Johan Rudolph Thorbecke

Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (14 January 1798 – 4 June 1872) was a Dutch liberal statesman, one of the most important Dutch politicians of the 19th century. In 1848, he virtually single-handedly drafted the revision of the Constitution of the Netherlands, giving less power to the king and more to the States General, and guaranteeing more religious, personal and political freedom to the people.

His Excellency Johan Rudolph Thorbecke
Portrait by Johan Heinrich Neuman, 1852
Prime Minister of the Netherlands
In office 4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872
Monarch	William III
Preceded by	Pieter Philip van Bosse
Succeeded by	Gerrit de Vries
In office 1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866
Monarch	William III
Preceded by	Schelto van Heemstra
Succeeded by	Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte
In office 1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853
Monarch	William III
Preceded by	Jacob de Kempenaer
Succeeded by	Floris Adriaan van Hall
Minister of the Interior
In office 4 January 1871 – 4 June 1872
Preceded by	Cornelis Fock
Succeeded by	Pieter Philip van Bosse
In office 1 February 1862 – 10 February 1866
Preceded by	Schelto van Heemstra
Succeeded by	Johan Herman Geertsema Carelszoon
In office 1 November 1849 – 19 April 1853
Preceded by	Jacob de Kempenaer
Succeeded by	Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen
Member of the House of Representatives
In office 25 February 1868 – 4 January 1871
In office 19 November 1866 – 3 January 1868
In office 14 March 1866 – 1 October 1866
In office 27 June 1853 – 31 January 1862
In office 17 October 1848 – 31 October 1849
In office 21 May 1844 – 19 October 1845
Personal details
Born	Johan Rudolph Thorbecke (1798-01-14)14 January 1798 Zwolle, Netherlands
Died	4 June 1872(1872-06-04) (aged 74) The Hague, Netherlands
Nationality	Dutch
Spouse(s)	Adelheid Solger (m. 1836–1870; her death)
Children	4 sons and 2 daughters
Alma mater	Leiden University
Occupation	Politician civil servant jurist historian professor author
Signature

Early life and education

Thorbecke's birthplace in Zwolle, nowadays known as the Thorbeckehuis

Thorbecke was born in Zwolle. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon Osnabrück. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of Johan Rudolph and his younger brother.[1] Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy decent education.[2] He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, and attended a Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814.[3] Thorbecke began studying classical literature and philosophy in Amsterdam, studies he finished in Leiden defending a thesis on Asinius Pollio in 1820.[4]

Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise, Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte.[5] He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to historism and Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually.[1][6] Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance, Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). The work managed to catch attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at Ghent University the following year,[5] a position he was forced to resign from due to the Belgian Revolution in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the Leiden University,[6] where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study.[2][6]

Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of William I, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with Aanteekening op de grondwet, literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was Over het hedendaags burgerschap, literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable.[2][6]

Political career

Further information: Constitutional Reform of 1848

Statue of Thorbecke in The Hague

On 21 May 1844, Thorbecke was elected into the House of Representatives for South Holland.[3] In the House, he developed into the leader of the liberal opposition and, later that year, joined forces with eight like-minded members in a vain attempt to amend the constitution in the so-called Voorstel der Negenmannen ("Proposition of the Nine Men"). Four years later, with much of Europe convulsed by the Revolutions of 1848, William II agreed upon the formation of a committee for revision of the constitution. Thorbecke was appointed as head of this committee on 17 March. The changes were virtually all created by Thorbecke, as the other members of the committee did little but approve of his proposals. The drafted constitution was somewhat reluctantly approved by the States General, and was proclaimed on 3 November 1848.[6] The new constitution established civil rights and parliamentary competences, and introduced direct election of members of House of Representatives and ministerial responsibility, thus limiting the power of the King and turning the country into a complete constitutional monarchy.[7]

Despite initial reluctance, William II appointed Thorbecke as formateur in late October 1849, and his first cabinet took office on 13 November. In this cabinet, Thorbecke served as minister of the Interior and chaired the Council of Ministers, thus becoming de facto Prime Minister of the Netherlands. Thorbecke's first cabinet passed several acts of particular importance, including the Electoral Act and the Province Act in 1850, and the Municipality Act in the following year.[6][8] Despite these successes, Thorbecke's reforms were increasingly subjected to resistance, and he was criticised for his haughtiness and his strained relationship with the King. In 1853, the Catholic Church sought to restore the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands. Common people, pastors and conservative notables showed resistance to this in an anti-papal movement known as the Aprilbeweging ("April Movement"). Thorbecke, who remained passive in the issue in defence of the separation of church and state, was accused of catholic sympathies, and he was forced to resign.[2]

Thorbecke spent nine years as leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. He pleaded for neutrality in the Crimean War 1854, and opposed the religious nature of the Primary Education Act in 1857.[8]

The collapse of the conservative cabinet in 1862 brought Thorbecke back in power. On 31 January 1862, he started his second term as minister of the Interior and chairman of the Council of Minister.[3] Thorbecke's relationship with the King had improved because the focus of his reforms had shifted from politics to economics, and despite the increased disunity among the liberals, his cabinet lasted for four years because of the support of the Catholics. One of Thorbecke's first acts in his second term was the abolition of the governmental departments for religious services. Other notable achievements include the construction of several canals, the Secondary Education Act in May 1863, several acts on healthcare, and the municipal tax reform in 1865. The cabinet collapsed on 10 February 1866 and Thorbecke resigned after a conflict regarding criminal law in the Dutch East Indies.[2][8]

Thorbecke returned to being leader of the opposition in the House of Representatives. In 1868, he formed the Van Bosse-Fock cabinet, but did not take part in the cabinet himself. Three years later, after this cabinet had collapsed over foreign policy, the 73-year old Thorbecke did not hesitate to start his third term.[8] In December 1871 fell ill, and never fully recovered. Thorbecke died at his home in The Hague on 4 June 1872, at the age of 74.[6]

Hated by some (he was not a man of concessions), he is nowadays considered a towering figure in Dutch parliamentary history. There are three statues of Thorbecke (one in Amsterdam, one in The Hague and one in Zwolle) and a room in the Dutch parliament building is named after him.

Thorbecke wrote many articles on history and several newspaper articles (especially in the Journal de La Haye) on topics of the day. He published a study on the philosophy of history (in German). All of his speeches in parliament have been published.

References

1. Blessing, Maurice (July 2010). "Thorbecke: Romantisch liberaal". Historisch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015.
2. Van der List, Gerry (4 September 2008). "Thorbecke, de belangrijkste van allemaal". Elsevier (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
3. "Dr.Mr. J.R. Thorbecke". Parlement & Politiek (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015.
4. See his PhD thesis links in External Links section below which has MDCCCXX on front matter.
5. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
6. Stevens, Harm (13 March 1998). "Een stijf Hollands heertje". NRC Handelsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015.
7. Turpijn, Jouke (January 2009). "De Tweede Kamer en de grondwet van 1848". Historisch Nieuwsblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 November 2015.
8. Molhuysen, P.C.; Blok, P.J. (1918). Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 4 [New Dutch biographic dictionary. Part 4] (in Dutch). Leiden: A.W. Sijthoff.

Further reading

• J. Drentje: Thorbecke: een filosoof in de politiek. Amsterdam, 2004.
• C.H.E. de Wit: Thorbecke en de wording van de Nederlandse natie. Nijmegen, 1980.
• J.C. Boogman: Rondom 1848. Bussum 1978.
• J.B.Manger: Thorbecke en de historie. 1938. Second edition with a preface by H. te Velde: Utrecht, 1986.
• J. Brandt-van der Veen: Thorbecke-Archief (3 volumes). Contains Thorbecke's letters up until September 1830. Utrecht, 1955, Groningen, 1962, Utrecht, 1967.
• G.J. Hooykaas e.a.: De Briefwisseling van J.R. Thorbecke (7 delen). Contains Thorbecke's letters as of October 1830 until his death. These volumes appeared between 1975 en 2002.

External links

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thorbecke, Jan Rudolf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Google Books
• Thorbecke PhD Thesis on Asinius Pollio on Archive dot Org

Political offices
Preceded by Jacob de Kempenaer	Minister of the Interior 1849–1853	Succeeded by Gerlach Cornelis Joannes van Reenen
	Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1849–1853	Succeeded by Baron van Hall
Preceded by Baron van Heemstra	Minister of the Interior 1862–1866	Succeeded by Johan Herman Geertsema Czn.
	Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1862–1866	Succeeded by Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte
Preceded by Cornelis Fock	Minister of the Interior 1871–1872	Succeeded by Pieter Philip van Bosse
Preceded by Pieter Philip van Bosse	Prime Minister of the Netherlands 1871–1872	Succeeded by Gerrit de Vries