Ronald Plasterk

Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈroːnɑlt ˈɦɑns ˈɑntɔn ˈplɑstɛrk]; born 12 April 1957) is a retired Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and scientist.

Ronald Plasterk
Ronald Plasterk in 2014
Minister of the Interior
and Kingdom Relations
In office
16 September 2016 – 26 October 2017
Prime MinisterMark Rutte
Preceded byStef Blok (Ad interim)
Succeeded byKajsa Ollongren
In office
5 November 2012 – 29 June 2016
Prime MinisterMark Rutte
Preceded byLiesbeth Spies
Succeeded byStef Blok (Ad interim)
Member of the House of Representatives
In office
17 June 2010 – 5 November 2012
Parliamentary groupLabour Party
Minister of Education,
Culture and Science
In office
22 February 2007 – 23 February 2010
Prime MinisterJan Peter Balkenende
Preceded byMaria van der Hoeven
Succeeded byAndré Rouvoet
Personal details
Born
Ronald Hans Anton Plasterk

(1957-04-12) 12 April 1957
The Hague, Netherlands
NationalityDutch
Political partyLabour Party (since 1975)
Spouse(s)
Els Beumer
(
m. 1990)
ChildrenWouter Plasterk (born 1990)
Willem Plasterk (born 1991)
ResidenceBussum, Netherlands
Alma materLeiden University
(Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, Doctor of Science)
University of Amsterdam
(Bachelor of Economics)
OccupationPolitician · Biologist · Geneticist · Researcher · Businessman · Nonprofit director · Political pundit · Activist · Lobbyist · Author · Columnist · Editor · Professor

Biography

Plasterk attended a Gymnasium in The Hague from May 1969 until June 1975 and applied at the Leiden University in June 1975 majoring in Biology obtaining an Bachelor of Science degree in August 1977 and worked as a student researcher before graduating with an Master of Science degree with Cum Laude in July 1981 and worked as a researcher before earning his doctorate as an Doctor of Science in Natural science in April 1984.

Plasterk simultaneously applied at the University of Amsterdam in June 1975 majoring in Economics obtaining an Bachelor of Economics degree in July 1977. Plasterk served on the Municipal Council of Leiden from 11 October 1982 until 1 September 1984.

Plasterk worked as a postdoctoral researcher from January 1985 until November 1987 at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, California from January 1985 until October 1986 and at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England from October 1986 until November 1987.

Plasterk worked as a researcher Netherlands Cancer Institute from November 1987 until February 2000 and served as director of the Oncology department of the Netherlands Cancer Institute from July 1989 until February 2000. Plasterk worked as a professor of Molecular biology at the Free University Amsterdam from January 1993 until February 1997 and as a professor of Molecular genetics at the University of Amsterdam from February 1997 until February 2000.

Plasterk worked as director of the Hubrecht Institute an affiliation of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences from February 2000 until February 2007 and was a professor of Molecular genetics at the Utrecht University from February 2000 until February 2007.

He became active in the public sector and occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Wellcome Trust, European Molecular Biology Organization, European Centre for Nature Conservation and the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences) served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government (Health Council) and as an political pundit and columnist for Intermediair, Volkskrant and Buitenhof.

After the election of 2006, Plasterk was appointed as Minister of Education, Culture and Science in the Cabinet Balkenende IV, taking office on 22 February 2007.

The Cabinet Balkenende IV fell on 20 February 2010 after tensions in the coalition over the extension of the Dutch involvement in the Task Force Urozgan of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the Labour Party cabinets members resigned on 23 February 2010. Plasterk was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives after the election of 2010, taking office on 17 June 2010 serving as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finances.

After the Leader of the Labour Party and Parliamentary leader of the Labour Party in the House of Representatives Job Cohen announced that he was stepping down as Leader and Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives following increasing criticism on his leadership, Plasterk announced his candidacy to succeed him.

Plasterk lost the leadership election to fellow frontbencher Diederik Samsom on 16 March 2012.

Following the election of 2012 Plasterk was appointed as Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations in the Cabinet Rutte II, taking office on 5 November 2012. Plasterk took a medical leave of absence from 29 June 2016 until 16 September 2016 during which Minister for Housing and the Central Government Sector Stef Blok served as acting Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. On 10 September 2016 Plasterk announced his retirement from national politics and that he wouldn't stand for the election of 2017. The Cabinet Rutte II was replaced by the Cabinet Rutte III following the cabinet formation of 2017 on 26 October 2017.[1]

Plasterk retired from national politics and became active in the private sector and public sector, in December 2017 Plasterk was named as Chief scientific officer (CSO) for myTomorrows. Plasterk also serves as a professor of Novel Strategies to Access to Therapeutics at the University of Amsterdam since 1 October 2018. In December 2018 Plasterk founded the startup company Frame Therapeutics a pharmaceutical company that specialises in Cancer treatment vaccines.[2] Plasterk is also a prolific author, having written more than a dozen books and articles since 1990 about Molecular biology, Molecular genetics, Education and Atheism.[3]

Career

Education and science

Plasterk attended highschool at the gymnasium (school) Sint Janscollege in The Hague between 1969 and 1975. He then studied biology at the Leiden University and economics at the University of Amsterdam. During this period he wrote for the student newspaper.[4] In 1981, he obtained an MSc degree Cum Laude in biology. He obtained his propaedeutic diploma in economics in the same year. In 1984, he was awarded a PhD degree in Mathematics and the Natural Sciences at Leiden University for his thesis "Inversion of the G segment of bacteriophage Mu: analysis of a genetic switch". His study focused on transposon sequences in DNA. While being a doctoral researcher between 1981 and 1984, Plasterk also was a member of the Leiden city council for the Labour Party.

Between 1985 and 1986, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. There he studied the transposon sequences in DNA in the parasite Borrelia hermsii. Between 1986 and 1987 he was a post-doc at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge,[5][6] where he worked with John Sulston. He studied Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode that is used as a model organism.[7]

In 1987 he returned to the Netherlands where he became group leader and member of the board of the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam. In 1989 he became director of the research school of oncology at the institute, where he remained until 2000. Between 1993 and 1997 he occupied the endowed chair in molecular microbiology at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.[6] Between 1997 and 2000 he was professor of molecular genetics at the University of Amsterdam. In February 2000 he became director of the Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, also known as the Hubrecht Laboratory, an institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW). He combined this with a position as professor in developmental genetics at Utrecht University from May 2000. He retained these positions until February 2007.

Since 2001 Plasterk has been a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8] Before entering politics he also was a member of the Health Council, which advises the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport, a member of the board of the Wellcome Trust, member of the Committee on Biotechnology and Animals and of the European Molecular Biology Organization.[6]

Plasterk's research was in the area of genetics and functional genomics. He focused on the mechanism and regulation of DNA transposition, and on the mechanisms of RNA interference and microRNAs,[7] including the functions of RNAi as a natural defense against the uncontrolled duplication of transposons.[9][10][11]

Columnist

Plasterk started as a columnist in the Intermediair, a weekly magazine oriented at young professionals and academics, in 1995.[9] In the early years he mainly wrote on the political and ethical aspects of genetic research.[4] In 1999 he switched from his column in the Intermediair to a weekly column in de Volkskrant, a leading centre left quality newspaper and a two-weekly spoken column in Buitenhof, a political talkshow produced by the VPRO, the NPS and the VARA. He continued these columns until 2007 when he became minister.[9] In 2000 several of his columns were bundled in the book Leven uit het Lab ("Life from the Lab")

Plasterk wrote on a wide range of subjects: he is an outspoken atheist.[12] In 1997 he coined the term ietsisme ("somethingism") to refer to the religious belief that the Christian God does not exist, but that there is some greater force that created the universe and governs it.[13] This position is roughly equivalent to 18th century Deism. He first strongly criticized the belief on intellectual grounds, calling it a "poor and irritating phenomenon", but later claimed that it was a mix of atheism and nostalgia, and much more sympathetic "than the idea of a cruel God that wants this misery"[14]

In his columns in de Volkskrant and Buitenhof, he also fiercely opposed the proposal of Maria van der Hoeven, who preceded him as minister of Education, to teach intelligent design in high schools.[15]

Furthermore, in the referendum on the European constitution, he positioned himself as an outspoken critic of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.[16] He opposed the constitution because he considered that it did not clearly codify the responsibilities of the European Union. He also felt that it laid too much emphasis on the free market.

Plasterk giving a press statement in 2006
Ronald Plasterk with his trademark hat in 2008

Politics

Plasterk was a member of the Leiden city council for the Labour Party in the early 1980s. Since 1995 he has been a political columnist for several national publications and a commentator on TV. In the mid-2000s he assumed several more active posts in national politics.

In 2006 he was member of the committee which wrote the election manifesto for the Labour Party in the 2006 elections, which was led by Paul Depla. He also served as an advisor of the national convention, a think tank of the Dutch government on government reform.

On 22 February 2007 he was appointed minister of Education, Culture and Science in the fourth Balkenende cabinet for the Labour Party.[6] Because of this appointment Plasterk has ended his scientific career, because he considers it is impossible to leave research for several years and then hope to reintegrate.[3] Wouter Bos, leader of the Labour Party, sees Plasterk as a social and cultural libertarian, who balances out the social and cultural conservativism of the Labour Party's coalition partners Christian Democratic Appeal and the Christian Union.[14]

As minister Plasterk was responsible for higher education and scientific education, for research, culture and media, women's emancipation and of the LBGT, and for policy on the unemployed in the education sector.[17] As such he is vice chair of the national Innovation Platform and member of the task force Women on Top.

A key issue during Plasterk's period as minister was the salary of teachers. When there was no room in the national budget to increase the salaries of teachers as advised by a committee led by Alexander Rinnooy Kan, Plasterk was forced to find money from within the budget of his own ministry. Kan made his advice public just days after the Miljoenennota (the national budget) was published. One of the solutions Plasterk considered was cutting the allowance for students and raising the fees for universities.[18] Plasterk was strongly criticized by the students unions for his proposals and by his coalition partners CDA and CU and the leftwing opposition parties SP and GroenLinks. In the end he and Wouter Bos, the minister of Finance, were able to find sufficient money for a marked increase in the salaries of teachers. Under the pressure of strikes by teachers,[19] Plasterk came to a deal with the teachers´ union in April 2008.[20]

He resigned on the morning of 20 February 2010, when all PvdA ministers withdrew from the fourth Balkenende cabinet. The Queen accepted the resignations on 23 February 2010. In the House of Representatives he focused on matters of finance.

After Politics

After his position as minister, Plasterk went to work as Chief Scientific Officer at myTomorrows in Amsterdam on 1 December 2017.[21] This company mediates between patients, doctors, commercial and pharmaceutical companies about a faster availability of new medicines. Since September 2018 Plasterk has been active at the University of Amsterdam as a professor in Novel Strategies for Access to Therapeutics. From January 2019, Plasterk is founder and CEO of the company Frame Therapeutics. A spin-out from MyTomorrows where he then left.

Personal life

Plasterk is married and has two children. He lives in Amsterdam. Plasterk is a member of the Royal Christian Oratory Association "Excelsior" in Amsterdam, where he sings as a tenor. He participates in the yearly recital of the Mattheus Passion of Johann Sebastian Bach of Excelsior.[22] He also plays the guitar. His other hobbies include literature, painting and photography.

In the summer of 2008 he appeared in Zomergasten, an evening long in-depth television interview of the VPRO.

Awards

Bibliography

Selected scientific publications
  • Ketting, R.F., Fischer, S.E.J., Bernstein, E., Sijen, T., Hannon, G.J., Plasterk R.H.A. (2001). Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes & Development 15: 2654-2659.
  • Sijen, T., Fleenor, J., Simmer, F., Thijssen, K.L., Parrish, S., Timmons, L., Plasterk, R.H.A., Fire, A. (2001). On the role of RNA amplification in dsRNA-triggered gene silencing. Cell 107: 465-476.
  • Tijsterman, M., Ketting, R.F., Okihara, K. L., Sijen, T., Plasterk, R. H. A. (2002) Short antisense RNAs can trigger gene silencing in C. elegans, depending on the RNA helicase MUT-14. Science 25;295 (5555): 694-697
  • Wienholds, E., Schulte-Merker, S., Walderich, B., Plasterk, R.H.A. (2002) Target-selected inactivation of the zebrafish rag1 gene. Science 297 (July 5): 99-102.
  • Wienholds, E., Koudijs, M.J., Van Eeden, F.J.M., Cuppen, E., Plasterk, R.H.A. (2003) The microRNA-producing enzyme Dicer 1 is essential for zebrafish development. Nature Genetics 35: 217-218.
  • Sijen, T., Plasterk, R.H.A. (2003) Transposon silencing in the Caenorhabditis elegans germ line by natural RNAi. Nature 426: 310-314.
  • Berezikov, E., Guryev, V., van de Belt, J., Wienholds, E., Plasterk, R.H.A., Cuppen, E. (2005) Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell 120: 21-24.
  • Robert, V.J.P., Sijen, T., van Wolfswinkel, J., Plasterk, R.H.A. (2005) Chromatin and RNAi factors protect the C. elegans germline against repetitive sequences. Genes Dev. 19: 782-787.
  • Sijen T., Steiner F.A., Thijssen K.L., Plasterk R.H.A. (2007) Secondary siRNAs result from unprimed RNA synthesis and form a distinct class. Science. 2007 Jan 12;315(5809):244-7.
  • Wormen en waarden (1993)
  • Techniek van het leven: de betekenis van biotechnologie voor mens en samenleving (2000)
  • Leven uit het lab (2002)

Decorations
Honours
Ribbon barHonourCountryDateComment
Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau Netherlands 23 November 2010
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gollark: osmarks.tk's secondary server is powerful enough but has a poor internet connection.
gollark: Well, I don't really have good enough hosting.
gollark: You should hand over administration to me.
gollark: Except <@235088799074484224>.

References
  1. "Ronald Plasterk (PvdA) stelt zich niet opnieuw verkiesbaar voor de Tweede Kamer" (in Dutch). Parlement & Politiek. 10 September 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  2. "Ronald Plasterk, hoogleraar Novel strategies for access to therapeutics" (in Dutch). University of Amsterdam. 6 September 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
  3. Abbott, Alison (1 March 2007). "Q&A:Ronald Plasterk". Nature. United Kingdom: Nature Publishing Group. 446 (7): 7. doi:10.1038/446007a. PMID 17330008.
  4. Schaps, Karolin. "Ronald Plasterk, DNA dissenter". cafebabel.com. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  5. "Ronald Plasterk". PvdA. February 20, 2007.
  6. "CV Ronald Plasterk". regering.nl. Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. 22 February 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  7. "Ronald H.A. Plasterk". biomedicalgenetics.nl. Archived from the original on 2008-04-12. Retrieved 2008-05-25.
  8. "Dr. R.H.A. (Ronald) Plasterk" (in Dutch). Parlement.com. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  9. Vogel G (2003). "Ronald Plasterk Profile: TV Fame and RNA Glory". Science. 301 (5638): 1311–1312. doi:10.1126/science.301.5638.1311. PMID 12958340.
  10. Plasterk RHA (2002). "RNA Silencing: The Genome's Immune System". Science. 296 (5571): 1263–1265. doi:10.1126/science.1072148. PMID 12016302.
  11. Plasterk, Ronald (2004-06-07). "Ron Plasterk on RNA Interference: a Genome's "Immune System"". Oral History Collection, CSHL website. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  12. ""Er is geen verband tussen altruïsme en God" - Interview met Plasterk". Persbericht De Groene Amsterdammer. 22 January 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
  13. "Ronald Plasterk: ietsisme". Genootschap Onze Taal. 14 February 2007.
  14. Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau (14 February 2005). "Ronald Plasterk" (in Dutch). NOVA. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015.
  15. Ronald Plasterk (8 May 2005). "Column: Kerk en Staat" (in Dutch). Buitenhof.
  16. "WBS-debat: meerderheid stemt vóór Grondwet". Wiardi Beckman Stichting. 15 May 2005. Archived from the original on 13 January 2006.
  17. "Minister Ronald Plasterk". Ministry of Education, Culture and Sciences.
  18. "Collegegeld hoger, basisbeurs blijft". NOS. Archived from the original on 2007-11-24.
  19. "Leraren opnieuw in actie". nu.nl. 9 April 2008.
  20. "Akkoord over hoger salaris leraren". De Volkskrant. 16 April 2008.
  21. "Ronald Plasterk joins myTomorrows as CSO - Blog | myTomorrows". mytomorrows.com. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  22. "Plasterk gaat op in Matthäus Passion". Algemeen Dagblad. 3 April 2007.
  23. "NWO Spinoza Prize 1999". Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
Official
Political offices
Preceded by
Maria van der Hoeven		 Minister of Education,
Culture and Science
2007–2010		 Succeeded by
André Rouvoet
Preceded by
Liesbeth Spies		 Minister of the Interior
and Kingdom Relations
2012–2016
2016–2017		 Succeeded by
Stef Blok
Ad interim
Preceded by
Stef Blok
Ad interim		 Succeeded by
Kajsa Ollongren
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