RATP Group

The RATP Group (French: Groupe RATP), best known as the Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (English: Autonomous Parisian Transportation Administration), is a state-owned public transport operator and maintainer headquartered in Paris, France. Formed in 1949, it has its origins as the city's public transport operator. Its logo represents, in a stylised version, the Seine's meandering through the Paris area as the face of a person looking up.

RATP Group

Type	State-owned company
Industry	Public transport
Predecessor	Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris, Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne
Founded	January 1, 1949 (1949-01-01) in Paris, France
Headquarters	54, Quai de la Rapée 75012 Paris , France
Area served	Worldwide, with significant Île-de-France involvement
Key people	Catherine Guillouard (CEO)
Revenue	€5.56 billion (2015)
Number of employees	Over 63,000 (2018)
Parent	Government of France
Subsidiaries	RATP Capital Innovation RATP Connect (ex-Telcité) RATP Coopération (ex-RATP i) RATP Dev RATP Habitat (ex-Logis-Transports) RATP Real Estate (ex-SEDP) RATP Smart Systems (ex-Ixxi) RATP Travel Retail (ex-Promométro)
Website	ratp.fr/en

Today, the RATP is still responsible for most of the public transport in the Parisian region, including the Paris Métro, Île-de-France tram and RATP Bus Network, as well as part of the Réseau Express Régional (RER) network. In the Île-de-France region, the RATP carries about 3.389 billion passengers per year. The RATP's Paris operations are still a major part of its business, but its operations have now extended to include businesses around the globe. They include involvement in the operation of bus, tram, rapid transit and inter-city rail services in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The RATP Group is currently the world's fifth largest operator in the public transport sector.

History

RATP headquarters in Paris

The RATP was created on 1 January 1949 by combining the assets of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), which operated the Paris Métro, and the Société des transports en commun de la région parisienne (STCRP), which operated the city's bus system.

Earlier, the CMP had absorbed the Société du Chemin de Fer Électrique Nord-Sud de Paris in 1930 and the Ligne de Sceaux in 1937, which extended commuter rail to the suburbs. The STCRP had been created on 1 January 1921 by the merger of about half a dozen independent bus and streetcar operators in the Paris area. By the time the STCRP was merged into the RATP, all of its streetcars had been replaced by bus routes.

In the early years of the 21st century, a partnership with the Transdev group resulted in RATP acquiring a minority shareholding in that group, with its many worldwide transport operations. However, in 2009, the Caisse des dépôts et consignations, the majority owner of the Transdev group, started negotiations with Veolia Environnement to merge Transdev with Veolia Transport. As part of the resulting agreement, made in May 2010, it was agreed that the RATP Group would take over ownership of some of Transdev's operations in lieu of cash payment for its holdings in Transdev. This had a considerable impact on RATP's international profile.[1][2][3]

In 2009, RATP entered the United States by purchasing transit contractor McDonald Transit Associates.[4] McDonald operated Fort Worth Transportation Authority (now Trinity Metro) in Texas, Votran in Florida, and Waco Transit System in Texas, among others.

On 1 August 2011, the RATP Group purchased Stagecoach Metrolink's contract to operate the Metrolink light rail system in Greater Manchester, England until July 2017.[5] Two years later, in 2013, RATP purchased the nearby long-established coach company, Selwyns Travel, a National Express operator.

Presidents

Main article: List of Presidents of the RATP

The last CEOs of the RATP were Anne-Marie Idrac, Pierre Mongin and Élisabeth Borne. The current president of the RATP, Catherine Guillouard, was nominated on 2 August 2017.[6]

Operations in Paris

Two MP 05 train sets of Paris Métro Line 1 at Bastille station.

RATP tram on tramway line T3a at Porte de Versailles.

RATP bus near the Gare du Nord.

In Paris, RATP operates, under its own name, on behalf of the Île-de-France Mobilités (IDFM), the Paris region transit authority. RATP's services constitute, in their own right, a multi-mode public transportation infrastructure, but also contribute to a larger multi-mode system extending out into the surrounding Île-de-France communities.

RATP's services in the Greater Paris area include:

• The Paris Métro, a system of mostly underground rapid transit lines which run throughout the city, with some lines extending somewhat beyond the city boundaries. The Métro has 16 lines with 219 km (136 mi) of track and 302 stations.[7][8] Two metro lines are fully automated and driverless: line 1 (since 2012) and line 14 (since its opening in 1998).
• Orlyval, the automated metro shuttle connecting Antony station (RER B) and Orly Airport.[9]
• Parts of the RER, the Paris regional express rail network that runs mostly underground in the centre of Paris and overground in the rest of the region. RATP owns and operates line A (except the Nanterre-Préfecture - Cergy-le-Haut and Nanterre-Préfecture - Poissy branches) and line B (except the part north of Gare du Nord), both together representing approximately 115 km (71 mi) and 66 stations. The rest of the RER network is operated by SNCF.
• Eight out of ten lines of the Paris tram system (T1, T2, T3a, T3b, T5, T6, T7, T8) totalizing 101.9 km (63.3 mi) and 183 stops.[10]
• The extensive Paris city bus system (351 lines with a total length of 3,861 km (2,399 mi)), including the night buses of the Noctilien network.
• Two BRT lines: the Trans-Val-de-Marne (TVM, 19.7 km (12.2 mi)) and line 393 (11.7 km (7.3 mi)).
• The Montmartre funicular.

Paris bus route 341 was RATP's first line equipped with 100% electric full-size buses (starting June 2016).[11]

Operations outside Paris

RATP Dev (Dev being a contraction of Développement, French for development[12]), a 100% subsidiary of the RATP Group created in 2002, provides operations and maintenance of passenger transport services outside of the "historical" RATP network in the Greater Paris area although it also operates some specialised services within Paris. RATP Dev is present in 12 countries, namely Algeria, China, France, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Wholly and partly owned operations include the following:[13][14][15]

Operations in France

• Agglobus, the urban bus network of Bourges in the Cher department (since 2011, renewed for the 2017–2022 period)[16]
• Cars Jacquemard, a coach operator in the Eure department
• Cars Perrier, one of the operators of the Sqybus network serving the Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines suburb near Paris
• The CTRL network of Lorient Agglomération in the Morbihan department (for the 2018-2022 period)[17]
• Com'Bus, Yvelines and Val-d'Oise departments
• The Impulsyon urban bus network of La Roche-sur-Yon in the Vendée department (since 2010, renewed for the 2017–2023 period)[18]
• The Irigo multimodal in and around Angers including the Angers tramway (for the 2019-2025 period)[19]
• The Kicéo urban bus network of Vannes in the Morbihan department (for the 2017-2023 period)[20]
• Lignes de Vienne et agglomération (L'va) in and around Vienne in the Isère department (since 2011)[21]
• Le Vib in Vierzon in the Cher department (since 2011, renewed in 2015 for 8 more years)[22]
• The Marinéo urban bus network of Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Pas-de-Calais department (for the 2013-2020 period)[23]
• Mouvéo, the urban bus network of Épernay in the Marne department (since 2016)[24]
• Ondéa, the urban bus network of Aix-les-Bains and its surroundings in the Savoie department (2015-2020)[25]
• PAM 91, 92, 93 and 95, paratransit in the Essonne, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-d'Oise departments (Greater Paris area)
• The STIVO urban bus network in Cergy-Pontoise
• Transports annemassiens collectifs (TAC), urban bus network covering the Agglomeration community of Annemasse – Les Voirons (joint control with TPG)
• Transports de l'agglomération de Charleville-Mézières (TAC), urban bus network of Charleville-Mézières and Sedan in the Ardennes department (since 2012, renewed for the 2017–2024 period)[26]
• TBK bus and coach network covering Quimperlé and surroundings in the Finistère department (for the 2020-2028 period)[27]
• Transports urbains laonnois (TUL), the urban bus network of Laon in the Aisne department (for the 2016-2022 period)[28]
• The Transvilles multimodal network in and around Valenciennes, including the Valenciennes tramway (since 2015)[29]
• Three express coach routes using the A14 motorway, in the Greater Paris area.

International operations

Heavy rail

A Gautrain Bombardier Electrostar unit in South Africa.

• Gautrain, regional express train in Gauteng province, South Africa, linking Johannesburg, Pretoria and O. R. Tambo International Airport (since 2010)[30]
• "La Ferroviaria Italiana", two regional rail lines in Tuscany, Italy (minority share)[31]

Metro and tramway

A Hong Kong tram

• Algiers Metro (since 2011)[32]
• Tramway networks in the Algerian cities of Algiers (since 2012), Oran (since 2013), Constantine (since 2013), Sidi Bel Abbès (since 2017), Ouargla (since 2018) and Sétif (since 2018)[32][33][34][35]
• Sun Link Streetcar, Tucson, Arizona, U.S. (since 2014)[36]
• DC Streetcar, Washington, D.C. (since 2016)[37]
• Florence tramway, Florence, Italy (since 2010)[38]
• Casablanca LRT, Casablanca, Morocco (since 2012, contract renewed in 2017 until the end of 2029)[39]
• RATP Dev Transdev Asia (RDTA), a joint venture with Transdev, operating:[40]
  • Hong Kong Tramways, a tram operator in Hong Kong since April 2009[41]
  • Manila Line 1, Manila (technical assistance, since 2014)[42]
• Doha Metro and future Lusail LRT, Qatar (20-year contract through RKH Qitarat, joint venture formed by Hamad Group (51%) and Keolis-RATP Dev (49%))[43]
• Future Riyadh Metro Lines 1 and 2 (12-year contract)[44][45]

Bus and coach

UK

A London United Scania OmniCity

• Air Decker, bus service connecting Bristol Airport with Bath, United Kingdom (since 2011)[46]
• London: through its three subsidiaries London United, Quality Line (acquired as Epsom Coaches in April 2012) and London Sovereign (acquired in April 2014), RATP Dev is one of London bus operators on behalf of Transport for London (TfL) with a total of 70 routes and approximately 1,200 vehicles over eleven depots[47][48]

USA

RATP operates various transportation systems in the United States under the name RATP Dev USA:

• Arlington, Texas
• Asheville Rides Transit, North Carolina (since 2017)[49]
• Augusta, Georgia, Georgia (since 2013)[50]
• Bloomington Transit, Indiana
• THE Bus, Hernando County, Florida
• Charlotte Area Transit System, North Carolina (bus only)
• Citibus, Texas
• Citylink Edmond, Oklahoma
• City of Ocala SunTran, Florida
• The COMET, South Carolina (starting July 2020)[51]
• DC Circulator, Washington, D.C. (six routes and 72 vehicles, since 2018)[52]
• LakeXpress, Lake County, Florida (seven fixed routes, paratransit and 54 vehicles, management contract since 2017)[53]
• Mountain Metropolitan Transit, Colorado Springs, Colorado
• Needles Area Transit, California
• Roadrunner, California, U.S. (fixed routes, paratransit, airport shuttles, charter and black car services, >200 vehicles, acquired in 2018)[54]
  • Camarillo Area Transit
  • City of Lompoc Transit
  • VCTC Intercity
• Santa Maria Area Transit (SMAT), Santa Maria, California, U.S. (management contract since 2018)[55]
• Trinity Metro, Texas
• Votran, Florida
• Waco Transit System, Texas
• Yuma County Area Transit, Arizona (fixed routes and paratransit, since 2018)[56]
• Zion National Park, Utah, shuttle system (since 2000, renewed in 2020)[57]

Other countries

• Autolinee Toscane, a coach operator in Tuscany, Italy[58]
• Cilia Italia, Lazio, Italy[59]
• Riyadh (since 2014 set-up of the capital's future urban bus network with approximately 1,000 vehicles over three depots, and operations and maintenance for a duration of 10 years starting 2016, 20% share of a consortium with SAPTCO)[60][61][62]

Other

• Hop on hop off tour operations in Paris ("Paris L'Open Tour"), The Original Tour in London (acquired in September 2014) and Bath Bus Company operating city tours in several cities in the United Kingdom (Bath, Cardiff, Eastbourne and Windsor);[63][64]
• The Téléphérique du Salève cable car, Haute-Savoie, France (since 2013, in partnership with TPG and Pomagalski);[65]

Former operations

• São Paulo Metro Line 4: technical assistance for start-up and the launch of commercial operations in 2010 and 1% share in the concessionnaire ViaQuatro until 2015[66][67]
• Rio de Janeiro Light Rail: technical assistance for start-up and the launch of commercial operations in 2016[68]
• Anqing Zhongbei buses in Anqing, China (as part of RDTA from 2008 to ?)[40][69]
• Shenyang trams (as part of RDTA from 2013 to ?)[70][71]
• Line 9 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway (as part of RDTA from 2009 to 2019)[69]
• Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro (as part of RDTA from 2014 to 2019)[69]
• Aléo, the urban bus network of Moulins in the Allier department (from 2012 to 2019)[72][73]
• STI Allier et STI Nièvre, France (ceased to Prêt à Partir in 2018)[74]
• Manchester Metrolink (from August 2011 to July 2017)[75][76]
• Selwyns Travel: coach operator with 92 vehicles based in Manchester, Runcorn and St Helens, United Kingdom (acquired in 2013 and sold in 2020).[77][78][79]
• "Slide", an on-demand shared transport / microtransit service targeting commuters in Bristol, United Kingdom (from July 2016 to December 2018, in partnership with French start-up Padam)[80][81][82]
• Yellow Buses, a bus operator in Bournemouth, United Kingdom (from 2011 to July 2019).[83][84]
• Fullington Auto Bus Company, State College, Pennsylvania, U.S.: acquired in 2009 and sold in 2017[85]
• Open Loop New York: hop on hop off tour company in New York City commenced in May 2014, ceded to Big Bus Tours in 2017[86][87]
• Capital MetroBus in Austin, Texas: 79 routes, 250 buses, 21 million passengers/year, from 2012 to early 2020.[88][89]

References

1. "Merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev". Veolia Transport. Archived from the original on 2009-07-27. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
2. "Completion of the merger of Veolia Transport and Transdev". Transdev. Archived from the original on 2011-03-07. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
3. "The new scale of the RATP Group". RATP. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
4. "RATP Dev North America adopts one brand". Retrieved 2018-10-17.
5. "RATP buys Manchester Metrolink operator". Railway Gazette International. 2 August 2011.
6. Décret du 2 août 2017 portant nomination de la présidente-directrice générale de la Régie autonome des transports parisiens - Mme GUILLOUARD (Catherine), retrieved 2018-04-14
7. Île-de-France Mobilités - Omnil (9 October 2016). "Caractéristiques du réseau, accessibilité et intermodalité" (in French). Retrieved 27 April 2018.
8. The figure of "302" (stations) does not include the fictional Montmartre funicular station. The latter is indeed considered as a metro station by RATP and statistically attached to line 2, which explains why RATP announces 303 stations and not 302.
9. Orlyval is part of the "historic" RATP network but operated by RATP Dev, on behalf of RATP.
10. Line T4 is operated by SNCF and line T11 is operated by Transkeo.
11. "La RATP inaugure sa première ligne de bus standard 100% électrique" (in French). 1 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
12. "Company Overview of RATP Développement S.A." Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 29 June 2014.
13. "RATP Group". RATP Group. Archived from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
14. "Our Subsidiaries". RATP Group. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
15. "The new scale of the RATP Group" (PDF). RATP Group. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
16. "RATP Dev renouvelé à Bourges" (in French). 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
17. "RATP Dev remporte le réseau de Lorient" (in French). 18 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
18. "RATP Dev renouvelée à La Roche-sur-Yon" (in French). 20 July 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
19. "Angers : RATP Dev choisi pour gérer le réseau de transports de l'agglomération" (in French). 22 February 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
20. "RATP Dev remporte le réseau de Vannes face à Transdev" (in French). 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
21. "RATP Dev reconduit à Vienne" (in French). 8 October 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
22. "Vierzon; France - A more appealing, consistent transit system". Retrieved 29 May 2018.
23. "RATP Dev exploitera le réseau de bus de Boulogne-sur-Mer" (in French). 12 December 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
24. "Un nouveau directeur chez Mouvéo à Épernay" (in French). 7 February 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
25. "RATP Dev exploitera le réseau de bus d'Aix-les-Bains à partir de 2015" (in French). 17 December 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
26. "RATP Dev renouvelée pour l'exploitation du réseau TAC, transports d'Ardenne Métropole" (in French). 10 July 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
27. "Le réseau de transport du pays de Quimperlé confié à RATP Dev" (in French). 20 December 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
28. "RATP Dev va exploiter le réseau de transport de Laon" (in French). 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
29. "Valenciennes : la RATP va remplacer Transvilles" (in French). 19 November 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
30. "La RATP réussit son Mondial avec le Gautrain" (in French). Retrieved 19 June 2014.
31. "RATP Dev Italia - La Ferroviaria Italiana" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 March 2018.
32. "RATP Dev se renforce en Algérie et se voit confier l'exploitation et la maintenance des futurs projets de tramway algériens, en partenariat avec l'EMA et l'ETUSA" (PDF) (in French). 24 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
33. "Ouargla tramway inaugurated". 25 July 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
34. "Sidi Bel Abbès tramway inaugurated". 31 July 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
35. "Le tramway de Sétif est dans la place" (in French). 11 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
36. "Tucson Sun Link streetcar opens". 25 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
37. "Le tramway de Washington opéré par RATP Dev est en service" (in French). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
38. "RATP Dev - GEST - tramway de Florence" (in French). Retrieved 19 June 2014.
39. "Casa Transports et RATP Dev scellent un nouveau contrat d'exploitation du tramway et du bus" (in French). 16 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
40. "RDTA website". Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2017.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
41. "Hong Kong tram celebrates 110 years". Retrieved 2 August 2014.
42. "RATP Dev apporte son expertise pour la ligne 1 du métro de Manille" (in French). Retrieved 25 October 2014.
43. "Victoire pour Keolis et RATP Dev au Qatar" (in French). 7 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
44. "Métro de Riyad: la RATP et Alstom remportent d'importants contrats" (in French). 18 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
45. "Le groupe RATP renforce sa présence en Arabie Saoudite avec le contrat emblématique d'exploitation et de maintenance du métro de Riyad, attribué par ArRiyadh Development Authority (ADA) à RATP Dev et SAPTCO" (in French). 18 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
46. "Air Decker History". Retrieved 22 February 2018.
47. "RATP Dev acquiert une nouvelle société de bus à Londres" (PDF) (in French). 28 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
48. "RATP Dev London - About us". Retrieved 6 June 2018.
49. "RATP Dev remporte la gestion du réseau de transport d'Asheville" (in French). 30 August 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
50. "RATP Dev bolsters US presence with Augusta urban transport network contract win". 5 August 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
51. "The COMET awards new service contract for fixed route and paratransit services". 2 June 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
52. "D.C. Circulator will be privatized under a proposed $141M deal". 4 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
53. "McDonald Transit/RATP Dev to operate Fla. transit service". 14 February 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
54. "RATP Dev USA Acquires California Based Roadrunner Management Service". 14 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
55. "RATP Dev USA remporte la gestion du réseau de transport de Santa Maria en Californie" (PDF) (in French). 7 June 2018. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
56. "RATP Dev USA Selected to Manage Yuma County, Arizona's Transit Service". 5 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
57. "RATP Dev USA Renews Contract with Zion National Park Transit Service". March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
58. "RATP Dev Italia - Autolinee Toscane" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 March 2018.
59. "RATP Dev Italia - Cilia Italia" (in Italian). Retrieved 13 March 2014.
60. "RATP Dev et SAPTCO remportent l'appel d'offres pour le futur réseau de bus de Riyad" (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
61. "Bus et métro de Ryad : Ratp Dev veut tenter le grand chelem" (in French). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
62. "High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh - Projects - (2) Riyadh Bus Project". Retrieved 6 June 2018.
63. "À New York, la RATP promène des touristes en bus à impériale" (in French). 15 May 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
64. "La RATP s'offre le champion des bus touristiques londoniens" (in French). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
65. "RATP Dev se diversifie avec l'exploitation du téléphérique du Salève" (in French). Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
66. "Delivery of São Paulo Metro Line 4 – Brazil's first passenger rail public-private partnership" (PDF). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
67. "CCR exerce direito de compra de participação da RATP na ViaQuatro" (in Portuguese). 23 October 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2018.
68. "Brésil : Alstom et RATP Dev dans le nouveau tramway de Rio" (in French). 7 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
69. "L'inévitable divorce de RATP Dev et Transdev" (in French). 2 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
70. "Shenyang Tramway Network operated by RATP Dev and Transdev enters service". Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
71. "Transdev and RATP Dev win contract to operate tramway network in Shenyang, China". 26 April 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
72. "Présentation du délégataire, Moulins Mobilité, filiale de RATP DEV" (in French). Retrieved 24 May 2018.
73. "Keolis écarte RATP Dev de Moulins Communauté" (in French). 2 May 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
74. "Prêt à Partir fait route vers le sud" (in French). 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
75. "RATP buys Manchester Metrolink operator". 2 August 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
76. "Southern Rail operator to take over the running of Metrolink network". 18 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
77. "RATP Dev UK - Our UK Subsidiaries - Selwys". Retrieved 29 March 2016.
78. "Metrolink operator RATP swoops for Selwyns Travel". 18 March 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
79. "Companies House - SELWYNS TRAVEL LIMITED - Filing History". Retrieved 22 July 2020.
80. "RATP - Padam. Une offre sur-mesure en minibus" (in French). 12 July 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
81. "New ride-to-work service in Bristol uses minibuses you can hail with an app". 29 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
82. "New ride-to-work service in Bristol uses minibuses you can hail with an app". 27 November 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
83. French moves in London Archived 2014-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Bus & Coach Professional 6 May 2010
84. "Management moves for bus company". 2 July 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
85. "Fullington Auto Bus Once Again Fully Family-Owned". 28 December 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
86. RATP Dev starts Open Tour with 15 buses in NYC Metro Magazine 15 May 2014
87. "RATPs Extrapolitan quits New York sightseeing" Buses Magazine issue 751 October 2017 page 19
88. "Austin (Texas) renouvelle sa confiance à RATP Dev pour l'exploitation de son réseau de bus" (in French). Retrieved 30 March 2016.
89. "Cap Metro board approves $1.4 billion operations contract". 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2020.

• Gaillard, Marc (1991). Du Madeleine-Bastille à Météor: histoire des transports Parisiens (in French). Amiens: Martelle. ISBN 978-2-87890-013-2. OCLC 25657685.

External links

• Official website (English)
• Official website (corporate section)
• RATP Dev official website
• Paris tourist information in English
• Tram Travels: Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP)