Kosmos 154

Kosmos 154 (Russian: Космос 154 meaning Cosmos 154), also known as L-1 No.3P, was a Soviet test spacecraft launched from the Baikonur aboard a Proton-K rocket. It was a prototype Soyuz 7K-L1 launched by Proton. It was a crewed precursor to the Zond series.[1]

Kosmos 154

An image of a Zond / Kosmos spacecraft being assembled, which was the same type of spacecraft as Kosmos 154.
Mission type	Test flight Moon Race
Operator	Soviet space program
COSPAR ID	1967-032A
SATCAT no.	02745
Mission duration	2 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Zond
Spacecraft type	7K-L1
Manufacturer	OKB-1
Launch mass	5375 kg [1]
Start of mission
Launch date	8 April 1967, 09:07:00 GMT
Rocket	Proton-K / Blok D
Launch site	Baikonur, Site 81/23
Contractor	OKB-1
End of mission
Disposal	Failure
Decay date	10 April 1967
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric [2]
Regime	Highly elliptical Earth
Periapsis altitude	183 km
Apoapsis altitude	223 km
Inclination	51.6°
Period	88.5 minutes
Epoch	8 April 1967
Kosmos (satellite) (Crewed missions)

History

The spacecraft was designed to launch a crew from the Earth to conduct a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth. The primary focus was a Soviet circumlunar flight, which help document the Moon, and also show Soviet power. The test ran from the Zond program from 1967-1970, which produced multiple failures in the 7K-L1's re-entry systems. The remaining 7K-L1s were scrapped, ultimately replaced by the Soyuz 7K-L3.[3]

Objectives

Two test flights of the UR-500K/L1 system were performed in March and April 1967 under the designations Kosmos 146 and Kosmos 154. In April 1967, under the cover name Kosmos-154, the third model of the L-1 was placed into near-Earth orbit. Because of a control system failure that resulted in the premature jettisoning of the ullage motors, the main propulsion system of the Block-D did not ignite.[4] Kosmos 154 was one of the first Zond attempts. It was supposed to flyby the Moon but achieved Earth orbit only.[5]

Mission

Kosmos 154 was launched using a Proton-K carrier rocket, which flew from Site 81/23 at Baikonur. The launch occurred at 09:07 GMT on 8 April 1967. Kosmos 154 was operated in an Earth orbit, it had a perigee of 183 kilometres (114 mi), an apogee of 223 kilometres (139 mi), an inclination of 51.6° and an orbital period of 88.5 minutes. Kosmos 154 had a mass of 5,375 kilograms (11,850 lb).[1]

Kosmos 154 reached Earth orbit but the Blok D translunar injection stage failed to fire (ullage rockets, which had to fire to settle propellants in tanks before the main engine fired, were jettisoned prematurely). Kosmos 154 burned up two days later when orbit decayed, on 10 April 1967.[2]

Gallery

• 
  An illustration of Zond spacecraft during trans-lunar coast.
• 
  A color drawing of a Zond L1 spacecraft, the same type as Kosmos 154.
• 
  A stamp from the Soviet Union in 1969 illustrating September 1968 Zond 5 spacecraft lunar flyby.
• 
  A close-up image of the Moon taken by Zond 8 in 1970.

References

1. "Cosmos 154: Display 1967-032A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. "Cosmos 154: Trajectory 1967-032A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
3. Harvey, Brian (2007). Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 138. ISBN 9780387739762.
4. Grahn, Sven (29 August 2017 – 25 October 2017). "Kosmos 146 and Kosmos 154". www.svengrahn.pp.se. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
5. Braeunig, Robert (15 May 2017 – 3 November 2017). "Lunar Spacecraft (Unmanned)". Retrieved 15 February 2018.