Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188

Kosmos 186 (Russian: Космос-186 meaning Cosmos 186) and Kosmos 188 (Russian: Космос-188 meaning Cosmos 188) were two uncrewed Soviet Union spacecraft that incorporated a Soyuz programme descent module for landing scientific instruments and test objects.[5]

Kosmos 186

Mission type	Uncrewed spacecraft
Operator	OKB-1
COSPAR ID	1967-105A
SATCAT no.	03014
Mission duration	4 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Soyuz
Spacecraft type	Soyuz 7K-OK # 6
Manufacturer	OKB-1
Launch mass	6000 kg [1]
Start of mission
Launch date	27 October 1967, 09:29:59 GMT
Rocket	Soyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-05
Launch site	Baikonur, Site 31/6
Contractor	OKB-1
End of mission
Landing date	31 October 1967
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric [2]
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	172 km
Apogee altitude	212 km
Inclination	51.7°
Period	88.7 minutes
Epoch	27 October 1967

Kosmos 188

Mission type	Uncrewed spacecraft
Operator	OKB-1
COSPAR ID	1967-107A
SATCAT no.	03020
Mission duration	3 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	Soyuz
Spacecraft type	Soyuz 7K-OK # 5
Manufacturer	OKB-1
Launch mass	6000 kg [3]
Start of mission
Launch date	30 October 1967, 08:12:41 GMT
Rocket	Soyuz 11A511 s/n N15000-07
Launch site	Baikonur, Site 1/5
Contractor	OKB-1
End of mission
Landing date	2 November 1967
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric [4]
Regime	Low Earth
Perigee altitude	180 km
Apogee altitude	247 km
Inclination	51.7°
Period	89.0 minutes
Epoch	30 October 1967

Mission

On 27 October 1967 at 09:29:59 GMT, the Soyuz 11A511 s/n U15000-05 booster and Kosmos 186 were set up at Site 31/6 of Baikonur Cosmodrome and the planned mission could be carried out. Kosmos 186 was operated in a low Earth orbit, it had a perigee of 172 kilometres (107 mi), an apogee of 212 kilometres (132 mi), an inclination of 51.7°, and an orbital period of 88.7 minutes,[2] and had a mass of 6,000 kilograms (13,000 lb).[1]

On 30 October 1967 at 08:12:41 GMT, the Soyuz 11A511 s/n N15000-07 booster and Kosmos 188 were set up at Site 1/5 of Baikonur Cosmodrome and the planned mission could be carried out. Kosmos 188 was operated in a low Earth orbit, it had a perigee of 180 kilometres (110 mi), an apogee of 247 kilometres (153 mi), an inclination of 51.7°, and an orbital period of 89.0 minutes,[4] and had a mass of 6,000 kilograms (13,000 lb).[3]

The two Soviet spacecraft made the first fully automated space docking in the history of space exploration on 30 October 1967. Mutual search, approach, mooring, and docking were automatically performed by the IGLA-system onboard Kosmos 186. After 3.5 hours of joint flight, the satellites parted on a command sent from the Earth and continued to orbit separately. Officially, both made a soft landing in a predetermined region of the Soviet Union — Kosmos 186 on 31 October 1967 and Kosmos 188 on 2 November 1967. But according to Boris Chertok, "one of the vehicles was destroyed by the emergency destruction system". (See B.Chertok, Rockets and People, Vol.IV, Chapter 8, page 156)

Kosmos 186 (Soyuz 7K-OK No.6) launched first on 27 October 1967 and underwent a meticulous on-orbit checkout, followed by Kosmos 188 three days later. With Kosmos 186 taking the active role in the docking, the two craft docked just 62 minutes after the launch of Kosmos 188 (Soyuz 7K-OK No.5), the passive target spacecraft. The two craft remained mechanically docked for three and a half hours, although an electrical connection could not be made. The descent module of Kosmos 186 was successfully recovered in the Soviet Union on 31 October 1967, but the accidental firing of the self-destruct mechanism of Kosmos 188 during the descent prevented its recovery on 2 November 1967. Despite the anomalies, the automatic docking mission demonstrated a new capability for the Soviet Union that proved valuable to their future human space flight programs. Although the Soviet lunar landing programme was cancelled before an actual landing mission, automatic dockings were an integral component of their Salyut and Mir space station programs and remain in practice today on the Russian segment of the International Space Station.[6]

Because of the lethal outcome of both the Soyuz 1 and the Apollo 1 missions earlier that year it was decided to proceed with unmanned flights first. But because the Soviet Union had no ground stations outside its own territory, this meant the docking had to be done fully automated. After the first attempt failed (a fly by at a distance of 900 metres (3,000 ft)), the second attempt succeeded over the South Atlantic. However, this docking was not entirely successful either — the modules were mechanically docked, but not electrically. Also, the manoeuvre had cost more fuel than anticipated.[7]

This mission proved it possible to launch smaller parts and assemble them in space, thus eliminating the need for exceedingly large rockets for larger undertakings like a space station.[8]

The first automatic docking in space. Soviet Union stamp, 1968.

References

1. "Cosmos 186: Display 1966-105A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. "Cosmos 186: Trajectory 1967-105A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
3. "Cosmos 188: Display 1966-107A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
4. "Cosmos 188: Trajectory 1967-107A". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. NASA. 27 February 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
5. russianspaceweb.com, kosmos-186-188
6. NASA 50 Years Ago: The First Automatic Docking in Space, 18 April 2020 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
7. Radio observations of Kosmos-186/188, the first automatic docking, Sven Grahn
8. NASA 50 Years Ago: The First Automatic Docking in Space, 19 October 2017 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

External links

• yourtube Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188