Sailing (sport)

The sport of sailing involves a variety of competitive sailing formats that are sanctioned through various sailing federations and yacht clubs. Racing disciplines include matches within a fleet of sailing craft, between a pair thereof or among teams. Additionally, there are specialized competitions that include setting speed records. Racing formats include both closed courses and point-to-point contests; they may be in sheltered waters, coast-wise or on the open ocean. Most competitions are held within defined classes or ratings that either entail one type of sailing craft to ensure a contest primarily of skill or rating the sailing craft to create classifications or handicaps.

For other uses, see Sailing (disambiguation).
Sailing
Inshore yacht racing on Sydney Harbour
Highest governing bodyWorld Sailing
NicknamesSailboat racing
First played18th century
Characteristics
ContactNo
Mixed genderMixed
TypeOutdoor
Presence
Olympic1900–present[1]

On water, a sailing competition among multiple vessels is a regatta, which usually consists of multiple individual races, where the boat crew that performs best in over the series of races is the overall winner. There is a broad variety of kinds of races and sailboats used for racing from large yacht to dinghy racing. Much racing is done around buoys or similar marks in protected waters, while some longer offshore races cross open water. All kinds of boats are used for racing, including small dinghies, catamarans, boats designed primarily for cruising, and purpose-built raceboats. The Racing Rules of Sailing govern the conduct of yacht racing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, model boat racing, dinghy racing and virtually any other form of racing around a course with more than one vessel while powered by the wind.

Membership

International federation
Main article: World Sailing

The World Sailing (WS) is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the world governing body for the sport of sailing yacht racing. It was formed in 1904 as the International Yacht Racing Union and then called the International Sailing Federation until rebranding 2014.

National federations

Yacht clubs
Windjammer Parade at Kiel Week in Germany, the world's biggest regatta and sailing event
Main article: Yacht club

Many town yacht clubs maintain their own racing teams for both juniors and adults. Often several yacht clubs will get together to hold events that can include more than 100 entered boats per race making up the regatta. Although often both adults and juniors sail the same classes of boat.

Event disciplines

Fleet racing

Fleet races can have anywhere from four boats to hundreds of boats in a race. A regatta must have at least three races to be counted. Each boat's place in each race is added to compile a final score. The lowest scorer wins.

Match racing

In match racing only two boats compete against each other. The best known competition of this type is the America's Cup. The tactics involved in match racing are different from those of other races, because the objective is merely to arrive at the finish line before the opponent, which is not necessarily as fast as possible. The tactics involved at the start are also special.[2]

Team racing

Team racing is most often between two teams of three boats each. It involves similar technique to match racing but has the added dimension that it is the overall scoring of the race that matters. In three on three team racing, this means that the team that scores ten or less points wins. For this reason, many tactics are used to advance teammates to make stable combinations for winning. The stable combinations most commonly sought are "Play one", which is 1-2-anything, "Play two"or2-3-4, and "Play 4", a 1-4-5 combination. These are generally regarded as the best setups to win and the hardest for the opposing team to play offense against.

Speed Sailing

Is managed by World Speed Sailing Record Council

Wave riding

Is common to board sports

Others

Both windsurfing and kiteboarding are experimenting with new formats.

Common race formats

Short course racing
A 1D35 near the race committee boat, Humber Bay, Toronto, Ontario

Harbor or buoy races are conducted in protected waters, and are quite short, usually taking anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. All sorts of sailing craft are used for these races, including keel-boats of all sizes, as well as dinghies, trailer sailors, catamarans, skiffs, sailboards, and other small craft.

This kind of race is most commonly run over one or more laps of a triangular course marked by a number of buoys. The course starts from an imaginary line drawn from a 'committee boat' to the designated 'starting' buoy or 'pin'. A number of warning signals are given telling the crews exactly how long until the race starts. The aim of each crew is to cross the start line at full speed exactly as the race starts. A course generally involves tacking upwind to a 'windward' marker or buoy. Then bearing away onto a downwind leg to a second jibe marker. Next another jibe on a second downwind leg to the last mark which is called the 'downwind mark' (or 'leeward mark'). At this mark the boats turn into wind once again to tack to the finish line.

The most famous and longest running of these events are:

There are three starting techniques for short course racing:

  • Reaching out and Reaching in: Trim your sails to a beam-reach on the opposite course you intend to sail on when the race starts. Note the time remaining until the start horn as you cross the start line (still sailing in the opposite direction). When a little less than half of the remaining time elapses, either tack or jibe onto your intended course. You should cross the start line as the race horn sounds.
  • The Vanderbuilt start: The Vanderbuilt start is similar to reaching out and reaching in, except this start requires the crew to trim to a broach reach bearing away from the start line on a port tack. Using the same timing method as the reaching in and reaching out method above, your vessel should be able to tack or jibe and hit the start line on the appropriate course at full speed as the start horn sounds.
  • Port-tack approach: This starting technique was created to allow skippers take advantage of 'holes' in the start line. Every short course race starts with a windward leg. Each vessel is wind-powered and vessels to the windward of each other will block the 'clean air.' As a result, many of the racers will group on one end of the start line trying to outmaneuver each other for clean air. By taking a port-tack approach, the rogue skipper breaks away from the pack and sails down the start line on a port tack. Using a similar timing technique to reaching out and reaching in, the port-tack approach will require your crew to sail back up the start line and cross at the midline as the horn sounds. This will allow you to sail with clean air at a quicker speed to start the race.

Coastal/Inshore racing

Inshore racing is yacht racing not in protected waters but along and generally within sight of land or from land to nearby islands, as distinct from offshore racing across open water and oceans. The duration of races may be daylight only, overnight or passage races of several days. Some races, such as the Swiftsure Yacht Race, are actually a group of inshore races of various distances along overlapping courses to allow for different classes and skills. Depending on location, stability and safety equipment requirements will be more extensive than for harbor racing, but less so than for offshore racing. Different levels of requirement for navigation, sleeping cooking and water storage also apply.

Offshore racing
The Yacht Race, an 1872 print

Offshore yacht races are held over long distances and in open water; such races usually last for at least a number of hours. The longest offshore races involve a circumnavigation of the world.

Some of the most famous offshore races are as follows

Oceanic racing

Several fully crewed round-the-world races are held, including the

South African yacht clubs organise the South Atlantic Race (the former Cape to Rio race), the Governor's Cup from Cape Town to St. Helena Island, and a race between Durban and Mauritius.

Single-handed ocean yacht racing began with the race across the Atlantic Ocean by William Albert Andrews and Josiah W. Lawlor in 1891; however, the first regular single-handed ocean race was the Single-Handed Trans-Atlantic Race, first held in 1960. The first round-the-world yacht race was the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race of 1968-1969, which was also a single-handed race with the only winner, Robin Knox-Johnston on Suhaili; this inspired the present-day Velux 5 Oceans Race (formerly the BOC Challenge / Around Alone) and the Vendée Globe. Single-handed racing has seen a great boom in popularity in recent years.

There is some controversy about the legality of sailing single-handed over long distances, as the navigation rules require "that every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper lookout..."; single-handed sailors can only keep a sporadic lookout, due to the need to sleep, tend to navigation, etc.[7]

Other races

Certain races do not fit in the above categories. One such is the Three peaks yacht race in the UK which is a team competition involving sailing, cycling and running.

Classes and ratings
Preparation for a dinghy race (SAP 505 World Championship). The 5O5 (pronounced five-oh-five) is named for its 5.05 metres (16.6 ft) length.

Many design factors have a large impact on the speed at which a boat can complete a course, including the size of a boat's sails, its length, and the weight and shape of its hull. Because of these differences, it can be difficult to compare the skills of the sailors in a race if they are sailing very different boats. For most forms of yacht racing, one of two solutions to this problem are used: either all boats are required to race on a first to finish basis (these groups of boats are called classes), or a handicapping system is used which implements correction factors.

Manufacturer controlled classes

Each class has a detailed set of specifications that must be met for the boat to be considered a member of that class. Some classes (e.g.the Laser) have very tight specifications ensuring that there is virtually no difference between the boats (except for age) - these classes are sometimes called strict one-design.

In one-design racing all boats must conform to the same standard, the class rules, thus emphasizing the skill of the skipper and crew rather than having the results depend on equipment superiority.

These kind of classes are most commonly brand linked to brands with Laser Performance, RS Sailing, Melges and J/Boats range being good examples.

Measurement controlled classes

Popular International Classes include the Optimist, 470, Snipe and Etchells.

Measurement classes box rule

A box rule specifies a maximum overall size for boats in the class, as well as features such as stability. Competitors in these classes are then free to enter their own boat designs, as long as they do not exceed the box rule. No handicap is then applied.

Measurement development classes

Measurement formula-based classes

A construction class is based on a formula or set of restrictions which the boat's measurements must fit to be accepted to the class. Resulting boats are all unique, yet (ideally) relatively close in size and performance. Perhaps the most popular and enduring construction formula is The Metre Rule, around which several still popular classes were designed. With the 12 metre being the most famous due to its involvement in the America's Cup.

Handicap racing

When all the yachts in a race are not members of the same class, then a handicap is used to adjust the times of boats. The handicap attempts to specify a "normal" speed for each boat, usually based either on measurements taken of the boat, or on the past record of that kind of boat. Each boat is timed over the specified course. After it has finished, the handicap is used to adjust each boat's finishing time. The results are based on this sum.

Popular handicapping systems include

Earlier popular rating systems include IOR and IMS.

Gender criteria

The majority of sailing events are "open" events in which males and females compete together on equal terms either as individuals or part of team. Sailing has had female only World Championships since the 1970s to encourage participation and now hosts more than 30 such World Championship titles each year. For the 2016 Olympics, compulsory mixed gender in the event were added for the first time.

Additional criteria

In addition the following criteria are sometimes applied to events:

  • Age
  • Nationality
  • Disabled Classification
  • Sailor Classification
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See also

References
  1. Olympic Studies Centre (March 2015). "SAILING: History of Sailing at the Olympic Games" (PDF). stillmed.olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2017-03-07.
  2. "Pre-Start Routines". Archived from the original on August 25, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2017.
  3. Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race, 630 nm
  4. Royal Ocean Racing Club
  5. The Governor's Cup, Cape Town to St. Helena Island, 1690 nautical miles (nm)
  6. Heineken Cape to Bahia Race (South Atlantic Race), 3500 nm Archived 2009-06-08 at the Wayback Machine
  7. Schanen, Bill. "Keeping a lookout is easier said than done". Sailing Magazine. Archived from the original on 2006-05-08. Retrieved February 13, 2006.
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