Long-Range Aviation

Long-Range Aviation (Russian: Авиация Дальнего Действия, tr. Aviatsiya dal'nego deystviya, abbr. to AДД, or ADD) was the branch of the Soviet Air Forces and Russian Air Force tasked with long-range bombardment of strategic targets with nuclear weapons. During the Cold War, it was the counterpart to the Strategic Air Command of the United States Air Force.

Tu-95, Tu-22, Tu-22M, Tu-160 Long-Range Aviation aircraft

World War Two and the ADD

Origins

The first three Air Armies, designated Air Armies of Specific Purpose (or Particular Purpose) were created between 1936 and 1938.

In accordance with the predominant Deep operations doctrine, the Workers-Peasant Red Army (RKKA) was comprehensively reorganized into six echelons, of which the long-range aviation was the 1st echelon. The 2nd echelon consisted of: heavy tanks; the 3rd echelon: medium and light tanks; the 4th echelon: the motorised infantry; the 5th echelon: heavy artillery; and the 6th echelon comprised the Main Force: the rifle troops, with their own integral tank support. The Airborne Troops were a separate echelon in the role of General Staff reserve force.[1]

The 1st Specific Purpose Air Army was formed on January 8, 1936 as 1st Air Army of the General Reserve Command (Specific Purpose Army - 1) (1-я авиационная армия резерва главного командования (РГК) (АОН — 1)) headquartered at Monino Airfield. The initial TO&E established by the General Staff included two heavy-bomber air brigades (of Tupolev TB-3), one fast-bomber air brigade (of Tupolev SB) and one fighter air brigade. As the Ilyushin DB-3 entered service, they formed long-range bomber squadrons.

The 2nd Air Army was created on 15 March 1937 in the Far East, headquartered in Khabarovsk. The 3rd Air Army was created on May 21, 1938 in the North Caucasus Military District, headquartered in Rostov-on-Don.

On October 20, 1939 the three air armies' order of battle included:

  • 1st Specific Purpose Army (Monino)
    • 27th Aviation Brigade at Monino (9th Air Base)
      • 21st and the 53rd Long Range Bomber Air Regiments
    • 13th Aviation Brigade at Migalovo (24th Air Base)
      • 41st Fast Bomber Air Regiment and
      • 6th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at Ivanovo (12th Air Base)
  • 2nd Specific Purpose Army (Voronezh)
    • 64th Aviation Brigade at Voronezh (112th Air Base)
      • 7th and the 42nd Long Range Bomber Air Regiments
    • 30th Aviation Brigade at Kursk (115th Air Base)
      • 51st Fast Bomber Air Regiment and
      • 45th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at Oryol (141st Air Base)
  • 3rd Specific Purpose Army (Rostov-on-Don)
    • 3rd Aviation Brigade at Rostov-on-Don (12th Air Base)
      • 1st Heavy Bomber Air Regiment and
      • 12th Long Range Bomber Air Regiment at Novocherkassk (7th Air Base)
    • 7th Aviation Brigade at Zaporizhia (16th Air Base)
      • 8th and 11th Long Range Bomber Air Regiments

On 5 November 1940 the three Specific Purpose Air Armies were disbanded as such, due to their poor combat performance during the Winter War with Finland.[2]

The units were restructured as an integrated: Long-Range Bomber Aviation of the Red Army's Supreme Command (Дальнебомбардировочная авиация Главного командования Красной Армии (ДБА ГК)). The structure now comprised: five air corps, three separate air divisions and one separate air regiment.

ADD

Постановлением ГКО от 5 марта 1942 г. дальнебомбардировочная авиация была преобразована в авиацию дальнего действия (АДД) с непосредственным подчинением Ставке ВГК.

On 5 March 1942, Stavka reorganized the Long-Range Bomber Aviation as an autonomous force: the Long-Range Aviation (Авиация дальнего действия (АДД)), under the command of Alexander Golovanov. The force remained directly subordinate to Stavka and independent of the mainstream VVS-PVO. Its focus was strategic: bombing missions on administrative, political and military targets deep in the enemy's rear; disruption of enemy transport networks; destruction of enemy logistics hubs, beyond the tactical front; and specialist strategic missions. The core of this specialist bomber-force was the long-range Ilyushin Il-4 bomber, though Petlyakov Pe-8s and other aircraft were also used.

Later, the mobilized Civil Air Fleet was added to the ADD. This large and experienced transport force was widely used to support guerrillas deep in the occupied territory of the USSR. Some missions later extended the support to include the partizans of Yugoslavia.

Throughout its existence, the ADD was part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK) and took its orders from the Supreme Commander, Iosef Stalin.

During the Battle of Stalingrad, the ADD, having taken crippling losses over the past 18 months, was restricted to flying at night. The Soviets flew 11,317 night sorties over Stalingrad and the Don bend sector between 17 July and 19 November 1942. These raids caused little damage and were of nuisance value only.[3]:82[4]

The five long-range bomber corps had, at various times, nearly 3000 aircraft, of which 1800 were combat aircraft.[5] The heavy bombers struck the cities of Danzig, Königsberg, Kraków, Berlin, Helsinki, Tallinn and others.

The ADD took an active part in the operations in the Baltic States. On March 9, 1944 between 1500 and 2000 explosive incendiary bombs were dropped on residential areas of Tallinn. Results of two Soviet air raids: 40% of the buildings in the city destroyed, 463 dead, 649 injured and about 20,000 left without shelter. Harju Street was especially hard hit, along with the theater "Estonia", where a concert had just started. From 6 to 8 March 1944 the historical part of Narva was virtually wiped out; in the same month Tartu, Tapa and Jõhvi were also bombed.[6]

In the period July–December 1944, the ADD made more than 7,200 sorties, dropping about 62,000 bombs with a total weight of 7,600 tons.[7]

18th Air Army

On 6 December 1944, the ADD was disbanded as an autonomous force and integrated into the Red Army Air Force. However, it retained its identity and role as the 18th Air Army (Vozdushnaya Armiya VA).[8]

The composition of 18th Air Army included:

  • Headquarters
  • 1st Guards Smolensk Long-Range Bomber Air Corps[9]
  • 2nd Guards Bryansk Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps[10]
  • 3rd Guards Stalingrad Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps
  • 4th Guards Gomel Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps
  • 6th Long-Range Aviation Corps
  • 19th Long-Range Bomber Aviation Corps (until February 1945)
  • Four separate bomber aviation divisions
  • 62nd Air Division Long Range

the Cold War and the DA.VS
Comparison of Soviet Strategic Aviation aircraft towards the end of the Cold War

Organization

After the Second World War, strategic bombers were regrouped within the Long-Range Aviation of the Armed Forces (DA VS) in April 1946.[11] The DA VS (Dal'naya Aviatsiya Vozdushnikh Syl - Long Range Aviation of Air Forces) consisted of:

  • the 1st Air Army DA in Smolensk, reorganized as: the 50th Air Army, in January 1949
  • the 2nd Air Army DA in Vinnitsa, reorganized as: the 43rd Air Army in January 1949
  • the 3rd Air Army DA in Khabarovsk, reorganized as: the 65th Air Army, in January 1949[12]

The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Air Armies had established a reputation during the Second World War, for their work of direct tactical support to the Red Army ground forces, so the Air Armies of the new DA were renumbered and given their own identities as: the 50th, 43rd, and 65th.

As the 1940s closed and the Cold War dawned, the Soviet Union scrambled to develop an instrument of deterrence against the United States. The only substantial aircraft that it was equipped with was the Tupolev Tu-4 (Bull), an exact copy of the B-29 Superfortress. This was fielded in 1949, and brought the first threat of attack to the United States, as missile technology at this time was still a decade away. However, the Tu-4 was incapable of returning to the Soviet Union, and the Soviet aviation engineering establishment worked to develop an aircraft capable of round-trip operation.

The outcome of this competition was the highly successful Tupolev Tu-95, which entered service in the 1955-1956 period, and remained the backbone of Soviet air power against NATO for many decades. It continues in service with the Russian Federation.[13] Myasischev's contribution was the Myasishchev M-4, but this aircraft fell below expectations. It surprisingly went on to serve an unexpected but vital role as the 3M aerial refueling tanker, which extended the reach of the strategic air fleet. Other aircraft in service with the DA during this period included the Tupolev Tu-16 (Badger) and the Tupolev Tu-22 (Blinder).

In 1957, the 65th Air Army was renamed the 5th Air Army and was relocated to Blagoveshchensk. In 1960, Long Range Aviation was reorganised into the 2nd, 6th, and 8th Separate Heavy Bomber Air Corps (OTBAK - Otdel'niy tyazhely bombandirovochniy aviatsionniy korpus) instead of Air Armies due to increase in aircraft ordnance capacity, and the option of nuclear weapons ordnance.[12][14] These three corps were formed from portions of the 43rd, 50th, and 5th Air Armies DA. At the same time, the 43rd and 50th Air Armies were transferred to the Strategic Rocket Forces, and became the 43rd Rocket Army and the 50th Rocket Army.

A classified CIA report indicated that, at least during the early 1970s, there was no evidence of a quick-reaction posture; in other words, no airborne alert force and no quick-reaction crews on the ground. This stood in stark contrast to the United States Air Force, which was always at a high state of readiness. Furthermore, the 195 bombers belonging to Long Range Aviation were concentrated at only five primary airfields and spent most of their time there.

Until 1980, the DA VS existed as a separate service. In January 1980, the DA was disbanded and the heavy bomber units divided between three air armies:

  • the 37th Air Army of the Supreme High Command (Strategic Purpose) (37 VA VGK (SN)), with its headquarters in Moscow
  • the 46 VA VGK (SN) at Smolensk
  • the 30th Air Army (30 VA VGK (SN)) at Irkutsk (nb- this Cold War information is seemingly incorrect, and 30th Air Army headquarters was actually located at Blagoveshchensk).

During the 1980s, DA introduced the Tupolev Tu-160 (Blackjack) high-performance bomber, similar to and slightly larger than the American B-1 Lancer. The three long-range air armies also flew the Tu-22M.

In 1988, the three air armies were reunited once again to form: the Long Range Aviation Command.

the Strategic Plan

In the event of a nuclear war with the United States, the Soviet Union would likely have committed its entire heavy bomber force to attacks against US targets. Medium-sized bombers would have been used in a peripheral role.

However elements of all of the Soviet Union's strategic forces would have been available to participate in Warsaw Pact operations. The CIA in 1975 estimated that 530 intermediate-range bombers west of the Urals, possibly augmented by Soviet Navy aircraft, were intended for European strikes in the NATO rear area that required large conventional or nuclear payloads.

Long Range Aviation's aircraft was based at about a dozen key bases around the Soviet Union: Ryazan Dyagilevo near Moscow; Pryluky and Uzyn in Ukraine; Engels-2 near Saratov; Mozdok, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania near Chechnya; Dolon near Semipalitinsk; and Belaya, Ukrainka, and Vozdvizhenka in the Far East.

Though basing forces in the Arctic would have posed more of a threat to North America, the hostile climate, poor logistical network, and weak defense network precluded such a plan. Therefore, the Soviet Union created a network of standby Arctic staging bases ('Bounce airdromes'; Russian: Аэродром подскока) under the control of OGA (Arctic Control Group), which would have been activated in wartime.[15] These bases were airfields used for a short stop ("bounce") by airplanes for refueling and servicing for the purpose of extending the range of the flight, including long-range military (their Staging base).

They primarily included Olenegorsk, Novaya Zemlya Rogachevo Airport, and Vorkuta Sovetskiy in the northwest; and Tiksi Airport, Anadyr Ugolny Airport, and Mys Shmidta in the northeast. High-Arctic bases such as Nagurskoye and Greem-Bell may have been available to smaller aircraft, and the staging airfields Sredniy Ostrov, Dresba, Chekurovka, and Tiksi North were probably never completed. Though the Tu-95 could operate without the use of staging bases, nearly all other aircraft would have required the facilities in order to reach the United States .

Bomber crews were trained to be proficient in all basic aspects of strategic operations, including navigation, inflight refueling, air-to-surface missile strike procedures, Arctic staging, penetration tactics, and electronic countermeasures.

Order of battle 1990–91
30th Air Army

Order of battle 1990

HQ: Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast (Source Michael Holm)

  • independent Communications Regiment (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast)
  • 219th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Spassk-Dalny (Khvalynka), Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16
  • 31st Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast)
    • 1225th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2
    • 1229th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Belaya, Irkutsk Oblast) with Tu-22M2
  • 55th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Vozdvizhenka, Primorskiy Kray)
    • 303rd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Zavitinsk, Amur Oblast) with Tu-16K
    • 444th Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment (Vozdvizhenka, Primorskiy Kray) with Tu-16K
37th Air Army

See 37th Air Army

46th Air Army

Order of battle 1990

HQ: Smolensk[16]

  • 64th independent Communications Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast)
  • 103rd Guards Military-Transport Aviation Regiment (Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast) with An-12/24/26
  • 199th Guards Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Nezhin, Chernigov Oblast) with Tu-22R
  • 290th Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Zyabrovka, Gomel Oblast) with Tu-22R and Tu-16
  • 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Poltava, Poltava Oblast)
  • 15th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Ozernoye, Zhitomir Oblast)
  • 22nd Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Bobruisk, Mogilev Oblast)
  • 326th Heavy Bomber Aviation Division (Tartu, Estonian SSSR)

On 1 January 1991, the 46th Air Army included the following units:[17]

  • 64th Independent Communications Regiment (Smolensk)
  • 103rd Guards Transport Aviation Regiment (Smolensk)
  • 199th Guards 'Brest' Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Regiment (Nezhin), 26 Tu-22R
  • 290th Independent Long-Range Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Zyabrovka, Gomel region)
  • 13th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Division
    • 185th Guards Bomber Regiment (Poltava, Ukraine) - 22 Tu-22M;
  • 15th Guards "Gomel" TBAD (Ozernoye, Zhitomir region)
    • 121st Guards "Sevastopol" TBAP (Machulishchi, Minsk region) with 34 Tu-22K
    • 203rd Guards "Orel" TBAP (Baranovichi, North Brest region) with 32 Tu-22K
    • 341st TBAP (Ozernoye, Zhitomir Oblast) with 32 Tu-22K
  • 22nd Guards "Donbas" TBAD (Babruysk (air base), South Mogilev region)
    • 200th Guards "Brest" TBAP (Bobruisk, South Mogilev region) with 20 Tu-22M3 and 18 Tu-16K
    • 260th TBAP (Stryy, Lvov region) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 23 Tu-16K
  • 326th "Ternopol" TBAD (Tartu, Estonian SSR)
    • 132nd "Berlin" TBAP (Tartu) with 18 Tu-22M3 and 17 Tu-16K
    • 402nd TBAP (Balbasovo, Vitebsk region) with 17 Tu-22M3 and 7 Tu-16K
    • 840th TBAP (Soltsy-2, South Novgorod region) with 19 Tu-22M3

46th Air Army was disbanded 10.94.

the Restructuring and the successor forces

Russia

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Long Range Aviation in Russia entered a period of decline, along with the other former components of the Soviet Armed Forces. This culminated when the command was formally disbanded in 1998 as part of the amalgamation of the Russian Air Defence Force and the Russian Air Force. It became the 37th Air Army of the Supreme High Command.

In 2009 the 37th Air Army of the Supreme Command was disbanded as part of a large scale reorganisation of the Air Force and was reformed once more as: the Long Range Aviation Command.

Ukraine
A Tu-160 in Ukrainian colours, 1997.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian Air Force was left with three air armies (1,100 combat aircraft), which included 30 Tu-16 missile carriers, 33 Tu-22KD missile carriers, 30 Tu-22R reconnaissance aircraft, 36 Tu-22M3s, 23 Tu-95MSs, 19 Tu-160s, 20 Ilyushin IL-78 aerial refueling aircraft, as well as large stockpiles of missiles: 1,068 Kh-55s and 423 Kh-22s.[18][19][20]

In 1992 Ukraine also received much of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, including the 2nd Guards Maritime Missile Aviation Division (Hvardiiske, Crimea), with three regiments of maritime attack Tu-22M2s and an independent Maritime Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Saki-Novofedorovka, Crimean Oblast) of Tu-22Ps. The 1995/96 edition of the Military Balance continued to list the remnant of these forces under now-Ukrainian Naval Aviation. In 1994 Tu-22M2s, Tu-16Ks and a large part of the Tupolev Tu-22Ps were put in storage and then dismantled.[21][22]

The reasons for the elimination of Ukrainian long-range bombers included:[21]

  • The deep economic crisis in the Ukraine after the collapse of the USSR
  • Pressure from the U.S. State Department on Ukraine
  • Lack of support from production plants and design bureaus which remained in Russia
  • Reduction in the size of the armed forces resulting in the loss of experienced pilots and supporting personnel
  • Life expectancy of some aircraft components and assemblies had expired

Funding for the elimination of strategic aviation of Ukraine was allocated by the U.S. government as part of an agreement "to provide assistance to Ukraine in the elimination of strategic nuclear weapons and to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction", signed on November 25, 1993 between Ukraine and the United States.[18] In 2000 in the agreement was extended to 31 December 2006.[23]

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gollark: Many of them have also been found to edit pages a bit as they pass through the network, which HTTPS stops.
gollark: Yes, Google will be inevitably data mining it horribly, but at least it isn't Google *and* ISPs.
gollark: Having it be encrypted means that the path and such can't be seen by your ISP and whoever.
gollark: I can even see the truncated bits of profile pictures.

References
  1. "Зарождение и развитие теории глубокого боя". www.2fj.ru. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  2. "The Organizational Structure of the Red Army Air Force". Allaces.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  3. Bergström, Christer (2007). Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943. Chevron Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-85780-276-4.
  4. Golovanov (2004), p. 265.
  5. Golovanov, Aleksandr Evgenʹevich (2007). Дальняя бомбардировочная: воспоминания Главного маршала авиации 1941–1945 [Distant Bombers: Memories of the Chief Marshal of Aviation 1941–1945]. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf. pp. 546, 591. ISBN 978-5-9524-3033-4.
  6. "Tallinn remembers victims of the bombing in March 1944". Eesti Rahvusringhääling.
  7. Zolotarev, Vladimir A. (1999). Velikaja Otečestvennaja: Stavka-VGK dokumenty i materialy 1944–1945 [The Great Patriotic War: High Command Documents and Materials 1944–1945]. Moscow: Terra. p. 368. ISBN 5-300-01162-2.
  8. "Воздушные армии" [Air Armies]. Allaces.ru (in Russian). 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  9. Holm, Michael (2014). "51st Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps". ww2.dk. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  10. Holm, Michael (2014). "70th Guards Heavy Bomber Aviation Corps". ww2.dk. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  11. "Air Power Analysis: Russian Federation". International Air Power Review. AIRtime Publishing. 13 (Summer 2004): 80.
  12. Soviet Strategic Weapons developments, manuscript accessible at Yahoo Groups TO&E site
  13. "37-я воздушная армия ВВС России разбомбила Пем-Бой" [37th Air Force Russian army bombed Pem-Boj]. Aviaport.ru (in Russian). 29 March 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  14. Holm, Michael (2011). "Aviation Corps". ww2.dk. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  15. Felgengauer, Pavel (28 July 2008). "Canards of Strategic Purpose". Novaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  16. Holm, Michael (2011). "46th Red Banner Air Army VGK SN". ww2.dk. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  17. SSM manuscript from Yahoo TO&E group
  18. "Ukraine will dispose of it the Tu-22M3". defense-ua.com.
  19. "27 января в Полтаве состоится завершающий этап Программы ликвидации тяжелых бомбардировщиков типа Ту-22М3 и авиационных ракет типа Х-22" [On January 27 in Poltava will take the final step, the elimination of heavy bombers Tu-22M3 aircraft and missiles X-22]. Ukrainian Government Portal. 26 January 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  20. The Military Balance. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2002.
  21. Aviation and Time. 1996, No.5, pp.28-36.
  22. Holm, Michael (2016). "Red Banner Black Sea Fleet". ww2.dk. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  23. "Украина разрезала 30 бомбардировщиков Ту-22 на американские деньги" [Ukraine cut 30 Tu-22 on US money]. Lenta.ru (in Russian). 29 March 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2016.

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