Russian Space Forces

The Russian Space Forces (Russian: Космические войска России, tr. Kosmicheskie Voyska Rossii) are a branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces, that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and other related protection for Russia. Having been reestablished following August 1, 2015 merger between the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces after the independent arm of service was dissolved in 2011. The Russian Space Forces were originally formed on August 10, 1992, and the creation of the Russian Armed Forces.[2] The organization shared control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome with the Russian Federal Space Agency. It also operated the Plesetsk and the Svobodny Cosmodromes. However the Russian Space Forces were dissolved in July 1997 and incorporated into the Strategic Missile Forces.[3]

"VKS" redirects here. For the Vanuatu Cultural Centre, see Vanuatu Kaljoral Senta. For the sniper rifle, see VKS sniper rifle.

Russian Space Forces
Greater emblem of the Russian Space Forces
Active	1992–1997, 2001–2011 August 1, 2015 – present
Country	Russia
Type	Space force
Role	Space warfare
Size	150,000 personnel (2014)[1]
Part of	Russian Aerospace Forces
March	14 минут до старта ("14 Minutes Until Launch", official march)
Anniversaries	October 4 (Space Forces Day)
Commanders
Commander of the Aerospace Forces	Sergei Surovikin
Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Space Forces	Aleksandr Golovko
Insignia
Medium emblem
Small emblem
Flag

The Russian Space Forces were once again reformed as an independent troop on June 1, 2001, under a military reorganization. However, by December 2011, it was dissolved once again and this time replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces.[4]

On August 1, 2015, the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces were merged to form the Russian Aerospace Forces.[5][6] The Russian Space Forces were reestablished as a result, and are now one of three sub-branches of the new military branch.[7]

History

In 1967 the Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence was formed (Russian: войска противоракетной и противокосмической обороны [ПРО и ПКО], tr. Voyska Protivoraketnoy i Protivokosmicheskoy Oborony [PRO i PKO]) under Lieutenant General of the Artillery Yuri Votintsev.[8] They were reorganised as the Ministry of Defence Space Units in 1982. In 1991 the Soviet Union was broken up. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation were established on May 7, 1992, enabling the creation of the Russian Space Force later that year on August 10.

In July 1997 the Space Force was dissolved as a separate service arm and incorporated to the Strategic Missile Forces along with the Space Missile Defence Forces, which previously were part of the Soviet Air Defence Forces. In the view of some experts, this was a mistake that prevented the Russian military from developing space-based capabilities. Russian Public TV said of the merger:[3]

However, slightly over three years ago, it appeared to some-one, that, with a view to saving funds, it would be more sensible to strip the Military Space Forces of their independence and subordinate them to the Strategic Missile Troops -which has been done. In just the same way the country's air defense forces were made subordinate to the air force. Under the slogan of "optimizing", but, essentially, reducing the officer corps of the armed forces, the Military Space Forces were simply merged with the Strategic Missile Troops. In this way, the missile men command remained in their places virtually in full and almost the entire elite of military engineers were dispersed from the space forces. The military base, too, was destroyed. In the building of the Military Space Forces headquarters on Kaluga Square [Kaluzhskaya ploshchad], the very expensive fiber optic cable necessary for communicating with space facilities was ripped out. Afterward, this decision was deemed to have been erroneous.

The Russian Space Forces were officially reborn on June 1, 2001, as an independent section of the Russian military. They regained independence under one of the many military reorganization plans of the mid-late 1990s. Colonel General Anatoly Perminov was appointed to lead the new Space Forces.[9] He was succeeded by General Vladimir Popovkin in 2004 and General Oleg Ostapenko in 2008 until dissolution in 2011.[10]

On August 1, 2015, the Space Forces were re-established as part of the Russian Aerospace Forces.

Structure

The main tasks of the Russian Space Forces are informing the higher political leaders and military commanders of missile attacks as soon as possible, ballistic missile defence, and the creation, deployment, maintenance and control of in-orbit space vehicles, like the new Persona reconnaissance satellite. For example, the Space Forces operate the GLONASS global positioning system; commander of the Space Forces Colonel General Vladimir Popovkin said in January 2006 that 18 GLONASS satellites would be in orbit by 2008. In October 2010 the system became fully operational.

Formations of the Space Forces included the 3rd Missile-Space Defence Army, and a Division of Warning of Missile Attack, both with their headquarters at Solnechnogorsk near Moscow. Installations and assets include the Hantsavichy Radar Station in Belarus, along with a number of other large warning radars, and the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system which protects Moscow and the Peresvet anti-air laser combat system which protects strategic missiles.[11][12][13]

There is also an optical tracking facility, the Okno (Window) complex near the town of Nurek in central Tajikistan that is intended to monitor objects in space. The Okno is capable of tracking objects 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi) from Earth, the space forces said when it °was put on duty in 2002. The facility involves telescope-like equipment housed in several large spheres, similar to the U.S. GEODSS system.[14]

Lesser emblem of the Russian Space Forces

3rd Missile-Space Defence Army, status in 2002

1st Division of Warning of Missile Attack – HQ: Solnechnogorsk[15][16]

East Oko Headquarters – Komsomolsk-na-Amure (Pivan-1)

West Oko Headquarters – Kurilovo (Serpukhov-15)

Radar Site (ORTU) RO-1 Olenegorsk – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)

Radar Site RO-5 – Beregovo, Ukraine – Radar Dnepr (Hen House, under Ukrainian control, all Ukrainian personnel)[17]

Radar Site RO-4 – Sevastopol area, Russia – Radar Dnepr (Hen House, under Russian control, all Russian personnel)

Radar Site OS-2 – Balkhash, Kazakhstan – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)

Radar Site OS-1 – Mishelevka, Irkutsk – Radar Dnepr (Hen House)

Radar Site RO-30 – Pechora – Radar Daryal (Pechora)

Radar Site RO-7 – Gabala, Azerbaijan – Radar Daryal (Pechora)

Radar Site Gantcevichi, Belarus – Radar Volga

Radar Site – Komsomolsk-na-Amure – Radar Duga-2 (Steel Yard)

Radar Site Sofrino, in common with PRO – Radar Don-2 (Pill Box)

9th Division of Defence Against Missiles – HQ: Sofrino [18] (A-135 anti-ballistic missile system)

Missile Site – Novopetrovska – 51Т6

Missile Site – Klin – 51Т6

Missile Site – Shodna – 53Т6

Missile Site – Turakovo (Aleksandrov) – 51Т6

Missile Site – Korolev – 53Т6

Missile Site – Litkarino – 53Т6

Missile Site – Vnukovo – 53Т6

Missile Site – Kolodkino – 51Т6

Radar Site – Sofrino – Radar Don-2N (Pill Box)

Radar Site – Stremilovo (Chekhov-7) – Radar Dunay-3U (Cat House)

Radar Site – Kubinka – Radar Dunay-M (Dog House)

45th Division of Space Control – HQ: Noginsk area

Optical Electronic Complex Okno (Window) – Object 7680 – Nurek, Tajikistan

Laser Radar Krona ОРТУ – Zelenchukskaya, Cherkessk Area

Also are used Radar Site Sofrino, Balkhash, Mishelevka

2018

• 15th Aerospace Forces Army

• Titov Main Test and Space Systems Control Centre
• Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
• Main Space Intelligence Centre

• Plesetsk Cosmodrome[19]

Commanders

No.	Picture	Commander	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Ref
1		Kerimov, KerimLieutenant General Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003)	1964	1965	0–1 years	–
2		Karas, AndreiColonel General Andrei Karas (1918–1979)	1965	1979	13–14 years	–
3		Maksimov, AleksandrColonel General Aleksandr Maksimov (1923–1990)	1979	1989	9–10 years	–
4		Ivanov, VladimirColonel General Vladimir Ivanov (born 1936)	1989	1996	6–7 years	–
5		Perminov, AnatolyColonel General Anatoly Perminov (born 1945)	28 March 2001	10 March 2004	2 years	–
6		Popovkin, VladimirColonel General Vladimir Popovkin (1957–2014)	10 March 2004	30 June 2008	4 years	–
7		Ostapenko, OlegColonel General Oleg Ostapenko (born 1957)	30 June 2008	1 December 2011	3 years	–
–		Ivanov, Vladimir M.Vladimir M. Ivanov (born 1957) Acting	2012	2012	0 years	–
8		Golovko, AleksandrColonel General Aleksandr Golovko (born 1964)	1 August 2015	Incumbent	5 years	–

See also

• United States Space Command
• United States Space Force
• Air Force Space Command
• People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force
• Awards and emblems of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation

References

1. International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p. 181
2. Lindborg, Christina (1997). "VKS". World Space Guide. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on November 23, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
3. Russian Public TV (ORT), Moscow, in Russian 1700 gmt March 28, 2001, via BBC Summary of World Broadcasts
4. "Russia's Aerospace Defense Forces go on duty to stave off missile threats". RIA Novosti. December 1, 2011. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
5. "Aerospace Forces". Archived from the original on September 25, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
6. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2016.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
7. Russia creates new Aerospace Force service branch Archived December 27, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, janes.com, August 4, 2015
8. "4 октября – День военно-космических сил России" [October 4 – Day of Military Space Forces in Russia] (in Russian). Prazdnuem. n.d. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
9. ITAR-Tass news agency, via http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRNews1/FRNews01/FR010603.htm Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
10. "Oleg Ostapenko". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved September 30, 2018.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
12. https://defence-blog.com/army/russian-secret-laser-complex-spotted-near-teykovo-icbm-base.html
13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvcsBRj8vSM
14. "Sourcebook on the Okno (в/ч 52168), Krona (в/ч 20096) and Krona-N (в/ч 20776) Space Surveillance Sites" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. December 30, 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
15. Kommersant-Vlast, May 14, 2002, www.brinkster.net
16. Podvig, Pavel (2002). "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 10: 21–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.6127. doi:10.1080/08929880212328. ISSN 0892-9882. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2012.
17. Petrov, Nikita (February 5, 2008). "Kiev Radar Row Set to Inflame Tensions Part One". Space Mart/RIA Novosti. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
18. "9 ДИВИЗИЯ ПРОТИВОРАКЕТНОЙ ОБОРОНЫ" [9 DIVISION MISSILE DEFENCE] (in Russian). Warfare.Ru. n.d. Retrieved March 24, 2012.
19. "Space Forces". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.

External links

• Russia Create a Robot for Open Space
• Russian military spacecraft
• Russian Space Forces poster