South American land mammal age
The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma). These periods are referred to as ages, stages, or intervals and were established using geographic place names where fossil materials where obtained.[1]
Locations of SALMA type localities
The basic unit of measure is the first/last boundary statement. This shows that the first appearance event of one taxon is known to predate the last appearance event of another. If two taxa are found in the same fossil quarry or at the same stratigraphic horizon, then their age-range zones overlap.
Background
South America was an island continent for much of the Cenozoic, or the "Age of Mammals". As a result, its mammals evolved in their own unique directions, as Australia and Madagascar still have today.
Paleogeographic timeline
A simplified paleogeographic timeline of South America:[2]
- 66 Ma – South America was connected to both North America and Antarctica. Soon after this point, it lost its connection to North America.
- 66–50 Ma – Tiupampan to Casamayoran - South America was connected to Antarctica which, in turn, was connected to Australia. The Antarctica–Australia connection was lost around the end of this interval or perhaps as much as 15 million years later.
- 50–34 Ma – Casamayoran to Tinguirirican - South America was connected to Antarctica, which was not yet covered by ice.
- 34 Ma – Tinguirirican - South America and Antarctica became detached and glaciations started to form in Antarctica.
- 34–9 Ma – Tinguirirican to Chasicoan - South America had no land connections to any other continent.
- 9–3 Ma – Huayquerian to Chapadmalalan - islands formed between South and North America. A complete Isthmus of Panama most likely formed near the end of this interval, leading to the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI).
- 3 Ma to present – Uquian to Holocene - the land connection between South and North America is established and migration between the formerly separated continents occurs. The main migrational route is from north to south, rather than the opposite way. This led to much higher extinction levels of groups in South America than in North America.
- Pleistocene – the glacials and interglacials of the Pleistocene caused drastic eustatic sea level changes, widening and narrowing the land bridge at the 'bottleneck' of Panama. As a side-effect, the vegetation changed during this period of strong climatic changes.
- Late Pleistocene – the earliest humans arrived in South America and settled in various parts of the continent. Evidence for cohabitation with the latest Pleistocene megafauna has been found at multiple locations, such as Monte Verde in coastal Chile and Tibitó on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in Colombia.
Since about 110 million years ago, South America and Africa are detached
Antarctica, Australia and South America were attached as one large isolated paleocontinent for about 15 million years
The Drake Passage, separating South America from Antarctica, was formed since the latest Eocene (~35 Ma)
The paleogeographical history of South America, with the separation from Africa and Antarctica
Definitions
Cenozoic fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America
The following formations have provided vertebrate, insect or plant fossils, formations with other invertebrates are excluded:
Fossil content
| SALMA | Group | Fossils | Formation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lujanian | Mammals | Calomys callosus, Chaetophractus villosus, Ctenomys lujanensis, C. magellanicus, Dilobodon lujanensis, Doedicurus clavicaudatus, Dolichotis patagonum, Dusicyon avus, Eligmodontia typus, Equus (Amerhippus) cf. curvidens, Equus caballus, Eulamaops paralellus, Eutatus seguini, Galea musteloides, Glossotherium myloides, G. robustum, Glyptodon clavipes, G. perforatus, G. reticulatus, G. rudimentarius, Hemiauchenia paradoxa, Hippidion devillei, H. principale, Holochilus brasiliensis, Lagostomus maximus, Lama glama, L. gracilis, L. guanicoe, Lestodelphys halli, Lestodon armatus, L. gaudryi, L. trigonidens, Lontra longicaudis, Lycalopex gymnocercus, Lyncodon patagonicus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Microcavia australis, M. robusta, Morenelaphus azpeitianus, M. lujanensis, Myocastor coypus, M. priscus, Neochoerus aesopi, Neochoerus sulcidens, Neothoracophorus depressus, N. elevatus, Neuryurus rudis, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panochthus tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Panthera platensis, Pediolagus salinicola, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Reithrodon auritus, R. cf. physodes, Scelidotherium leptocephalum, Smilodon populator, Stegomastodon superbus, Tayassu tajacu, Tolypeutes tricinctus matacus, Toxodon bilobidens, T. platensis, Arctotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp. | Luján | |
| Holmesina rondoniensis | Rio Madeira | |||
| Birds | Cathartes fossilis, Lagopterus minutus, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Sarcorhamphus fossilis | Luján | ||
| Insects | Cyclocephala signaticollis, Diloboderus abderus, Epipedonota cristallisata, Nyctelia picipes, Scotobius pilularius | Luján | ||
| Ensenadan | Mammals | Epieurycerus truncus, Tonnicinctus mirus | Ensenada | |
| Balaenoptera musculus, Eubalaena australis, Megaptera novaeangliae, Ziphiidae indet. | Graxaim | |||
| Homotherium venezuelensis, Smilodon gracilis, Tapirus sp. | Mesa | |||
| Eutatus sp., Mesotherium sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Palaeolama sp. | Miramar | |||
| Equus (Amerhippus) andium, Equus (Amerhippus) insulatus, Andinomys cf. edea, Arctodus tarijensis, A. wingei, Arctotherium tarijense, A. wingei, Calomys cf. lancha, Canis dirus, Canis proplatensis, Chaetophractus tarijensis, C. villosus, Charitoceros tarijensis, Chlamydotherium cf. sellowi, Chrysocyon brachyurus, Coendou magnus, Conepatus suffocans, Ctenomys brachyrhinus, C. subassentiens, Cuvieronius hyodon, C. tropicus, Dasypus cf. villosus, Dicotyles cf. major, Euphractus sexcinctus, Euryzygomatomys hoffstetteri, Felis platensis, Felis yaguaroundi, Glossotherium robustum, G. tarijensis, Glyptodon clavipes, G. reticulatus, Hemiauchenia cf. paradoxa, Hippidion bonaerensis, H. devillei, H. principale, Hoplophorus echazui, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, Kunsia fronto, Lama castelnaudi, L. glama, L. intermedia, L. mesolithica, L. cf. oweni, L. provicugna, Lestodon armatus, Lutreolina crassicaudata, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, M. tarijensis, Myocastor coypus, M. perditus, Nectomys cf. squamipes, Neochoerus tarijensis, Neothoracophorus cf. elevatus, Nothropus tarijensis, Oxymycterus cf. paranensis, Palaeolama crequii, P. weddeli, Pampatherium cf. humboldtii, Panochthus cf. tuberculatus, Panthera onca, Phyllotis cf. darwini, Platygonus tarijensis, Propraopus sulcatus, Protocyon tarijensis, Pseudalopex gymnocercus, Puma concolor, Reigomys primigenus, Scelidodon tarijensis, Scelidotherium patrium, Smilodon populator, Tapirus tarijensis, Tapirus terrestris terrestris, Theriodictis tarijensis, Toxodon cf. platensis, Haplomastodon sp., Hippocamelus sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Nasua sp., Notiomastodon sp. | Tarija | |||
| Hippidion devillei, Pardinamys humahuaquensis, Pseudomacrauchenia yepesi, Glyptodon sp., ?Neuryurus sp., cf. Palaeolama sp., Scelidotherium sp., Cervidae indet. | Uquía | |||
| Glyptodon munizi | Vorohué | |||
| Hippidion principale, Holmesina paulacoutoi, Lestodon armatus, Macrauchenia patagonica, Megatherium americanum, Neolicaphrium recens, Notiomastodon platensis, Pampatherium typum, Panthera onca, Smilodon populator, Tayassu pecari, Toxodon platensis, Arctotherium sp., Dolichotis sp., Euphractus sp., Galea sp., Glyptodon sp., Lama sp., Mazama sp., Myocastor sp., Neosclerocalyptus sp., Panochthus sp., Propraopus sp., Scelidodon sp., Stegomastodon sp., Theriodictis sp., Tolypeutes sp. | Yupoí | |||
| Birds | Neochen debilis | Belgrano | ||
| Anas bahamensis, Anas cheuen, Callonetta talarae, Pleistoanser bravardi, Zonotrichia robusta | Miramar | |||
| Vultur gryphus | Tarija | |||
| Reptiles & amphibians | Leiosaurus marellii | La Ensenada | ||
| Caiman venezuelensis, Crocodylia indet. | Mesa | |||
| Bufo cf. marinus, Ceratophrys sp. | Tarija | |||
| Fishes | Pogonias cromis | Graxaim | ||
| Uquian | Mammals | Chaetophractus cf. villosus, Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Hippidion devillei, Hydrochoeropsis dasseni, Lestodon ?castellanosi, Megatherium ?uquiensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Platygonus uquiensis, Pyramiodontherium ?carlesi, Windhausenia delacroixi, Xiphuroides uquiensis, Erethizon sp., ?Panochthus sp., Urotherium sp., Doedicurinae indet., Euphractinae indet., Gomphotheriidae indet., Sclerocalyptinae indet. | Uquía | |
| Macrauchenia cf. ullomensis, Glossotherium sp., Plaxhaplous sp., Cervidae indet. | Charana | |||
| Megatherium medinae | Chíu-Chíu | |||
| Aenigmys diamantensis, Eumysops sp. | Hernandarías | |||
| Thalassocnus yaucensis | Pisco | |||
| Panochthus intermedius | Sacaba | |||
| Eumysops marplatensis, Neuryurus sp. | San Andrés | |||
| Palaeolama weddelli, Doedicurus sp. | San José | |||
| Macrauchenia patagonica, Scelidodon cf. tarijensis, Cervidae indet. | Umala | |||
| Eumysops cavoides, E. marplatensis, Galictis sorgentini, Leopardus vorohuensis, Platygonus chapalmalensis, Protocyon scagliaruen, Smilodon riggii, Canis sp., Catagonus sp., Didelphis sp., Dolichotis sp., Dusicyon sp., Hippidion sp., Lagostomus sp., Lama sp., Megatherium sp., Mesotherium sp., Microcavia sp., Microtragulus sp., Paedotherium sp., Palaeolama sp., Pithanotomys sp., Tremacyllus sp., Toxodon sp., Windhausenia sp. | Vorohué | |||
| Birds | Phalacrocorax aff. bougainvillii | Pisco | ||
| Aratinga vorohuensis | Vorohué | |||
| Reptiles | Uquiasaurus heptanodonta | Uquía | ||
| Chapadmalalan | Mammals | Didelphis brachyodonta, Didelphis reigi, Lutreolina cf. crassicaudata, Paraglyptodon chapalmalensis, Platygonus marplatensis, Thylophorops chapalmalensis, Marmosa indet. | Chapadmalal | |
| Paedotherium typicum, Paramyocastor diligens, Eumysops sp. | Puerto Alvear | |||
| Abrothrix magnus, Chukimys favaloroi | Brochero | |||
| Caviodon multiplicatus, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Dolicavia minuscula, Eucelophorus cf. chapalmalensis, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Macroeuphractus retusus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Pascualia aff. laeviplicata, Tremacyllus impressus, Actenomys sp., Lagostomus (Lagostomopsis) sp., Pithanotomys sp. | Río Quinto | |||
| aff. Holmesina floridianus, Marisela gregoriana, Pliodasypus vergelianus, Boreostemma sp., Cardiatherium sp., cf. Caviodon sp., Cyonasua sp., Neoepiblema sp., Megatheriidae indet., Toxodontidae indet. | San Gregorio | |||
| Artigasia magna, Plesiomegatherium hansmeyeri, Pliomegatherium sp. | San José | |||
| Chorobates villosissimus, cf. Doellotatus inornatus, Lomaphorops corallinus, Neuryurus cf. giganteus, Pyramiodontherium scillatoyanei, Xyophorus aff. bandesioi, Eoauchenia sp., Paleuphractus sp., cf. Plesiomegatherium sp., Propediolagus sp., cf. Proscelidodon sp., Protabrocoma sp., cf. Urotherium sp. | Toro Negro | |||
| Ctenomys chapadmalensis, Doellotatus chapadmalensis, Paraglyptodon uquiensis, Microcavia sp., Plaina sp., Scelidotheridium sp. | Uquía | |||
| Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Pliomegatherium lelongi, Chapalmalania sp., ?Hyperleptus sp., Nothrotherium sp., Camelidae indet., Caviidae indet., Erethizontidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Lestodontini indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Scelidotheriinae indet., Tardigrada indet., Toxodontidae indet. | Ware | |||
| Birds | Llallawavis scagliai | Playa Los Lobos Allo | ||
| Reptiles & amphibians | Rhinella loba | Chapadmalal | [284] | |
| Anura indet., Squamata indet., Serpentes indet. | Brochero | |||
| Crocodylus falconensis | San Gregorio | |||
| Crocodylus sp., Alligatoridae indet., Crocodylidae indet., Podocnemididae indet. | Ware | |||
| Fishes | Carcharhinidae indet., Characidae indet., Cichlidae indet., Cynodontidae indet., Doradidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Pimelodidae indet., Pristidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Serrasalmidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet. | Ware | ||
| Montehermosan | Mammals | Actenomys latidens, A. priscus, Argyrolagus palmeri, Caviodon australis, Doellotatus inornatus, Eleutherocercus antiquus, Eoauchenia primitiva, Eucelophorus cabrerai, Eumysops formosus, E. laeviplicatus, Holozaedyus laevisculptus, Hyperdidelphys inexpectata, Kraglievichimys formosus, Lagostomus euplasius, L. incises, Macrochorobates chapadmalensis, Marmosa contrerasi, Myrmecophaga caroloameghinoi, Necromys bonapartei, Notocynus hermosicus, Paedotherium bonaerense, P. typicum, Parahyaenodon argentinus, Paramyocastor diligens, Phugatherium cataclisticum, Phtoramys homogenidens, Pithanotomys columnaris, P. macer, Plaina cf. intermedia, Plohophorus figuratus, Promacrauchenia antiqua, P. kraglievichi, Proscelidodon patrius, Pseudoplataeomys formosus, Pseudotypotherium bravardi, Thylatheridium pascuali, Toxodon chapalmalensis, Tremacyllus impressus, Trigodon gaudryi, Caviodon sp., Chorobates sp., Lestodon sp., Lutreolina sp., Macroeuphractus sp., Neocavia sp., Neophanomys sp., Orthomyctera sp., Palaeocavia sp., Paleuphractus sp., Phugatherium sp., Prodolichotis sp., Pseudotypotherium sp., Sparassocynus sp., Caviidae indet., Cricetidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., Rodentia indet., Sigmodontinae sp., Toxodontidae indet. | Monte Hermoso | |
| Xotodon caravela | Aconquija | |||
| Brachytherium laternarium, Cardiomys ameghinorum, Cavia cabrerai, Caviodon andalhualensis, Chapalmalania alteafrontis, Chorobates scalabrini, Cyonasua brevirostris, Eosclerocalyptus planus, Hemihegetotherium robustum, Microtragulus catamarcensis, Neophanomys biplicatus, Neotamandua conspicua, Orthomyctera andina, Palaeomyrmidon incomptus, Paradidelphys pattersonii, Paraeuphractus prominens, Phlyctaenopyga ameghinoi, Pithanotomys columnaris, Prodolichotis prisca, Promacrauchenia antiqua, Pyramiodontherium bergi, Scelidotherium pendolai, Sphenotherus zavaletianus, Stromaphorus compressidens, Tetrastylus intermedius, Tremacyllus latifrons, Typotheriopsis internum, Palaeocavia sp., Thylacosmilus sp., Toxodontherium sp., Xotodon sp. | Andalhuala | |||
| Hemisyntrachelus sp. | Bahía Inglesa | |||
| Balaenopteridae indet., Odontoceti indet., Otariidae indet. | Caleta Herradura | |||
| Plesiotypotherium casirense, Simomylodon uccasamamensis | Casira | |||
| Bolivartherium codorensis, Boreostemma pliocena, Falcontoxodon aguilerai, cf. Ischyrorhynchus vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys zabasi, Proeremotherium eljebe, Alitoxodon sp., Plesiomegatherium sp. | Codore | |||
| Delphinus domeykoi, Megaptera hubachi, Pliopontos sp., ?Squalodon sp., Balaenidae indet. | Coquimbo | |||
| Borhyaenidium riggsi | Corral Quemado | |||
| Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Macroeuphractus aff. moreni, Neosclerocalyptus sp., cf. Plohophorops sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp. | La Paz | |||
| Anadasypus aequatorianus, Caviomorpha indet., Litopterna indet., Toxodontia indet. | Letrero | |||
| Cetacea indet. | Paraguaná | |||
| Posnanskytherium sp., Promacrauchenia sp., Mylodontidae indet. | Remedios | |||
| Plohophorus aff. figuratus | Río Negro | |||
| Oxyodontherium zeballosi | Río Quinto | |||
| Catonyx tarijensis | San José | |||
| Aymaratherium jeani, Megatherium altiplanicum, Microtragulus bolivianus, Phugatherium saavedrai, Posnanskytherium desaguaderoi, Praectenomys rhombidens, P. vagus, Sparassocynus heterotopicus, Macroeuphractus sp., cf. Plaina sp., cf. Promacrauchenia sp., ?Caenolestidae indet., Mylodontinae indet. | Umala | |||
| Birds | Chunga incerta, Dryornis pampeanus, Eudromia cf. elegans, Foetopterus ambiguus, Mesembriornis milneedwardsi, Palaeociconia australis, Protorhea azarae, Tinamisornis intermedius, T. parvulus, Dendrocygninae indet. | Monte Hermoso | ||
| Opisthodactylus kirchneri | Andalhuala | |||
| Pygoscelis grandis, Spheniscus anglicus | Bahía Inglesa | |||
| Spheniscus chilensis, Milvago sp., Phalacrocorax sp. | Caleta Herradura | |||
| cf. Palaeospheniscus sp., Spheniscus sp., Diomedeidae indet., Spheniscidae indet. | Coquimbo | |||
| Reptiles & amphibians | Ceratophrys ameghinorum, Chelonoidis cf. australis, Lepidobatrachus australis, L. laevis, Testudo formosa, Leptodactylus sp., Tupinambis sp., Bufonidae indet., Colubridae indet. | Monte Hermoso | ||
| Caiman sp., Gavialoidea indet. | Ipururo | |||
| Fishes | Characidae indet., Percichthyidae indet., Trichomycteridae indet. | Monte Hermoso | ||
| Carcharodon carcharias, Prionace glauca | Bahía Inglesa | |||
| Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharias sp., Carcharhinus sp., Chondrichthyes indet., Myliobatidae indet. | Caleta Herradura | |||
| Carcharodon carcharias | Coquimbo | |||
| Megalodon, Brotula cf. ordwayi, Carcharhinus egertoni, Carcharhinus priscus, Chilara taylori, Eucinostomus cf. currani, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Isistius triangulus, Larimus cf. pacificus, Lepophidium microlepis, Merluccius cf. angustimanus, Negaprion eurybathrodon, Odontaspis acutissima, Orthopristis cf. cantharinus, Otophidium indefatigabile, Paraconger californiensis, Porichthys analis, P. margaritatus, P. cf. notatus, Rhizoprionodon taxandriae, Anchoa sp., Apogon sp., Citharichthys sp., Diaphus sp., Haemulon sp., Lampadena sp., Cynoglossidae indet., Gerreidae indet., Gobiidae indet., Opistognathidae indet., Pleuronectidae indet., ?Serranidae indet. | Onzole | |||
| Megalodon | Paraguaná | |||
| Megalodon, Carcharodon hastalis, Hexanchus griseus, Pristiophorus sp. | Puerta del Diablo | |||
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See also
- Biochronology
- North American land mammal age (NALMA)
- Asian land mammal age (ALMA)
- European land mammal age (ELMA or ELMMZ)
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Ecuador
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Paraguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Uruguay
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Venezuela
Notes and references
Notes
- Former name of Ituzaingó Formation
- Former name of Cerro Azul Formation
- In later research considered part of the Camacho Formation[96]
References
- Flynn & Swisher, 1995
- Darin A. Croft - South American Fossil Mammals
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- Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.348
- Linares, 2004, p.5
- Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.422
- Dalla Salda & Franzese, 1987, p.7
- Croft et al., 2016, p.2
- Marshall, 1990
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- Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13
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- Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2018, p.442
- Acosta Hospitaleche et al., 2013, p.491
- Rincón et al., 2016, p.19
- Vizcaíno et al., 2012
- Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52
- Mendi & Rodríguez, 2005, p.20
- Johnson, 2009, p.60
- Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140
- Horovitz & Sánchez Villagra, 2012, p.145
- Croft et al., 2007, p.781
- Kramarz, 2001, p.10
- Dozo et al., 2014, p.241
- Godoy et al., 2012
- Muñoz et al., 2006
- Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47
- Kramarz et al., 2005
- Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288
- Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419
- Náñez et al., 2009
- Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24
- De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207
- Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128
- Agnolin, 2006, p.27
- Combina & Nullo, 2011, p.201
- Acosta et al., 2002, p.49
- Castro Medina, 2010, p.55
- Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.41
- Bond et al., 1998, p.42
- Tófalo & Morrás, 2009, p.680
- Alván et al., 2017, p.56
- Gómez et al., 2008, p.48
- Billet et al., 2008, p.153
- Le Roux et al., 2010, p.332
- Conoce Nuestra Biodiversidad - Salla
- Reguero & Cerdeño, 2005, p.674
- Do Couto Ribeiro, 2010, p.88
- Chacaltana et al., 2015, p.2
- Castro Medina, 2010, p.53
- Gonçalves Pereira, 2015, p.124
- Billet et al., 2010
- Vizan et al., 2013
- Otero et al., 2012
- Castro Medina, 2010, p.56
- Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.12
- Lorenzo et al., 2018, p.34
- Carlotto, 2016, p.522
- Cerdeño & Guiomar, M2007, p.200
- Tejedor et al., 2009, p.6
- Clarke et al., 2003
- Clarke et al., 2007, p.11545
- Castro Medina, 2010, p.54
- Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.11
- Ciancio et al., 2016, p.577
- López & Bond, 1995, p.92
- Wilf et al., 2005, p.634
- Shelania at Fossilworks.org
- Wilf et al., 2005
- Campbell et al., 2014, p.13
- Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.252
- Bayona et al., 2012, p.103
- Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.633
- Mendes et al., 2015, p.28
- Sedor et al., 2017, p.39
- Escosteguy & Franchi, 2010, p.420
- Hernández, 2003, p.47
- Cadena & Schweitzer, 2014, p.461
- Del Papa, 2006, p.314
- Narváez, 2009, p.24
- Del Papa et al., 2013, p.59
- Payrola Bosio et al., 2010, p.312
- Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.240
- Scarfati et al., 2009, p.36
- Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.251
- Quispe Alcalá, 2010, p.21
- Gelfo & Goin, 2011
- Clyde et al., 2014, p.303
- Pol & Powell, 2011, S9
- Oliveira & Goin, 2011
- Jaramillo et al., 2007, p.168
- Raigemborn et al., 2010, p.249
- Sánchez & Marquillas, 2010, p.389
- Montoya & Reyes, 2005, p.54
- Sempere et al., 1997, p.709
- Goin et al., 2006
- Carvalho et al., 2016, p.493
- Arroyo Tapalque at Fossilworks.org
- Paso Otero-Pardo at Fossilworks.org
- Paso Otero-Verde at Fossilworks.org
- Luján at Fossilworks.org
- Laguna Las Encadenadas at Fossilworks.org
- Quequén Salado - Indio Rico at Fossilworks.org
- Vezzosi, 2015, pp.636-637
- Vezzosi, 2015, p.899
- Góis et al., 2012
- Salado River, General Belgrano at Fossilworks.org
- La Chumbiada at Fossilworks.org
- Góis et al., 2015
- La Plata (Ensenada) at Fossilworks.org
- Graxaim at Fossilworks.org
- El Breal de Orocual at Fossilworks.org
- El Breal de Orocual2 at Fossilworks.org
- 900 m SW of Punta Hermengo at Fossilworks.org
- Machado et al., 2014
- Tarija at Fossilworks.org
- Tarija-1 at Fossilworks.org
- Ortiz et al., 2013
- Esquina Blanca - Upper Unit at Fossilworks.org
- Baliza Chica at Fossilworks.org
- Vezzosi, 2015, pp.631-632
- Arroyo Toropi-Level 3 at Fossilworks.org
- Agnolin, 2006, p.93
- Agnolin, 2006, p.83
- Agnolin, 2006, p.84
- Agnolin, 2006, p.86
- Agnolin, 2006, p.88
- Estación Anchorena at Fossilworks.org
- Esquina Blanca - Middle Unit at Fossilworks.org
- Charana at Fossilworks.org
- Jalquincha 1 at Fossilworks.org
- Left bank of La Ensenada Creek at Fossilworks.org
- East Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- 20 km west of Cochabamba at Fossilworks.org
- Olivares & Verzi, 2015
- Punta San Andrés at Fossilworks.org
- Arroyo Tarariras at Fossilworks.org
- Ayo Ayo tuff at Fossilworks.org
- Arroyo Loberia at Fossilworks.org
- 15 km N Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- Yauca at Fossilworks.org
- Tonni & Noriega, 1996
- Daza et al., 2012
- Mar del Plata at Fossilworks.org
- Bajada las Palomas at Fossilworks.org
- First point north of Barranca de los Lobos, level III-IV at Fossilworks.org
- Punta Martinez de Hoz, level III at Fossilworks.org
- First bajada north of Canada Chapar at Fossilworks.org
- Diamente Department at Fossilworks.org
- Barbière et al., 2016
- Los Sauces River at Fossilworks.org
- Cantera Díaz Nogarol at Fossilworks.org
- Castro et al., 2014
- Vergel Member at Fossilworks.org
- Playa Kiyu at Fossilworks.org
- Sierra de Los Colorados at Fossilworks.org
- Toro Negro at Fossilworks.org
- Esquina Blanca - Lower Unit at Fossilworks.org
- Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
- Amson et al., 2016, pp.3–15
- Pérez et al., 2017
- Degrange et al., 2015
- Pérez Ben et al., 2019
- Norte Casa Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- Police Station 470062 at Fossilworks.org
- Barbière et al., 2018
- Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso FI Facies at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso FM Facies at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso St Facies at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso Fcf Facies at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- Barrancas de Monte Hermoso at Fossilworks.org
- Farola Monte Hermoso Fsc Facies at Fossilworks.org
- Armella et al., 2018
- Candela & Bonini, 2017
- Santa Maria Valley Andalhuala Fm at Fossilworks.org
- Bahia Inglesa Unit 3 at Fossilworks.org
- Cuenca del Tiburón at Fossilworks.org
- Casira Formation at Fossilworks.org
- Carrillo et al., 2018
- Casa el Jebe at Fossilworks.org
- La Meseta at Fossilworks.org
- Road to Tio Gregorio Locality at Fossilworks.org
- Urumaco, Biozona 4 Loc 85-FC at Fossilworks.org
- Mirandabradys Urumaco 03 at Fossilworks.org
- 1.5 km Northwest of Cerro Chiguaje at Fossilworks.org
- Coquimbo at Fossilworks.org
- Bahia de Guayacan at Fossilworks.org
- Bahia Herradura at Fossilworks.org
- Corral Quemado at Fossilworks.org
- La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- RHM Locality 4 at Fossilworks.org
- El Yacural at Fossilworks.org
- Remedios at Fossilworks.org
- Punta Bermeja at Fossilworks.org
- Arroyo La Petra at Fossilworks.org
- Puerto Arazatí at Fossilworks.org
- Pujos et al., 2016
- Umala, La Paz, Bolivia at Fossilworks.org
- Ayo Ayo at Fossilworks.org
- Benson, 2015
- Los Dedos, Pliocene at Fossilworks.org
- La Cantera at Fossilworks.org
- Chanaral de Aceituno at Fossilworks.org
- Nicoli, 2015
- Farola Monte Hermoso Neocavia at Fossilworks.org
- CTA-42 at Fossilworks.org
- CTA-59 at Fossilworks.org
- Tongoy area Unit 11 at Fossilworks.org
- Súa Member at Fossilworks.org
- Punta la Gorda at Fossilworks.org
- Punta la Colorada at Fossilworks.org
- Puerta del Diablo at Fossilworks.org
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- Agua de la Piedra Formation
- Cerdeño, Esperanza, and Marcelo Reguero. 2015. The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e907173. Accessed 2015-02-13.
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- Aisol Formation
- Forasiepi, Analía M.; Esperanza Cerdeño; Mariano Bond; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Maximiliano Naipauer; Fiona R. Straehl; Agustín G. Martinelli; Alberto C. Garrido, and Mark D. Schmitz and James L. Crowley. 2015. New toxodontid (Notoungulata) from the Early Miocene of Mendoza, Argentina. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 89. 611–634. Accessed 2019-02-13.
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- Andalhuala Formation
- Candela, Adriana M., and Ricardo A. Bonini. 2017. A new guinea pig (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from northwestern Argentina: Implications for the origin of the genus Cavia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1352591. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Andesitas Huancache Formation
- Goin, Francisco J.; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Laura Chornogubsky; Guillermo M. López; Javier N. Gelfo; Mariano Bond; Michael O. Woodburne; Yamila Gurovich, and Marcelo Reguero. 2012. Persistence of a Mesozoic, non-therian mammalian lineage (Gondwanatheria) in the mid-Paleogene of Patagonia. Naturwissenschaften 99. 449–463. Accessed 2019-02-15.
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- Arroyo Chasicó Formation
- González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Gustavo J. Scillato Yané; Cecilia M. Krmpotic, and Alfredo A. Carlini. 2012. A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina. Zootaxa 3359. 55–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
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- Belgrano Formation
- Agnolin, Federico. 2006. Dos nuevos Anatidae (Aves, Anseriformes) del Pleistoceno inferior-medio de Argentina. Stud. Geol. Salmant. 42. 81–95. Accessed 2017-10-02.
- Bororó Formation
- Scarfati, L.; D.L. Melendi, and W. Volkheimer. 2009. A Danian subtropical lacustrine palynobiota from South America (Bororó Formation, San Jorge Basin, Patagonia - Argentina). Geologica Acta 7. 35–61. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Brochero Formation
- Barbière, Franck; Laura E. Cruz; Pablo E. Ortiz, and Ulyses F. J. Pardiñas. 2016. A new genus of Sigmodontinae (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) from the Pliocene of Central Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1199557. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Zamorano, Martin. 2013. Diagnosis y nueva descripción de Propanochthus bullifer (Burmeister) (Xenarthra, Glyptodontidae). Consideraciones bioestratigráficas y cronológicas de su procedencia. Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 28. 283–292. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Casamayor Formation
- Raigemborn, María Sol; Javier M. Krause; Eduardo Bellosi, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2010. Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Raigemborn, María Sol. 2008. Estudio estratigráfico, sedimentológico y composicional de las sedimentitas del Terciário inferior (Grupo Rio Chico) en el sector sudoriental del Chubut Extraandino (PhD thesis), 11–58. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Cerro Azul Formation
- Goin, F.J.; C. Montalvo, and G. Visconti. 2000. Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina). Estudios Geológicos 56. 101–126. Accessed 2017-08-15.
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- Cerro Bandera Formation
- Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Mariano Bond, and Michelle Arnal. 2015. Systematic description of three new mammals (Notoungulata and Rodentia) from the early Miocene Cerro Bandera Formation, northern Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 52. 585–597. Accessed 2019-02-13.
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- Chapadmalal Formation
- Elissamburu, Andrea; Alejandro Dondas, and Luciano de Santis. 2011. Morfometría de las paleocuevas de la "Fm." Chapadmalal y su asignación a Actenomys (Rodentia), Paedotherium (Notoungulata) y otros mamíferos fósiles hospedantes. Mastozoología Neotropical 18. 227–238. Accessed 2018-09-10.
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- Chichinales Formation
- Agnolin, Federico L., and Pablo Chafrat. 2015. New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Annales de Paléontologie 101. 87–94. Accessed 2019-02-13.
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- Chiquimil Formation
- Esteban, G.; N. Nasif, and S.M. Georgieff. 2014. Cronobioestratigrafía del Mioceno tardío – Plioceno temprano, Puerta de Corral Quemado y Villavil, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Acta geológica lilloana 26. 165–192. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Madozzo Jaén, María Carolina, and María Encarnación Pérez. 2017. The most ancient caviine rodent (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) comes from the late Miocene of Northwest Argentina (South America). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 29. 376–383. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Martínez, Leandro C.A., and Alicia I. Lutz. 2004. Estudios preliminares de la xiloflora de la Formación Chiquimil (Catamarca), 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - Comunicaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Mautino, Lilia R., and Luisa M. Anzótegui. s.a. Polen de la Formación Chiquimil, en la Localidad Vallecito (Mioceno Superior) Provincia de Catamarca, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Morton, L.S., and R. Herbst. s.a. Gastrópodos (Orthalicidae) de la Formación Chiquimil (Mioceno) de Villavil, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina, 1–3. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Collón Curá Formation
- Abello, María Alejandra, and David Rubilar Rogers. 2012. Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 49. 164–184. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Dalla Salda, Luis, and Juan Franzese. 2014. Las megaestructuras del Macizo y Cordillera Norpatagónica argentina y la génesis de las cuencas volcano-sedimentarias terciarias. Revista Geológica de Chile 31. 3–13. Accessed 2018-09-04.
- Escosteguy, Leonardo, and Mario Franchi. 2010. Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 66. 418–429. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Nardoni, Bárbara Vera; Marcelo Reguero, and Laureano González Ruiz. 2017. The Interatheriinae notoungulates from the middle Miocene Collón Curá Formation in Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. 845–863. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Deseado Formation
- Agnolin, Federico. 2006. Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas. Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 8. 27–33. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Forasiepi, Analía M.; M. Judith Babot, and Natalia Zimicz. 2014. Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13. 503–525. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Divisadero Largo Formation
- Simpson, G.G.; J.L. Minoprio, and B. Patterson. 1962. The mammalian fauna of the Divisadero Largo Formation, Mendoza, Argentina. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 127. 239–293. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- La Ensenada Formation
- Góis, Flávio; Laureano Raúl González Ruiz; Gustavo Juan Scillato Yané, and Esteban Soibelzon. 2015. A Peculiar New Pampatheriidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the Pleistocene of Argentina and Comments on Pampatheriidae Diversity. PLoS ONE 10. e0128296. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Picasso, Mariana B.J., and Federico J. Degrange. 2009. El género Nothura (Aves, Tinamidae) en el Pleistoceno (Formación Ensenada) de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26. 428–432. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Tonni, E.P. et al. 1999. The Ensenada and Buenos Aires formations (Pleistocene) in a quarry near La Plata, Argentina. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 12. 273–291. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Las Flores Formation, Sierra del Tontal
- Cerdeño, Esperanza; María E. Pérez; Cecilia M. Deschamps, and Víctor H. Contreras. 2019. A new capybara from the late Miocene of San Juan Province, Argentina, and its phylogenetic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 64. 1–14. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Las Flores Formation, Golfo San Jorge Basin
- Goin, F. J.; A.M. Candela; M.A. Abello, and E.V. Oliveira. 2009. Earliest South American paucituberculatans and their significance in the understanding of ‘pseudodiprotodont’ marsupial radiations. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155. 867–884. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Raigemborn, María Sol; Javier M. Krause; Eduardo Bellosi, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2010. Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Superior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Ugalde, Raúl; Enrique Bostelmann, and José Luis Oyarzún. 2013. Stratigraphic review of the Las Flores Formation, Sierra Baguales, Última Esperanza Province, Magallanes, 355–358. GeoSur Conference IV Viña del Mar. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Fortín Tres Pozos Formation
- Soibelzon, Leopoldo Héctor et al. 2010. Primer registro fósil de Procyon cancrivorus (G. Cuvier, 1798) (Carnivora, Procyonidae) en la Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 27. 313–319. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Zurita, Alfredo Eduardo; Ángel Ramón Miño Boilini; Alfredo Armando Carlini; Martín Iriondo, and María Alejandra Alcaraz. 2009. Paleontología del Chaco Oriental. Una nueva localidad con mamíferos fósiles pleistocenos en el río Bermejo (Formosa, Argentina). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 26. 277–288. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Gaiman Formation
- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina. 2007. Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina. Ameghiniana 44. 417–426. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Viglino, Mariana; Mónica R. Buono; Carolina S. Gutstein; Mario A. Cozzuol, and José I. Cuitiño. 2018. A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63. 261–277. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Geste Formation
- Ciancio, Martín R; Claudia Herrera; Alejandro Aramayo; Patricio Payrola, and Judith Babot. 2016. Diversity of cingulate xenarthrans in the middle–late Eocene of Northwestern Argentina. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 575–590. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- García López, D.A., and M.J. Babot. 2014. Notoungulate faunas of north-western Argentina: new findings of early-diverging forms from the Eocene Geste Formation. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13. 557–579. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- López, Guillermo, and Mariano Bond. 1995. Un nuevo Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) del Terciario Inferior de la Puna argentina [A new Notopithecinae (Notoungulata, Typotheria) of Lower Tertiary from the argentinian Puna]. Stvd. Geol. Salmant. 31. 87–99. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
- Reichler, Valeria A. 2010. Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas. Andean Geology 31. 177–219. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Hernandarias Formation
- Segovia, Román. 2014. Micropaleontología del Cuaternario del sector austral del litoral, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–372. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Huayquerías Formation
- Forasiepi, Analía M.; Ross D.E. MacPhee; Santiago Hernández del Pino; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Eli Amson, and Camille Grohé. 2016. Exceptional skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the Late Miocene of Argentina: anatomy, systematics and paleobiological implications. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 404. 1–76. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Garrido, Alberto C.; Ricardo Bonini, and David L. Barbeau. 2017. Paleoambiente, edad y vertebrados de la Formación Huayquerías, Mioceno tardio, Provincia de Mendoza, Republica Argentina, 50–55. XX Congreso Geológico Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Huitrera Formation
- Escosteguy, Leonardo, and Mario Franchi. 2010. Estratigrafía de la región de Chapelco, Provincia del Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 66. 418–429. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- India Muerta Formation
- García López, Daniel A., and M. Judith Barbot. 2015. A late Miocene Argyrolagidae (Mammalia, Metatheria, Bonapartheriiformes) from northwestern Argentina. Ameghiniana 52. 314–323. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- La Invernada Formation
- Combina, Ana María, and María Lidia Sánchez. 2003. Análisis sedimentológico de la Formación La Invernada, Pleistoceno Tardío-Holoceno, pedemonte de las Sierras de Comechingones, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Revista Asociación Argentina de Sedimentología 10. 123–135. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Ituzaingó Formation
- Brandoni, Diego. 2014. A new genus of Megalonychidae (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Miocene of Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17. 33–42. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Franco, María Jimena; Mariana Brea; Óscar Orfeo, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. La paleoflora de la Formación Ituzaingó, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Scillato Yané, Gustavo J.; Flávio Góis; Alfredo E. Zurita; Alfredo A. Carlini; Laureano R. González Ruiz; Cecilia M. Krmpotic; Cristian Oliva, and Martín Zamorano. 2013. Los Cingulata (Mammalia, Xenarthra) del "Conglomerado Osífero" (Miocene tardío) de la Formación Ituzaingó de Entre Ríos, Argentina. Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina Publicación Especial 14. 118–134. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Koluel Kaike Formation
- Raigemborn, María Sol; Javier M. Krause; Eduardo Bellosi, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2010. Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Laguna Brava Formation
- Vizán, H.; S. Geuna; R. Melchor; E.S. Bellosi; S.L. Lagorio; C. Vásquez; M.S. Japas; G. Ré, and M. Do Campo. 2013. Geological setting and paleomagnetism of the Eocene red beds of Laguna Brava Formation (Quebrada Santo Domingo, northwestern Argentina). Tectonophysics 583. 105–123.
- Laguna del Hunco Formation
- Wilf, Peter; Kirk R. Johnson; N. Rubén Cúneo; M. Elliot Smith; Bradley S. Singer, and Maria A. Gandolfo. 2005. Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. The American Naturalist 135. 634–650. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Lefipán Formation
- Goin, Francisco & Rosendo Pascual, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Javier N. Gelfo, Michael O. Woodburne, Judd A. Case, Marcelo A. Reguero, Mariano Bond, Guillermo M. López, Alberto L. Cione, Daniel Udrizar Sautheir, Lucía Balarino, Roberto A. Scassos, Francisco A. Medina and María C. Ubaldón. 2006. The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26. 505–510. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Leticia Formation
- Clarke, J.A.; E.B. Olivero, and P. Puerta. 2003. Description of the earliest fossil penguin from South America, and first Paleogene vertebrate locality of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. American Museum Novitates 3423. 1–18. Accessed 2019-02-20.
- Loma de Las Tapias Formation
- Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Emma C. Vieytes; A. Itatí Olivares, and María G. Vucetich. 2009. Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico. Ameghiniana 46. 295–305. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Mones, Álvaro. 2014. Contrerascynus, new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17. 435–436. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Olivares, A. Itatí; Diego H. Verzi; Victor H. Contreras, and Leila Pessôa. 2016. A new Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricomorpha) from the late Miocene of southern South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1239204. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Luján Formation
- Blasi, Adriana et al. 2010. Paleoambientes de la cuenca media del Río Luján (Buenos Aires, Argentina) durante el último periodo glacial (EIO 4-2). Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 17. 85–111. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Fucks, Enrique; Adriana Blasi; Jorge Carbonari; Roberto Huarte; Florencia Pisano, and Marina Aguirre. 2011. Evolución geológica y geomorfológica de la cuenca del Río Areco, NE de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 68. 109–120. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Lumbrera Formation
- Deraco, Virginia, and Daniel A. García López. 2015. A new Eocene Toxodontia (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1037884. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Herrera, Claudia M. R.; Jaime E. Powell; Graciela I. Esteban, and Cecilia Del Papa. 2017. A New Eocene Dasypodid with Caniniforms (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from Northwest Argentina. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 275–288. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Del Papa, Cecilia E. 2006. Estratigrafía y paleoambientes de la Formación Lumbrera, Grupo Salta, Noroeste argentino. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 61. 313–327. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Maimará Formation
- Abello, María Alejandra; Martín De los Reyes; Adriana Magdalena Candela; François Pujos; Damián Voglino, and Bernardino Mamani Quispe. 2015. Description of a new species of Sparassocynus (Marsupialia: Didelphoidea: Sparassocynidae) from the late Miocene of Jujuy (Argentina) and taxonomic review of Sparassocynus heterotopicus from the Pliocene of Bolivia. Zootaxa 3937. 147–160. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Bonini, Ricardo A.; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Marcelo A. Reguero; Esperanza Cerdeño; Adriana M. Candela, and Natalia Solís. 2017. First record of Toxodontidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene of the southern central Andes, NW Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 91. 566–576. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Pujos, François; Adriana Candela; Claudia I. Galli; Beatriz L. Coiras; Marcelo A. Reguero; Martín de los Reyes, and María Alejandra Abello. 2012. The Scelidotherine Proscelidodon (Xenarthra: Mylodontidae) from the Late Miocene of Maimará (Northwestern Argentina, Jujuy Province). Ameghiniana _. 1–7. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Maíz Gordo Formation
- Narváez, Paula Liliana. 2009. Palinoestratigrafía, paleoambientes y cambios climáticos durante el Cretácico final y Paleógeno de la Cuenca del Grupo Salta, República Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–229. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Mariño Formation
- Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bárbara Vera, and Ana María Combina. 2018. A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 88. 118–131. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Cerdeño, Esperanza, and M. Guiomar Vucetich. 2007. The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications. Andean Geology 34. 199–207. Accessed 2017-10-23.
- Mealla Formation
- Sánchez, María Cristina, and Rosa A. Marquillas. 2010. Facies y ambientes del Grupo Salta (Cretácico-Paleógeno) en Tumbaya, Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 383–391. Accessed 2018-09-07.
- Miramar & San Andrés Formations
- Gaudioso, P.J.; G.M. Gasparini; R. Herbst, and R.M. Bárquez. 2017. First record of the Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Mammalia, Litopterna) in the Pleistocene of Santiago del Estero Province, Argentina. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 57. 23–29. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Isla, Federico; Matías Taglioretti, and Alejandro Dondas. 2015. Revisión y nuevos aportes sobre la estratigrafía y sedimentología de los acantilados entre Mar de Cobo y Miramar, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 72. 235–250. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Olivares, A.I., and D.H. Verzi. 2015. Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 1042–1061. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Monte Hermoso Formation
- Agnolin, Federico L.; Sergio Bogan; Rodrigo L. Tomassini, and Teresa Manera. 2014. Nuevo Percichthyidae (Teleostei, Percoidei) del Plioceno temprano de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y sus implicancias biogeográficas. Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 16. 19–31. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Albino, Adriana M.; Tomassini Rodrigo, and Santiago Brizuela. 2009. Presencia del lagarto teiido Tupinambis en la FormaciónMonte Hermoso de Farola Monte Hermoso, sur de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Ameghiniana 46. 177–187. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Barbière, Franck; Pablo E. Ortiz, and Ulyses F.J. Pardiñas. 2018. The oldest sigmodontine rodent revisited and the age of the first South American cricetids. Journal of Paleontology Online edition. _. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Bogan, Sergio, and Federico L. Agnolin. 2009. Primer registro fósil de la familia Trichomycteridae (Teleostei: Siluriformes; Plioceno) en la Formación Monte Hermoso, Argentina. Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 11. 193–198. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Nicoli, Laura. 2015. New fossil species of the extant genus Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae) from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of central Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e981636. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Monte León Formation
- Náñez, Carolina; Mirta E. Quattrocchio, and Liliana Ruiz. 2009. Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Ameghiniana 46. 669–693. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- El Morterito Formation
- Morton, Lourdes S., and Rafael Herbst. 2007. Gastrópodos de la Formación El Morterito (Mioceno Superior), Valle del Cajón, provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 9. 153–160. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Palo Pintado Formation
- Anzótegui, Luisa M., and Maricel Yarina Horn. 2011. Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14. 239–254. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- Galli, Claudia Inés; Luisa Matilde Anzótegui; Maricel Yanina Horn, and Lourdes Susana Morton. 2011. Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 28. 161–174. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- Reguero, Marcelo A.; Adriana M. Candela; Claudia I. Galli; Ricardo Bonini, and Damián Voglino. 2015. A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina. Andean Geology 42. 56–70. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Paraná Formation
- Brea, Mariana; María Jimena Franco, and Alejandro F. Zucol. 2013. Paleoflora de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno Tardío), Cuenca Chaco-Paranaense, Argentina. El Neógeno de la Mesopotamia argentina, Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 14. 41–55. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Peñas Coloradas Formation
- Clyde, William C.; Peter Wilf; Ari Iglesias; Rudy L. Slingerland; Peter K. Bijl; Timothy J. Bralower; Henk Brinkhuis; Emily Comer, and Brian T. Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, and María del Carmen Zamaloa. 2014. New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations. GSA Bulletin 126. 289–306. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Raigemborn, María Sol; Javier M. Krause; Eduardo Bellosi, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2010. Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pinturas Formation
- Kramarz, Alejandro G., and Mariano Bond. 2005. Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 42. 611–625. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Kramarz, Alejandro G. 2001. Estudio de la fauna de roedores de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno medio inferior de la Provincia de Santa Cruz (PhD thesis), 1–300. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Piquete Formation
- González Bonorino, Gustavo, and Liliana del Valle Abascal. 2012. Orogénesis y drenaje en la región del Valle de Lerma (Cordillera Oriental, Salta, Argentina) durante Pleistoceno tardio. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 127–141. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Playa de Los Lobos Allo Formation
- Degrange, Federico J.; Claudia P. Tambussi; Matías L. Taglioretti; Alejandro Dondas, and Fernando Scaglia. 2015. A new Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e912656. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Puerta del Diablo Formation
- Cione, Alberto Luis; Jorge Rafael Casciotta; María de las Mercedes Azpelicueta; María Julia Barla, and Mario Alberto Cozzuol. 2005. Peces marinos y continentales del Mioceno del área mesopotámica argentina. Edad y relaciones biogeográficas. INSUGEO 14. 49–64. Accessed 2017-10-27.
- Puerto Madryn Formation
- Acosta Hospitaleche, C.; C. Tambussi; M. Donato, and M. Cozzuol. 2007. A new Miocene penguin from Patagonia and its phylogenetic relationships. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52. 299–314. Accessed 2017-10-25.
- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina. 2003. Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Puerto Madryn (Mioceno Tardío temprano), provincia de Chubut, Argentina [Paraptenodytes antarcticus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) in the Puerto Madryn Formation (early Late Mioceno), Chubut Province, Argentina]. Española de Paleontología 18. 179–183. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation
- Chornogubsky, Laura; A. Natalia Zimicz; Francisco J. Goin; Juan C. Fernicola; Patricio Payrola, and Magalí Cárdenas. 2018. New Palaeogene metatherians from the Quebrada de Los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park (Salta Province, Argentina). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology Online edition. 1–17. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- García López, Daniel A.; Virginia Deraco, and Cecilia Del Papa. 2017. Fossil mammals of the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation (late middle Eocene) at the locality of La Poma, Salta Province, Argentina. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30. 507–517. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Del Papa, Cecilia et al.. 2013. Relaciones estratigráficas de las formaciones Quebrada de Los Colorados y Angastaco (Paleógeno-Neógeno), Valles Calchaquíes, Salta (Argentina): Significado en el análisis de la cuenca del Grupo Payogastilla. Latin American Journal of Sedimentology and Basin Analysis 20. 51–64. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Payrola Bosio, Patricio Augusto; Cecilia del Papa; Fernando Hongn, and Jaime Powell. 2010. Estratigrafía del Valle de Luracatao (Valle Calchaquí, Noroeste Argentino): Nueva propuesta. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 309–318. Accessed 2018-09-07.
- Río Chico Group
- Raigemborn, María Sol; Javier M. Krause; Eduardo Bellosi, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2010. Redefinición estratigráfica del Grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno inferior), en el norte de la Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Chubut. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 67. 239–256. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Río Foyel Formation
- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina; Miguel Griffin; Marcos Asensio; Alberto Luis Cione, and Claudia Tambussi. 2013. Middle Cenozoic penguin remains from the Patagonian Cordillera. Andean Geology 40. 490–503. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Encinas, Alfonso; Andrés Folguera; Florencia Bechis; Kenneth L. Finger; Patricio Zambrano; Felipe Pérez; Pablo Benarbé; Francisca Tapia, and Ricardo Riffo and Luis Buatois, Darío Orts, Sven N. Nielsen, Victor V. Valencia, José Cituño, Verónica Oliveros, Lizet de Girolamo Del Mauro and Víctor Alberto Ramos. 2018. The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia in The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes, 443–474. Springer. Accessed 2018-09-11. ISBN 978-3-319-67774-3
- Río Loro Formation
- Pol, Diego, and Jaime E. Powell. 2011. A new sebecid mesoeucrocodylian from the Rio Loro Formation (Palaeocene) of north-western Argentina. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163. S7–S36. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Río Mayo Formation
- Escosteguy, Leonardo; Carlos Dal Molín; Mario Franchi; Silvena Guena; Omar Lapido, and Adolfo Genini. 2003. Hoja Geológica 4772-II Lago Buenos Aires, 1–80. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Río Negro Formation
- Pérez, Mariano. 2012. Análisis paleoambiental del miembro superior de la Formación Río Negro (Mioceno-Plioceno de Patagonia septentrional): un ejemplo de interacción fluvio-eólica compleja (BSc. thesis), 1–47. Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Río Quinto Formation
- Cerdeño, Esperanza; Jorge Chiesa, and Guillermo Ojeda. 2008. Presence of Oxyodontherium (Macraucheniidae, Litopterna)in the Río Quinto Formation, San Luis (Argentina). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 25. 217–226. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Saladillo Formation
- Brambilla, Luciano, and Damián Alberto Ibarra. 2017. A new species of Eutatus Gervais (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Northern Pampean Region, Argentina. Palaeontologia Electronica 20. Article number 20.1.13A. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Salamanca Formation
- Apesteguia, Sebastián; Raúl O. Gómez, and Guillermo W. Rougier. 2014. The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281. 20140811.
- Bonaparte, J.F., and J. Morales. 1997. Un primitico Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina. Estudios Geológicos 53. 263–274. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Clyde, William C.; Peter Wilf; Ari Iglesias; Rudy L. Slingerland; Timothy Barnum; Peter K. Bijl; Timothy J. Bralower; Henk Brinkhuis, and Emily E. Comer, Brian T. Huber, Mauricio Ibañez Mejia, Brian R. Jicha, J. Marcelo Krause, Jonathan D. Schueth, Bradley S. Singer, María Sol Raigemborn, Mark D. Schmitz, Appy Sluijs, María del Carmen Zamaloa. 2014. New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Río Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations. GSA Bulletin 126. 289–306. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Jud, Nathan A.; Maria A. Gandolfo; Ari Iglesias, and Peter Wilf. 2017. Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia. PLOS ONE 12. e0176164. Accessed 2019-02-14.
- Ruiz, Daniela P.; Mariana Brea; M. Sol Raigemborn, and Sergio D. Matheos. 2017. Conifer woods from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene), Central Patagonia, Argentina: Paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 76. 427–445. Accessed 2019-02-14.
- Saldungaray Formation
- Verzi, Diego H.; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Cecilia M. Deschamps. 2008. Biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Late Miocene of central Argentina: Evidence from rodents and taphonomy. Geobios 41. 145–155. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Salicas Formation
- Brandoni, Diego; Gabriela I. Schmidt; Adriana M. Candela; Jorge I. Noriega; Ernesto Brunetto, and Lucas E. Fiorelli. 2012. Mammals from the Salicas Formation (Late Miocene), La Rioja Province, Northwestern Argentina: Paleobiogeography, age and paleoenvironment. Ameghiniana 49. 1–13. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Santa Cruz Formation
- Agnolin, Federico L. 2009. Sistemática y Filogenia de las Aves Fororracoideas (Gruiformes, Cariamae), 1–79. Fundación de Historia Natural Felix de Azara. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Arnal, M., and M.G. Vucetich. 2015. Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 42–59. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Bostelmann, J. Enrique; Jacobus P. Le Roux; Ana Vásquez; Néstor M. Gutiérrez; José Luis Oyarzún; Catalina Carreño; Teresa Torres; Rodrigo Otero, and Andrea Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Francisco Hervé. 2013. Burdigalian deposits of the Santa Cruz Formation in the Sierra Baguales, Austral (Magallanes) Basin: Age, depositional environment and vertebrate fossils. Andean Geology 40. 458–489. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Brea, Mariana; Alejandro F. Zucol; M. Susana Bargo; Juan Carlos Fernicola, and Sergio F. Vizcaíno. 2017. First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 183. 334–347. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Buffetaut, Éric. 2016. A reassessment of the giant birds Liornis floweri Ameghino, 1895 and Callornis giganteus Ameghino, 1895, from the Santacrucian (late Early Miocene) of Argentina. Palæovertebrata 40. e3. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Cenizo, Marcos Martín, and Federico Lisandro Agnolín. 2010. The southernmost records of Anhingidae and a new basal species of Anatidae (Aves) from the lower–middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 34. 493–514. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Chandler, Robert M. 2012. A new species of tinamou (Aves: Tinamiformes, Tinamidae) from the Early-Middle Miocene of Argentina. PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 9. 1–8. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Ercoli, Marcos D., and Francisco J. Prevosti. 2011. Estimación de masa de las especies de Sparassodonta (Mammalia, Metatheria) de edad Santacrucense (Mioceno Temprano) a partir del tamaño del centroide de los elementos apendiculares: inferencias paleoecológicas. Ameghiniana 48. 462–479. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- González, Laureano Raúl, and Gustavo Juan Scillato Yané. 2008. Una nueva especie de Stegotherium Ameghino (Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Stegotheriini) del Mioceno de la provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina). Ameghiniana 45. 641–648. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Mayr, Gerald, and Jorge I. Noriega. 2015. A well-preserved partial skeleton of the poorly known early Miocene seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60. 589–598. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Néstor Toledo; Adriana M. Candela, and Sergio F. Vizcaíno. 2019. Functional morphology of the forelimb of Early Miocene caviomorph rodents from Patagonia. Lethaia 52. 91–106. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Noriega, Jorge I., and Gerald Mayr. 2017. The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina. Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 7. 133–139.
- Noriega, Jorge I.; Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and Susana Bargo. 2009. First Record and a New Species of Seriema (Aves: Ralliformes: Cariamidae) from Santacrucian (Early-Middle Miocene) Beds of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29. 620–626. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Sinclair, W., and M. Farr. 1932. Aves of the Santa Cruz beds. Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia (1896–1899) 7. 157–191.
- Verzi, Diego H.; A. Itatí Olivares, and Cecilia C. Morgan. 2017. Systematics and evolutionary significance of the small Abrocomidae from the early Miocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 29. 411–422. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Richard F. Kay, and Susana Bargo. 2012. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 1–370. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521194617. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Sarmiento Formation & Colhué Huapí Member
- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina, and Claudia Tambussi. 2005. Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]. Revista Española de Paleontología 20. 127–132. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Arnal, Michelle; Alejandro G. Kramarz; M. Guiomar Vucetich, and E. Carolina Vieytes. 2014. A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 397–406. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; María Teresa Dozo, and Javier N. Gelfo. 2016. A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1229672. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Dozo, María Teresa; Martín Ciancio; Pablo Bouza, and Gastón Martínez. 2014. Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas. Andean Geology 41. 224–247. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pérez, María Encarnación; Marcelo Krause, and María Guiomar Vucetich. 2012. [ A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto]. Geobios 45. 573–580. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Sterli, Juliana; Marcelo S. De la Fuente, and J. Marcelo Krause. 2015. A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174. 519–548. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Vucetich, M.G.; M.T. Dozo; M. Arnal, and M.E. Pérez. 2015. New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 236–257. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Vucetich, María G.; María E. Pérez; Martín R. Ciancio; Alfredo A. Carlini; Richard H. Madden, and Matthew J. Kohn. 2014. A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 689–698. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Wyss, André R.; John J. Flynn, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3903. 1–42. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Toro Negro Formation
- Ciccioli, Patricia L. 2017. Estudios de procedencia de la Formación Toro Negro a partir de modas detríticas y edades U-Pb en circones detríticos: implicancias para la evolución del Antepaís Fracturado Andino (La Rioja). Anales de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales 69. 68–82. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Uquía Formation
- Daza, J.D.; V. Abdala; J.S. Arias; D. García López, and P. Ortiz. 2012. Cladistic Analysis of Iguania and a Fossil Lizard from the Late Pliocene of Northwestern Argentina. Journal of Herpetology 46. 104.
- Ortiz, Pablo E.; J. Pablo Jayat, and Scott J. Steppan. 2012. A New fossil phyllotine (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from the late Pliocene in the Andes of northern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32. 1429–1441. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Reguero, Marcelo A., and Adriana M. Candela. 2008. Bioestratigrafía de las secuencias neógenas tardías de la Quebrada de Humahuaca, Provincia de Jujuy. Implicancias paleoambientales y paleobiogeográficas, 286–296. Relatorio del XVII Congreso Geológico Argentino. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Vaca Mahuida Formation
- Montalvo, C., and M. Bond. 1998. Un notoungulata de la Formación Vaca Mahuida (Eoceno), provincia de La Pampa, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 5. 55–60. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Ventana Formation
- Petrulevicius, J.F., and Y.A. Popov. 2014. First fossil record of Discocephalinae (Insecta, Pentatomidae): a new genus from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. ZooKeys 422. 23–3. Accessed 2019-02-22.
- Wilf, P.; K.R. Johnson; N.R. Cúneo; M.E. Smith; B.S. Singer, and M.A. Gandolfo. 2005. Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina. The American Naturalist 165. 634–650. Accessed 2019-02-22.
- Vorohué Formation
- Olivares, A.I., and D.H. Verzi. 2015. Systematics, phylogeny and evolutionary pattern of the hystricognath rodent Eumysops (Echimyidae) from the Plio–Pleistocene of southern South America. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27. 1042–1061. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Orgeira, María Julia. 1988. Estudio geológico y paleomagnético de los sedimentos asignados al cenozoico tardío aflorantes costeros entre Mar del Plata y Miramar (Provincia de Buenos Aires) (PhD thesis), 1–170. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Tonni, Eduardo P., and Jorge I. Noriega. 1996. Una nueva especie de Nandayus Bonaparte, 1854 (Aves: Psittaciformes) del Pliocene tardío de Argentina. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 69. 97–104. Accessed 2017-10-24.
- Yupoí Formation
- Erra, Georgina; Margarita Osterrieth; Alfredo E. Zurita; Alicia I. Lutz; Enrique Laffont; Juan M. Coronel, and Analia Francia. 2016. Primer registro de termiteros fósiles para el Pleistoceno tardío de la región mesopotámica (Argentina): implicancias paleoambientales. Acta Biológica Colombiana 21. 63–72. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Bolivia
- Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Renner, Sven, and Carlos Velasco. 2000. Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba - Geology and hydrogeology of the Central Valley of Cochabamba, 1–113. Convenio alemán-boliviano de aguas subterraneas (CABAS) - German-Bolivian Agreement on Groundwater (CABAS). Accessed 2018-09-04.
- Rocha, Emilio. 2013. Estilos estructurales del Subandino Sur de Bolivia (PhD thesis), 1–204. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Casira Formation
- Cerdeño, Esperanza; Bárbara Vera; Gabriela Inés Schmidt; François Pujos, and Bernardino Mamaní Quispe. 2012. An almost complete skeleton of a new Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Miocene of Casira, Bolivia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 341–360. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Cerdas beds
- Croft, Darin A.; Alfredo A. Carlini; Martín R. Ciancio; Diego Brandoni; Nicholas E. Drew; Russell K. Engelman, and Federico Anaya. 2016. New mammal faunal data from Cerdas, Bolivia, a middle-latitude Neotropical site that chronicles the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum in South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1163574. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Honda Group
- Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Engelman, Russell K.; Federico Anaya, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. Australogale leptognathus, gen. et sp. nov., a second species of small sparassodont (Mammalia: Metatheria) from the middle Miocene locality of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia. Journal of Mammalian Evolution in press. _. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Engelman, Russell K.; Federico Anaya, and Darin A. Croft. 2016. New palaeothentid marsupials (Paucituberculata) from the middle Miocene of Quebrada Honda, Bolivia, and their implications for the palaeoecology, decline and extinction of the Palaeothentoidea. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 15. 787–820. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Pujos, François; Gerardo De Iuliis; Bernardino Mamani Quispe, and Ruben Andrade Flores. 2014. Lakukullus anatisrostratus, gen. et sp. nov., a new massive nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Pilosa) from the middle Miocene of Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 1243–1248. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Lacayani fauna
- Billet, Guillaume; Christian De Muizon, and Bernardino Mamani Quispe. 2008. Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152. 153–200. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Ñuapua Formation
- Pardiñas, Ulyses F.J., and Carlos A. Galliari. 1998. Sigmodontinos (Rodentia, Muridae) del Holoceno inferior de Bolivia. Revista Española de Paleontología 13. 17–25. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Quehua Formation
- Baldellón P., Eddy; Michel Fornari; Félix Espinoza R., and Pierre Soler. 1994. Sucesión Estructural de la Zona Serranía de las Minas, 238–247. Memorias del XI Congreso Geológico de Bolivia. Accessed 2017-10-25.
- Salla Formation
- Reguero, Marcelo A., and Esperanza Cerdeño. 2005. New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25. 674–684. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; Bruce J. Shockey; Federico Anaya, and Andrés Solórzano. 2015. Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22. 455–471. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Shockey, Bruce J. 2017. New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 58. 371–396. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Santa Lucía Formation
- Buffetaut, É., and L.G. Marshall. 1991. A new crocodilian, Sebecus querejazus, nov. sp. (Mesosuchia, Sebecidae) from the Santa Lucía Formation (Early Paleocene) at Vila Vila, Southern Bolivia, 545–557. Revista Técnica de YPFB.
- Gaffney, Eugene S.; Peter A. Meylan; Roger C. Wood; Elwyn Simons, and Diogenes De Almeida Campos. 2011. Evolution of the side-necked turtles: the family Podocnemididae. AMNH Bulletin 350. 1–237. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Gayet, Mireille; Larry G. Marshall, and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Mesozoic and Paleocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: a review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 393–433. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Jiménez, Grisel. 2012. Estratigrafía, facies y ambientes evolutivos de depósito del Paleógeno Inferior: Formación Santa Lucía (Sinclinal de Miraflores - Sección Cayara, Potosí), 1–23. .. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- De Muizon, Christian; Sandrine Ladevèze; Charlène Selva; Robin Vignaud, and Florent Goussard. 2018. Allqokirus australis (Sparassodonta, Metatheria) from the early Palaeocene of Tiupampa (Bolivia) and the rise of the metatherian carnivorous radiation in South America. Geodiversitas 40. 363–459. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Rage, J.C.. 1991. Gymnophionan Amphibia from the early Paleocene (Santa Lucía Formation) of Tiupampa (Bolivia). The oldest known Gymnophiona. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 499–501. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Rage, J.C.. 1991. Squamate Reptiles from the early Paleocene of Tiupampa area (Santa Lucía Formation), Bolivia. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 503–508. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Renner, Sven, and Carlos Velasco. 2000. Geología e hidrogeología del Valle Central de Cochabamba. Boletín del Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería 34. 1–113. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Sempere, Thierry; R.F. Butler; D.R. Richards; L.G. Marshall; W. Sharp, and C.C. Swisher. 1997. Stratigraphy and chronology of Upper Cretaceous-lower Paleogene strata in Bolivia and northwest Argentina. GSA Bulletin 109. 709–727. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Tarija Formation
- Machado, Leonardo F.; Yuri L.R. Leite; Alexandre U. Christoff, and Lilian G. Giugliano. 2014. Phylogeny and biogeography of tetralophodont rodents of the tribe Oryzomyini (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae). Zoologica Scripta 43. 119–130. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Umala Formation
- Pujos, François; Gerardo De Iuliis; Bernardino Mamani Quispe; Sylvain Adnet; Ruben Andrade Flores; Guillaume Billet; Marcos Fernández Monescillo; Laurent Marivaux, and Philippe, Mercedes B. Prámparo and Pierre-Olivier Antoine Münch. 2016. A new nothrotheriid xenarthran from the early Pliocene of Pomata-Ayte (Bolivia): new insights into the caniniform–molariform transition in sloths. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 178. 679–712. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Yecua & Petaca Formations
- Hernández, R.; T. Jordan; A. Dalenz Farjat; L. Echavarría; B. Idelman, and J. Reynolds. 2002. Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina, 1–27. V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología. Accessed 2018-09-10.
Brazil
- Rêgo Henriques, Deise Dias; Valéria Gallo da Silva; Luciana Barbosa de Carvalho, and Sergio Alex Kugland de Azevedo. s.a. Coleçao de tipos e figurados (8/1997), 1–20. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Entre-Corrégos Formation
- Pereira, Karoline Gonçalves. 2015. Mirtáceas da formação Entre-Corrégos, paleógeno da bacia de Aiuruoca, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil (MSc. thesis), 1–139. Universidade Guarulhos. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Fonseca Formation
- Mendes, Márcio; Francisco Irineudo Bezerra de Oliveira, and Saulo Limaverde. 2015. Um novo gênero e duas novas espécies de Pergidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) na Formação Fonseca (Bacia de Fonseca, Paleógeno) Minas Gerais, Brazil. Revista de Geologia 28. 27–36. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Graxaim Formation
- Buchmann, Francisco Sekiguchi de Carvalho; Felipe Caron; Renato Pereira Lopes; André Ugri, and Leonardo Gonçalves de Lima. 2009. Panorama geológico da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, 11–32. _. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Guabirotuba Formation
- Sedor, Fernando A.; Édison V. Oliveira; David D. Silva; Luiz A. Fernandes; Renata F. Cunha; Ana M. Ribeiro, and Eliseu V. Dias. 2017. A New South American Paleogene Land Mammal Fauna, Guabirotuba Formation (Southern Brazil). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 39–55. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Içá Formation
- Czaplewski, Nicholas J., and Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr.. 2017. Late Miocene Bats from the Jurua River, State of Acre, Brazil, with a Description of a New Genus of Thyropteridae (Chiroptera, Mammalia). Contributions in Science 525. 55–60. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Itaboraí Formation
- Carneiro, Leonardo M.; Édison V. Oliveira, and Francisco J. Goin. 2018. Austropediomys marshalli gen. et sp. nov., a new Pediomyoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria) from the Paleogene of Brazil: paleobiogeographic implications. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 21. 120–131. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Carneiro, Leonardo M.. 2018. A new protodidelphid (Mammalia, Marsupialia, Didelphimorphia) from the Itaboraí Basin and its implications for the evolution of the Protodidelphidae. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 91. e20180440. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Oliveira, Édison Vicente; Natalia Zimicz, and Francisco J. Goin. 2016. Taxonomy, affinities, and paleobiology of the tiny metatherian mammal Minusculodelphis, from the early Eocene of South America. The Science of Nature 103. 1–6. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- De Oliveira, Édison Vicente, and Francisco J. Goin. 2015. A new species of Gaylordia Paula Couto (Mammalia, Metatheria) from Itaboraí, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 97–108. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Oliveira, Édison V., and Francisco J. Goin. 2011. A reassessment of Bunodont Metatherians from the Paleogene of Itaboraí (Brazil): systematics and age of the Itaboraian SALMA. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14. 105–136. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Salvador, R.B., and L.R.L. Simone. 2013. Taxonomic revision of the fossil pulmonate mollusks of Itaboraí Basin (Paleocene), Brazil. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 53. 5–46. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Maria Farinha Formation
- De Araújo Carvalho, Anny Rafaela; Aline Marcele Ghilardi, and Alcina Magnólia Franca Barreto. 2016. A new side-neck turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Early Paleocene (Danian) Maria Farinha Formation, Paraíba Basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4126. 491–513. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pirabas Formation
- De Araújo Távora, Vladimir; André Augusto Rodrigues dos Santos, and Raphael Neto Araújo. 2010. Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 5. 207–224. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Rio Madeira Formation
- Góis, Flávio; Gustavo Juan Scillato Yané; Alfredo Armando Carlini, and Martín Ubilla. 2012. Una nueva especie de Holmesina Simpson (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Pampatheriidae) del Pleistoceno de Rondônia, sudoeste de la Amazonia, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 15. 211–227. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Santa Vitória Formation
- Oliveira, Édison V.; Francisco Juan Prevosti, and Jamil C. Pereira. 2005. Protocyon troglodytes (Lund) (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Late Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul and their paleoecological significance. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 8. 215–220. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Solimões Formation
- Bocquentin, Jean, and Janira Melo. 2006. Stupendemys souzai sp. nov. (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) from the Miocene-Pliocene of the Solimões Formation, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 9. 187–192. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Carvalho, Patricia; Jean Bocquentin, and France De Lapparent de Broin. 2002. Une nouvelle espèce de Podocnemis (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) provenant du Néogène de la formation Solimões, Acre, Brésil. Geobios 35. 677–686. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Cozzuol, Mario Alberto. 2006. The Acre vertebrate fauna: Age, diversity, and geography. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 21. 185–203. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Kerber, Leonardo; Marcos César Bissaro Júnior; Francisco R. Negri; Jonas Pereira De Souza Filho; Edson Guilherme, and Annie Schmaltz Hsiou. 2017. A new rodent (Caviomorpha: Dinomyidae) from the upper Miocene of southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 30. 985–993. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Kerber, Leonardo; Francisco Ricardo Negri; Ana Maria Ribeiro; Maria Guiomar Vucetich, and Jonas Pereira De Souza Filho. 2016. Late Miocene potamarchine rodents from southwestern Amazonia, Brazil—with description of new taxa. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 191–203. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Touro Passo Formation
- Kerber, Leonardo; Vanessa Gregis Pitana; Ana Maria Ribeiro; Annie Schmaltz Hsiou, and Edison V. Oliveira. 2014. Late Pleistocene vertebrates from Touro Passo Creek (Touro Passo Formation), southern Brazil: a review. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 31. 248–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Tremembé Formation
- Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella. 2010. Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1–112. Universidade de São Paulo.
- Malabarba, Maria Claudia, and John G. Lundberg. 2007. A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 5. 263–270. Accessed 2018-10-08.
- Olson, Storrs L., and Herculano M.F. Alvarenga. 2002. A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115. 701–705. Accessed 2017-09-04.
Chile
- Abanico Formation
- Bertrand, Ornella C.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and André R. Wyss. 2012. Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile). American Museum Novitates 3750. 1–36. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Bradham, Jennifer; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and Andre R. Wyss. 2015. New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3841. 1–24. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Croft, Darin A.; John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. 2008. The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 66. 191–211. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Engelman, Russell K.; John J. Flynn; Philip Gans; André R. Wyss, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3918. 1–22. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Godoy, Estanislao. 2012. Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 570–577. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Muñoz, Marcia; Francisco Fuentes; Mario Vergara; Luis Aguirre; Jan Olov Nyström; Gilbert Féraud, and Alain Demant. 2006. Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S). Revista Geológica de Chile 33. 109–140. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Bahía Inglesa Formation
- Achurra, L.E.; J.P. Lacassie; J.P. Le Roux; C. Marquadt; M. Belmar; J. Ruiz Del Solar, and S.E. Ishman. 2009. Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance. Sedimentary Geology 217. 128–139. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Achurra, L.; C. Marquadt; J.P. Lacassie, and J.P. Le Roux. 2003. Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales, 1–10. X Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina, and Jhoann Canto. 2005. Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78. 489–495. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Benson, Richard D. 2015. A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota. New Series 8. 5–22. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe. 2008. La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis), 1–165. Universidad Austral de Chile. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Chávez, Martín F. 2007. Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80. 255–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Chávez, Martín. 2007. Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Boletín Sociedad Geológica del Perú 102. 101–107. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño; Huber Rivera; Mario E. Suárez; Scott E. Ishman; Nicholas D. Pyenson, and Carolina S. Gutstein. 2016. Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 333. 32–49. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño, and Huber Rivera. 2015. Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile, 821–824. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Jorge Carrillo Briceño; Jaime Villafaña; Victor Castelleto; Cristian Varas; Alex Alballay, and Marcelo Rivadeneira. 2015. Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa, 1–4. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Staig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Suárez, Mario E. 2011. Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe, 1–29. Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Valenzuela Toro, Ana, and Carolina S. Gutstein. s.a. Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio. . .. 770–772. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Caleta Herradura Formation
- Di Celma, Claudio, and Gino Cantalamessa. 2007. Sedimentology and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of a forearc extensional basin: The Miocene Caleta Herradura Formation, Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile. Sedimentary Geology 198. 29–52.
- Chíu-Chíu Formation
- López Mendoza, Patricio; Osvaldo Rojas; Pablo Mansilla; Luis Olivares, and Ismael Martínez. 2010. Mamíferos extintos del Pleistoceno de la Cuenca de Calama (Segunda Región, Chile). Viejas colecciones y nuevos hallazgos. Treballs del Museo Geológico de Barcelona 17. 11–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Chucal Formation
- Croft, Darin A.; John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. 2007. A new basal Glyptodontid and other Xenarthra of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, northern Chile. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21. 781–797. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Coquimbo Formation
- Le Roux, J.P.; Danisa M. Olivares; Sven N. Nielsen; Norman D. Smith; Heather Middleton; Juliane Fenner, and Scott E. Ishman. 2006. Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 184. 133–153. Accessed 2018-05-20.
- Cura-Mallín Group
- Flynn, John J.; Reynaldo Charrier; Darin A. Croft; Phillip B. Gans; Trystan M. Herriott; Jill A. Wertheim, and André R. Wyss. 2008. Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 26. 412–423. Accessed 2017-10-20.
- Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Utgé, Silvana; Andrés Folguera; Vanesa Litvak, and Víctor A. Ramos. 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Horcón Formation
- Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Gerardo González Barba; Mauricio F. Landaeta, and Sven N. Nielsen. 2013. Condrictios fósiles del Plioceno Superior de la Formación Horcón, Región de Valparaíso, Chile central. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 86. 191–206. Accessed 2017-10-24.
- Huaylas Formation
- García, Marcelo; Gérard Herail, and Reynaldo Charrier. 1999. Age and structure of the Oxaya Anticline: A major feature of the Miocene compressive structures of northernmost Chile, 249–252. Fourth ISAG conference, Goettingen, Germany. Accessed 2018-09-04.
- Montoya Sanhueza, Germán; Karen Moreno; René Bobe; Matthew T. Carrano; Marcelo García, and Alexandre Corgne. 2017. Peltephilidae and Mesotheriidae (Mammalia) from late Miocene strata of Northern Chilean Andes, Caragua. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 75. 51–65. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Loreto Formation
- Bostelmann, Enrique; Jacobus P. Le Roux; Ana Vasquez; Nestor Gutiérrez; José Luis Oyarzún; Catalina Carreño; Teresa Torres; Rodrigo Otero, and Andrea Llanos, C. Mark Fanning, Sven N. Nielsen and Francisco Hervé. 2012. A revised lithostratigraphy of the Sierra Baguales, Magallanes Basin, 698–700. XIII Congeso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Otero, Rodrigo A.; Teresa Torres; Jacobus P. Le Roux; Francisco Hervé; C. Mark Fanning; Roberto E. Yuri Yáñez, and David Rubilar Rogers. 2012. A Late Eocene age proposal for the Loreto Formation (Brunswick Peninsula, southernmost Chile), based on fossil cartilaginous fishes, paleobotany and radiometric evidence. Andean Geology 39. 180–200. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Sallaberry, M.A.; R.E. Yury Yáñez; R.A. Otero; S. Soto Acuña, and T.G. Torres. 2010. Eocene birds from the western margin of southernmost South America. Journal of Paleontology 84. 1061–1070. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Torres, T.; H. Meón; R. Otero, and H. Galleguillos. 2009. Palinoflora y macroflora de la Formación Loreto, Punta Arenas, Región de Magallanes, Chile, 1–4. XII Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Navidad Formation
- Finger, Kenneth L.; Sven N. Nielsen; Thomas J. DeVries; Alfonso Encinas, and Dawn E. Peterson. 2007. Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile. PALAIOS 22. 3–16. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- La Portada Formation
- Chávez, Martín F.. 2008. Los pingüinos fósiles de Sudamérica, 116–120. I Simposio - Paleontología Chile - 2008. Accessed 2018-05-20.
- Río Baguales Formation
- Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Jacqueline Puratich; F. Amaro Mourgues; José Luis Oyarzún; Rodrigo A. Otero; Teresa Torres, and Francisco Hervé. 2010. Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile. Andean Geology 37. 329–344. Accessed 2017-10-25.
- Río Frías Formation
- Abello, María Alejandra, and David Rubilar Rogers. 2012. Revisión del género Abderites Ameghino, 1887 (Marsupialia, Paucituberculata). Ameghiniana 49. 164–184. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Bellosi, Eduardo S. et al. 2014. Ambientes asociados a la fauna Friasense (Mioceno Medio) en Alto río Cisnes (Aysén, Chile), 40–41. XIV Reuñión Argentina de Sedimentología. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Bostelmann, J.E. et al. 2012. The Alto Río Cisnes Fossil Fauna (Río Frías Formation, Early-Middle Miocene, Friasian SALMA): A keystone and paradigmatic vertebrate assemblage of the South American Fossil Record, 44–45. III Simposio Paleontología en Chile. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Marshall, Larry G.. 1990. Fossil Marsupialia from the type Friasian land mammal age (Miocene), Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 19–55. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Marshall, Larry G., and Patricia Salinas. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Río Frías Formation (Miocene) along the Alto Río Cisnes, Aisén, Chile. Revista Geológica de Chile 17. 57–87. Accessed 2017-10-21.
Colombia
- Altiplano Cundiboyacense
- Acosta Garay, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa Melo. 2002. Mapa Geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca - 1:250,000 - Memoria explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Amaya, Erika; Jorge Mariño, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2010. Litofacies y ambientes de acumulación de la Formación Guaduas en al parte central de la Cordillera Oriental - implicaciones paleogeográficas. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 32. _. Accessed 2017-03-16.
- Bayona, Germán; Omar Montenegro; Agustín Cardona; Carlos Jaramillo; Felipe Lamus; Sara Morón; Luiz Quiroz; María C. Ruíz, and Victor Valencia & Mauricio Parra. 2010. Estratigrafía, procedencia, subsidencia y exhumación de las unidades paleógenas en el Sinclinal de Usme, sur de la zona axial de la Cordillera Oriental - Stratigraphy, provenance, subsidence and exhumation of the Paleogene succession in the Usme Syncline, southern axial zone of the Eastern Cordillera. Geología Colombiana 35. 5–35. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Bloch, Jonathan Ivan; Edwin Cadena; Alexander Hastings; Aldo F. Rincón, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2008. Vertebrate faunas from the Paleocene Bogotá Formation of northern Colombia (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 68th Annual Meeting. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Cadena, Edwin A. 2014. The fossil record of turtles in Colombia; a review of the discoveries, research and future challenges. Acta Biológica Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 19. 333–339. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Guerrero Uscátegui, Alberto Lobo. 1992. Geología e Hidrogeología de Santafé de Bogotá y su Sabana, 1–20. Sociedad Colombiana de Ingenieros.
- Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón, and Jorge W. Moreno Bernal. 2012. Paleogene Squamates from the Northern neotropics: Ecological Implications and Biogeographic Histories (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society of vertebrate Paleontology, At Raleigh, North Carolina. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Head, Jason J.; Jonathan Ivan Bloch; Aldo F. Rincón; Jason R. Bourque, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2011. An enigmatic derived snake from the earliest Eocene of equatorial South America (Abstract). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 71st Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV. _. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Herrera, Fabiany; Steven R. Manchester; Mónica R. Carvalho; Carlos Jaramillo, and Scott L. Wings. 2014. Paleocene wind-dispersed fruits and seeds from Colombia and their implications for early Neotropical rainforests. Acta Paleobotanica 54. 197–229. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Montoya Arenas, Diana María, and Germán Alfonso Reyes Torres. 2005. Geología de la Sabana de Bogotá, 1–104. INGEOMINAS.
- Villarroel, Carlos; Ana Elena Concha, and Carlos Macía. 2001. El Lago Pleistoceno de Soatá (Boyacá, Colombia): Consideraciones estratigráficas, paleontológicas y paleoecológicas. Geología Colombiana 26. 79–93.
- Villarroel A., Carlos. 1987. Características y afinadas de Etayoa n. gen., tipo de una nueva familia de Xenungulata (Mammalia) del Paleoceno Medio (?) de Colombia. Comunicaciones Paleontológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo 19. 241–254. Accessed 2017-03-29.
- Cesar-Ranchería Basin
- Ayala Calvo, Rosa Carolina. 2009. Análisis tectonoestratigráfico y de procedencia en la Subcuenca de Cesar: Relación con los sistemas petroleros (MSc.), 1–255. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Cadena, Edwin A., and Mary H. Schweitzer. 2014. A Pelomedusoid Turtle from the Paleocene–Eocene of Colombia Exhibiting Preservation of Blood Vessels and Osteocytes. Journal of Herpetology 48. 461–465. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Cadena, Edwin A.; Daniel T. Ksepka; Carlos A. Jaramillo, and Jonathan I. Bloch. 2012a. New pelomedusoid turtles from the late Palaeocene Cerrejón Formation of Colombia and their implications for phylogeny and body size evolution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 10. 313–331. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Cadena, Edwin A.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. Jaramillo. 2012b. New bothremydid turtle (Testudines, Pleurodira) from the Paleocene of northeastern Colombia. Journal of Paleontology 86. 688–698. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Cadena, Edwin A.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. Jaramillo. 2010. New Podocnemidid Turtle (Testudines: Pleurodira) from the Middle-Upper Paleocene of South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30. 367–382. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Hastings, Alexander K.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. Jaramillo. 2014. A new blunt-snouted dyrosaurid, Anthracosuchus balrogus gen. et sp. nov. (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia), from the Palaeocene of Colombia. Historical Biology 27. 998–1020. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Hastings, Alexander K.; Jonathan I. Bloch, and Carlos A. Jaramillo. 2011. A new longirostrine Dyrosaurid (Crocodylomorpha, Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Paleocene of north-eastern Colombia: Biogeographocal and behavioural implications for New-World Dyrosayridae. Palaeontology 54. 1095–1116. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Head, J.J.; J.I. Bloch; A.K. Hastings; J.R. Bourque; E.A. Cadena; F.A. Herrera; P.D. Polly, and C.A. Jaramillo. 2009. Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures. Nature 457. 715–718. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Herrera, Fabiany A.; Carlos A. Jaramillo; David L. Dilcher; Scott L. Wing, and Carolina Gómez N. 2008. Fossil Araceae from a Paleocene neotropical rainforest in Colombia. American Journal of Botany 95. 1569–1583. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Hernández, Marina. 2003. Geología de la Plancha 48 La Jagua de Ibírico - 1:100,000, 1–102. INGEOMINAS.
- Jaramillo, Carlos A.; Germán Bayona; Andres Pardo Trujillo; Milton Rueda; Vladimir Torres; Guy J. Harrington, and Germán Mora. 2007. The palynology of the Cerrejón Formation (Upper Paleocene) of northern Colombia. Palynology 31. 153–189. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Ojeda Marulanda, Carolina, and Carlos Alberto Sánchez Quiñónez. 2013. Petrografía, petrología y análisis de procedencia de unidades paleógenas en las cuencas Cesar - Ranchería y Catatumbo. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 35. 67–80. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Wing, Scott L.; Fabiany Herrera; Carlos A. Jaramillo; Carolina Gómez Navarro; Peter Wilf, and Conrad C. Labandeira. 2009. Late Paleocene fossils from the Cerrejón Formation, Columbia ((sic)), are the earliest record of Neotropical rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106. 18627–18632. Accessed 2017-06-14.
- Cocinetas Basin
- Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Cadena, Edwin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia. Ameghiniana 52. 188–203. Accessed 2017-08-08.
- Carrillo, Juan D.; Eli Amson; Carlos Jaramillo; Rodolfo Sánchez; Luis Quiroz; Carlos Cuartas; Aldo F. Rincón, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2018. The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 101. 1–67. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Thodoris Argyriou; Vladimir Zapata; René Kindlimann, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Ameghiniana 53. 77–99. Accessed 2017-08-08.
- Hendy, Austin J.W.; Douglas S. Jones; Federico Moreno; Vladimir Zapata, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 45–75. Accessed 2017-08-08.
- Moreno, F.; A.J.W. Hendy; L. Quiroz; N. Hoyos; D.S. Jones; V. Zapata; S. Zapata; G.A. Ballen, and Edwin Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo. 2015. Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia. Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 134. 5–43. Accessed 2017-08-08.
- Moreno Bernal, Jorge W. 2014. Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America, 1–66. University of Nebraska. Accessed 2017-08-08.
- Pérez, María E.; María C. Vallejo Pareja; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2017. A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Suárez, Catalina; AnalÍa M. Forasiepi; Francisco J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36. e1029581. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Barzalosa Formation
- Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.
- Gualanday Group
- Billet, Guillaume; Maëva Orliac; Pierre-Olivier Antoine, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2010. New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia. Palaeontology 59. 319–325. Accessed 2017-05-17.
- Honda Group
- Cadena, Edwin; Carlos Jaramillo, and María E. Páramo. 2008. New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Masanaru Takai; Tiffany M. Naeher; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2003. Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Defler, Thomas. 2004. Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Estes, Richard, and Richard Wassersug. 1963. A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America. Breviora 193. 1–13. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- De la Fuente, Marcelo; Juliana Sterli, and Ignacio Maniel. 2013. Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Hsiou, Annie S.; Adriana M. Albino, and Jorge Ferigolo. 2010. Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55. 365–379.
- Kay, Richard F., and Richard H. Madden. 1997. Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America). Journal of Human Evolution 32. 161–199. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Lundberg, John G., and Barry Chernoff. 1992. A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Marshall, Larry G. 1976. New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America. Journal of Paleontology 50. 402–418. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Meldrum, D.J., and R.F. Kay. 1997. Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102. 407–427. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Miller, Alden H. 1953. A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia. Auk 70. 484–495. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Organ, Jason M., and Pierre Lemelin. 2011. Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia. The Anatomical Record 294.12. 2013–2023.
- Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2010. Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 34. 253–256. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Rasmussen, Tab. 1997. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, _. Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Rosenberger, A.L.; T. Setoguchi, and W.C. Hartwig. 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140.
- Setoguchi, Takeshi, and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 1988. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University overseas research reports of New World monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Setoguchi, T. 1985. Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America. Folia Primatol 44. 96–101. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Suárez, Catalina; Analía M. Forasiepi; Franciso J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Takai, Masanaru; Federico Anaya; Hisashi Suzuki; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. Anthropological Science, Tokyo 109.4. 289.
- Takai, Masanaru; Takeshi Setoguchi; Carlos Villarroel A.; Alberto Cadena G., and Nobuo Shigehara. 1991. A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Tejedor, Marcelo F. 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de La Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; J.D. Carrillo; J.W. Moreno Bernal; M. Pardo Jaramillo; D.F. Rodríguez González, and J. Muñoz Duran. 2015. Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S. 2000. Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 24. 117–127. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S. 1997. La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. Geología Colombiana 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos; Takeshi Setoguchi; Jorge Brieva, and Carlos Macia. 1996. Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Wheeler, Brandon. 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51.2. 131–138.
- Los Hoyos beds
- Villaroel A., Carlos; Jorge Brieva B., and Alberto Cadena. 1989. Descubrimiento de mamíferos fósiles de edad Lujanense (Pleistoceno tardío) en el "Desierto" de la Tatacoa (Huila, Colombia). Caldasia 16. 119–125. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Mugrosa Formation
- Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Alejandro Patiño; Giancarlo Renzoni; Alejandro Beltrán; Claudia Quintero, and Martín Manrique. 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105. INGEOMINAS.
- Rotinet Formation
- Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice, and Ingrid Carolina Escobar Quemba. 2010. Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia. Geología Colombiana 35. 50–57. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Sincelejo Formation
- Villarroel A., Carlos, and Javier Clavijo. 2005. Los mamíferos fósiles y las edades de las sedimentitas continentales del Neógeno de la Costa Caribe Colombiana. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 29. 345–356. Accessed 2019-02-04.
Ecuador
- Biblián Formation
- Veintimilla González, Liliana Alexandra. 2015. Solución geológica, geotécnica, hidrológica, hidráulica y estructural de la alcantarilla que sirve a la autopista Cuenca-Azogues, Abscisa km. 4+667 (thesis), 1–111. Universidad de Cuenca. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Dos Bocas Formation
- Lorenzo, Erica; Wladimir Andrés Roca Beltrán; Manuel Martínez; Antonio Morato; Paulo César Escandón Panchana, and Cristian Paul Álvarez Domínguez. 2018. Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil. Boletín de Geología 40. 31–42. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Juan Abella; Gabriel Aguirre Fernández; María Gregori, and R. Ewan Fordyce. 2017. A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador. PLoS ONE 12. e0188380. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Letrero Formation
- Romero Carrasco, Ana Iveth. 2017. Marcas de herbivoría en hojas fósiles de las cuencas miocénicas del sur del Ecuador (BSc. thesis), 1–39. Universidad Central del Ecuador. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Onzole Formation
- Ramírez Parrales, María Fernanda. 2013. Registros de la deformación y del volcanismo en el dominio del antearco ecuatoriano: sedimentología y bioestratigrafía de la Formación Borbón (thesis), 1–202. Escuela Superior Politecnica del Litoral. Accessed 2018-09-12.
- Seca Formation
- Lorenzo, Erica et al. 2018. Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil. Boletín de Geología 40. 31–42. Accessed 2018-09-11.
Paraguay
- Chaco Formation
- Filí, M.F. 2001. Síntesis Geológica e Hidrogeológica del noroeste de la provincia de Entre Ríos - República Argentina. Boletín Geológico y Minero 112. 25–36. Accessed 2018-09-03.
- Various, Authors. 1986. Mapa Geológico del Paraguay - Proyecto PAR 86 - Escala 1:1,000,000 - Texto explicativo, 1–62. _. Accessed 2018-09-03.
Peru
- Peruvian Amazon
- Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Castro Medina, Walter Fidel. 2010. Geología, informe temático. Proyecto Zonificación Ecológica y Económica del departamento de Amazonas, 1–76. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP). Accessed 2018-09-04.
- Sechura Basin
- Córdova Aguilar, Arturo. 2009. Proyecto: "desarrollo de capacidades para una propuesta de zoneamiento ecológico económica (ZEE) para el ordenamiento territorial del Departamento de Piura" - área: Geología y potencial de recursos mineros, 1–83. Ministry of Environment, Peru. Accessed 2018-09-11.
- Chambira Formation
- Boivin, Myriam; Laurent Marivaux, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2019. New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 41. 143–245. Accessed 2019-02-28.
- Boivin, Myriam; Laurent Marivaux; Adriana M. Candela; Maëva J. Orliac; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia V. Tejada Lara, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2016. Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Papers in Palaeontology 3. 69–109. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Marivaux, Laurent; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Myriam Boivin; François Pujos; Anusha Ramdarshan; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia Tejada, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2016. Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of Human Evolution 97. 159–175. Accessed 2019-02-04.
- Chilcatay Formation
- Bianucci, Giovanni; Giulia Bosio; Elisa Malinverno; Christian De Muizon; Igor M. Villa; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2018. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. Royal Society Open Science 5. 172302.
- De la Cruz, Aldo Alván. 2008. Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 11. 51–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Lambert, Olivier; Christian De Muizon; Elisa Malinverno; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16. 981–1016. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci, and Mario Urbina. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34. 987–1004. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Chota Formation
- Chacaltana, César; Alexandra Lucytania Benites Cañote; Waldir Valdivia, and Marco Chumpitaz. 2014. La formación Chota en la Cuenca Bagua: Evaluación e implicancias del criterio de clasificación litoestratigráfico, 1–4. Congreso Peruano de Geología. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Iñapari Formation
- Frailey, Carl D. 1986. Late Miocene and Holocene mammals, exclusive of the Notoungulata, of the Rio Acre Region, western Amazonia. Contributions in Science 374. 1–46. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- De Iullis, Gerardo; Timothy J. Gaudin, and Matthew J. Vicars. 2011. A new genus and species of nothrotheriid sloth (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Nothrotheriidae) from the Late Miocene (Huayquerian) of Peru. Palaeontology 54. 171–205.
- Madre de Dios Formation
- Frailey, Carl David, and Kenneth E. Campbell Jr.. 2012. Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin. Journal of Paleontology 86. 852–877. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Prothero, Donald R.; Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr; Brian L. Beatty, and Carl D. Frailey. 2014. New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics. Journal of Paleontology 88. 434–443. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Romero P., Lidia; María del Carmen Morales R., and Mario Carpio R. 1998. Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z, 1–201. INGEMMET. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Mogollón Formation
- Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Guillaume Billet; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia Tejada Lara; Patrice Baby; Stéphane Brusset, and Nicolas Espurt. 2015. A New Carodnia Simpson, 1935 (Mammalia, Xenungulata) from the Early Eocene of Northwestern Peru and a Phylogeny of Xenungulates at Species Level. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22. 129–140. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Quispe Alcalá, David Ricardo. 2010. Evaluación Geológica de la Formación Mogollón en el Yacimiento Leones – Cuenca Talara (MSc. thesis), 1–87. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería. Accessed 2017-10-18.
- Moquegua Formation
- Alván, Aldo; Katerin Ramírez; Hilmar von Eynatten; István Dunkl; Javier Jacay, and Gabriela Bertone. 2017. Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 112. 53–77. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Shockey, Bruce J.; Guillaume Billet, and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids. Zootaxa 4111. 565–583. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Muñani Formation
- Gelfo, Javier N., and Bernard Sigé. 2011. A new didolodontid mammal from the late Paleocene–earliest Eocene of Laguna Umayo, Peru. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 56. 665–678. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Paracas Formation
- Clarke, Julia A.; Daniel T. Ksepka; Marcelo Stucchi; Mario Urbina; Norberto Giannini; Sara Bertelli; Yanina Narváez, and Clint A. Boyd. 2007. Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between penguin biogeography, body size evolution, and Cenozoic climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104. 11545–11550. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pisco Formation
- Altamirano Sierra, Alí J. 2013. Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- Báez Gómez, Diego A. 2006. Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- Bianucci, Giovanni; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2016. New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Brand, Leonard; Mario Urbina; Arthur Chadwick; Thomas J. DeVries, and Raul Esperante. 2011. [ A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru]. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425.
- Collareta, Alberto; Olivier Lambert; Christian De Muizon; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20. 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci; Mario Urbina, and Jonathan H. Geisler. 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179. 919–946. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Marx, Felix G.; Olivier Lambert, and Christian De Muizon. 2017. A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4. 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Marx, Felix G., and Naoki Kohno. 2016. A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3. 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Poma Porras, Orlando; Edgard Horna Santillán, and Raúl Esperante. 2009. Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- Ramassamy, Benjamin; Olivier Lambert; Alberto Collareta; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2018. Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21. 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro. 2018. Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Stucchi, Marcelo; Steven D. Emslie; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015a. A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Stucchi, Marcelo; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015b. New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Stucchi, M. 2007. Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04.
- Pozo Formation
- Antoine, P.O.; L. Marivaux; D.A. Croft; G. Billet; M. Ganerod; C. Jaramillo; T. Martin; M. Orliac, and J. Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi. 2011. Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279. 1319–1326. Accessed 2019-02-14.
- Boivin, Myriam; Laurent Marivaux; Maëva J. Orliac; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia V. Tejada Lara, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2017. Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Palaeontologia Electronica 20. Article number 20.1.19A. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Soncco Formation
- Carlotto, Víctor. 2016. Dataciones por trazas de fisión en los depósitos continentales terciarios de la Región de Cusco, 521–524. XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Yahuarango Formation
- Bond, Mariano; Marcelo F. Tejedor; Kenneth E. Campbell Jr.; Laura Chornogubsky; Nelson Novo, and Francisco Goin. 2015. Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys. Nature 520. 538–546. Accessed 2017-09-24.
- Campbell, K.E.; C.D. Frailey, and L. Romero Pittman. 2004. The Paleogene Santa Rosa Local Fauna of Amazonian Perú: Geographic and Geologic Setting. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series 40. 1–164. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Alfredo A. Carlini; Kenneth E. Campbell, and Gustavo J. Scillato Yané. 2013. New Palaeogene cingulates (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from Santa Rosa, Perú and their importance in the context of South American faunas. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11. 727–741. Accessed 2019-02-15.
- Yumaque Formation
- Lambert, O.; M. Martínez Cáceres; G. Bianucci; C. Di Celma; R. Salas Gismondi; E. Steurbaut; Mario Urbina, and C. de Muizon. 2017. Earliest Mysticete from the Late Eocene of Peru Sheds New Light on the Origin of Baleen Whales. Current Biology 27. 1–7. Accessed 2019-02-04.
Uruguay
- Pleistocene
- Martínez, Sergio A., and M. Ubilla. 2009. El Cuaternario en Uruguay, 195–228. Universidad de la República de Uruguay. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Camacho Formation
- Fernicola, Juan C.; Andrés Rinderknecht; Washington Jones; Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and Kleberson Propino. 2018. A new species of Neoglyptatelus (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Cingulata) from the late Miocene of Uruguay provides new insights on the evolution of the dorsal armor in cingulates. Ameghiniana 55. 233–252. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Rinderknecht, Andrés. 2011. Estudio sobre los roedores gigantes del Uruguay, Departamento de San José (Mioceno tardío-Pliocene) y sus implicancias para la sistemática y taxonomía de la familia Dinomyidae (Mammalia, Rodentia), 1–101. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Verde, Mariano. 2002. Icnología de la formación Camacho (Mioceno tardío) del Uruguay (MSc. thesis), 1–125. Universidad de la República. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Dolores Formation
- Alberdi, María Teresa; José Luis Prado; Daniel Perea, and Martín Ubilla. 2007. Stegomastodon waringi (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from the Late Pleistocene of northeastern Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 243. 179–189. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Alvarenga, Herculano; Washington Jones, and Andrés Rinderknecht. 2010. The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch der Geologische und Paläontologische Abhandlungen 256. 229–234. Accessed 2018-09-10.
- Gutiérrez, Mercedes; José Luis Prado; Daniel Perea, and Martín Ubilla. 2005. Late Pleistocene Stegomastodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from Uruguay. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 11. 641–662. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Fray Bentos Formation
- Bond, Mariano; Guillermo López; Marcelo A. Reguero; Gustavo J. Scillato Yané, and María G. Vucetich. 1998. Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 5. 41–50. Accessed 2018-09-12.
- Tófalo, Ofelia Rita, and Héctor J.M. Morrás. 2009. Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12.
- Raigón Formation
- Tófalo, Ofelia Rita, and Héctor J.M. Morrás. 2009. Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina . 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12.
- San José Formation
- Rinderknecht, Andrés, and Jorge Ignacio Noriega. 2002. A new genus of Anhingidae (Aves: Pelecaniformes) from the Pliocene-Pleistocene of Uruguay (San José Formation). Ameghiniana 39. 183–191. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Sopas Formation
- Corona, Andrea; Martín Ubilla, and Daniel Perea. 2019. New records and diet reconstruction using dental microwear analysis for Neolicaphrium recens Frenguelli, 1921 (Litopterna, Proterotheriidae). Andean Geology 46. 153–167. Accessed 2019-02-28.
Venezuela
- Chaguaramas Formation
- Horovitz, Inés, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2012. El Registro Fósil del Cenozoico, 133–156. Venezuela Paleontológica: Evolución de la diversidad en el pasado. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Parángula Formation
- Paolillo, Alfredo, and Omar J. Linares. 2007. Nuevos cocodrilos Sebecosuchia del Cenozoico suramericano (Mesosuchia: Crocodylia). Paleobiología Neotropical 03. 1–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Falcón Basin
- Cantaure & Paraguaná Formations
- Mendi, David, and Eliana Rodríguez. 2005. Integración geológica de la Península de Paraguaná, Estado Falcón (MSc thesis), 1–184. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-10-26.
- Capadare Formation
- Ferreira, Gabriel S.; Ascanio D. Rincón; Andrés Solórzano, and Max C. Langer. 2015. The last marine pelomedusoids (Testudines: Pleurodira): a new species of Bairdemys and the paleoecology of Stereogenyina. PeerJ 3. e1063. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Penín Cendón, José Antonio, and Vanessa Ilia Villarroel Estaba. 2005. Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón, 1–199. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Castillo Formation
- Johnson, Kenneth G.; Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra, and Órangel A. Aguilera. 2009. The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). PALAIOS 24. 59–69. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Mónica Núñez Flores. 2017. Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 179–191. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; Mouloud Benammi; Patrick Vignaud, and H. Gregory McDonald. 2014. Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis. Andean Geology 41. 507–528. Accessed 2018-09-07.
- Solórzano, Andrés; Ascanio D. Rincón; Giovanne M. Cidade; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Leonardo Sánchez. 2018. Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments _. 1–19. Accessed 2018-09-07.
- Urbani, Franco, and David Mendi. 2010. Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales LXX. 9–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Mesa Formation
- Granadino A., Maybelle N. 2012. Evaluación hidrogeológica-geofísica de las formaciones Mesa y Las Piedras aflorantes en Santa Clara, Estado Anzoátegui (BS thesis), 1–126. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- Río Yuca Formation
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; Oliver Macsotay; H. Gregory McDonald, and Mónica Nüñez Flores. 2016. A new Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Río Yuca Formation (Venezuela) and the northernmost record of typical Miocene mammals of high latitude (Patagonian) affinities in South America. Geobios 757. 1–35. Accessed 2019-02-12.
- San Gregorio Formation
- Carlini, Alfredo A.; Diego Brandoni; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2018. A new Megatheriinae skull (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) from the Pliocene of Northern Venezuela – implications for a giant sloth dispersal to Central and North America. Palaeontologia Electronica 21. Article number. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Castro, Mariela C.; Alfredo A. Carlini; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2014. A new Dasypodini armadillo (Xenarthra: Cingulata) from San Gregorio Formation, Pliocene of Venezuela: affinities and biogeographic interpretations. Naturwissenschaften .. 1–10. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Santa Inés Formation
- Simpson, George Gaylord. 1947. A Miocene glyptodont from Venezuela. American Museum Novitates 1368. 1–10. Accessed 2018-10-01.
- Urumaco, Socorro & Codore Formations
- Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Erin Maxwell; Órangel A. Aguilera; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2015. Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10. e0139230. Accessed 2019-02-13.
- Linares, Omar J. 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard. 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Marisol Montellano Ballesteros. 2018. Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17. 409–421. Accessed 2019-02-11.
- Rincón, Ascanio D.; H. Gregory McDonald; Andrés Solórzano; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Damián Ruiz Ramoni. 2015. A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2. 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13.
Further reading
- Prado, José Luis, and María Teresa Alberdi. 2017. Fossil Horses of South America: Phylogeny, Systemics and Ecology, 1–150. Springer ISBN 9783319558776. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Croft, Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Fariña, Richard A.; Sergio F. Vizcaíno, and Gerry De Iuliis. 2013. Megafauna: Giant Beasts of Pleistocene South America, 1–448. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253007193. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN 9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Tambussi, Claudia P., and Federico Degrange. 2012. South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds: Paleobiogeographic Affinities and Disparities, 1–113. Springer ISBN 9789400754676. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Richard F. Kay, and Susana Bargo. 2012. Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation, 1–370. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521194617. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Madden, Richard H. 2010. The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia, 1–448. Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521872416. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Órangel A. Aguilera, and Alfredo A. Carlini. 2010. Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, 1–304. Indiana University Press ISBN 9780253002006. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Croft, Darin A.; John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. 2004. Notoungulata and Litopterna of the Early Miocene Chucal Fauna, Northern Chile. Fieldiana Geology 50. 1–52. Accessed 2018-09-29.
- Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
- Kay, Richard F.; Richard H. Madden; John J. Flynn, and Richard L. Cifelli. 1997. Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN 9781935623854. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Simpson, George Gaylord. 1996. Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, 1–275. UMI ISBN 9780783733111. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Pascual, Rosendo; Enrique J. Ortega Hinjosoa; Dolores Gondar, and Eduardo Tonni. 1965. Las edades del Cenozoico mamalífero de la Argentina, con especial atención a aquellas del territorio bonaerense. Anales C.I.C. _. 165–193. Accessed 2018-09-10.
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