer stations, with a series of ceramic reproductions by Raúl and Daniel De Francisco in Juramento station, ceramic reproductions of 4 murals made by Raúl Soldi in José Hernández station and showcases exposing works made in the Ceramic School No.1 in Olleros station[103][104][114][115] Congreso de Tucumán station was the network's first "museum station" and holds numerous exhibits, among them busts of key political and cultural figures in Argentine culture and history such as Jorge Luis Borges and Manuel Belgrano displayed in glass enclosures in its platform walls.[116]

Line E

Some modern murals on the line include an homage to the 1996 Argentine film Moebius at San José station. The film used the line as its primary filming locations and the murals depict scenes from it.[117] Recently opened Correo Central station has received an award from the Association of Structural Engineers in Argentina for the quality and creativity of the work.[118]

Line H

The newest line on the Underground has many Hermenegildo Sábat mural reproductions related to tango in all stations.[119] Its numerous stations depict different tango singers and poets relating to the neighbourhoods in which they are situated.[102] Santa Fe station was renamed to Santa Fe - Carlos Jáuregui in 2017, in honour of LGBT rights activist Carlos Jáuregui.[120]

Graffiti
Graffiti before and after removal on a 100 Series car.

Graffiti on the Buenos Aires Underground became particularly prevalent in the late 2000s and early 2010s, and by 2013, four out of every five cars on the network had some degree of graffiti. By January 2015, all the painted cars had been cleaned by night-time cleaning teams using a product specially developed for SBASE which allowed the removal of graffiti without damaging the livery of the cars.[121][122] Cleaning the 410 vandalised cars had cost the City of Buenos Aires AR$ 10.25 million, while a coat of anti-graffiti paint has been applied to the cars to make future cleaning easier using alcohol.[121][123]

SBASE, along with the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Police, have adopted a zero tolerance policy on graffiti in the Buenos Aires Underground, imposing fines ranging from AR$400–6000 and up to 30 days community service, the culprits often being made to clean the cars they vandalised.[123] Increased vigilance from over 500 police officers, as well as close to 300 CCTV cameras, have aided in decreasing new acts of vandalism by 85% in 2014, with a further decrease of 50% in 2015 after security was intensified.[122][124]

Painted cars were often worked on by organised groups in a "whole car" (graffiti jargon for covering the entire visible surface of the vehicle) manner, severely reducing visibility from inside the cars.[123][125] Numerous arrests have been made on these groups which often consist of foreign nationals from countries such as Chile, Germany and France; two German nationals and a Chilean national were arrested in January 2016.[126][127] One high-profile arrest of such a group saw four Argentines detained in 2015 after vandalising a 200 Series train on Line A. Their houses were subsequently raided, uncovering a vast collection of stolen Subte paraphernalia as well as documented evidence of their activities in the form of videos and photographs.[128][129]

According to Clarín, people from across the world have visited Buenos Aires with the sole purpose of "bombing" (painting cars in a clandestine manner), while competition among different groups exists in the form of greater points being earned for painting newer cars or the level of danger experienced. In most cases, the people involved are university educated and with stable employment.[130] In January 2016, a group called Soketes Calcetines was discovered to be offering tourists graffiti tours of the Underground, giving them a chance to paint cars for a fee. The group documented their activities and uploaded them to YouTube in order to promote the business, which has been subsequently shut down with its members arrested.[131]

The Buenos Aires Underground is featured in the 1996 science fiction film Moebius directed by Gustavo Mosquera. In the film, the circumstances surrounding the disappearance of an underground train are investigated by a topologist. The film is based upon the short story, "A Subway Named Möbius" that takes place in the Boston Subway.[132] Other films with scenes shot in the Underground include Highlander II: The Quickening, Focus and The Official Story.[133]

In Ricardo Piglia's 1997 novel Plata Quemada, the bank robber protagonists enjoy riding the underground regularly.[61] In Ernesto Sabato's novel On Heroes and Tombs, Fernando, one of its main characters, develops a paranoia with blind people in the subte.[61]

One of Jorge Luis Borges' earlier editorial jobs was for Urbe, a promotional magazine for the underground system which was privately owned at that time. In the magazine, he wrote several articles on sci-fi topics under various pseudonyms.[134]

Line B and some of its stations feature heavily in the 2013 Argentine point-and-click adventure game Reversion: The Meeting.[135]

El Eternauta is a science fiction comic book created by Héctor Germán Oesterheld and Francisco Solano López in 1957. The story is about an alien invasion in Buenos Aires. Part of the action takes place at the Plaza Italia station, as the heroes try to use the tunnel to escape from the aliens, and successfully exploit the weakness of the alien leader to kill him. The comic book, published in the 1950s, made reference to the "Canning" station, a former name of the Scalabrini Ortiz station.[136]

gollark: Stupid why?
gollark: Freezing would something something ice crystals → apiaries → beeoids.
gollark: You VITRIFY yourself, obviously.
gollark: ħ→,i.
gollark: But CTCP is fun and cool!

See also

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