Popocatépetl

Popocatépetl (Spanish pronunciation: [popokaˈtepetl] (listen); Nahuatl: Popōcatepētl [popoːkaˈtepeːt͡ɬ] (listen)) is an active stratovolcano, located in the states of Puebla, Morelos and Mexico, in central Mexico, and lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt. At 5,426 m (17,802 ft)[1] it is the second highest peak in Mexico, after Citlaltépetl (Pico de Orizaba) at 5,636 m (18,491 ft).

Popocatépetl
Popocatépetl, as viewed from Amecameca (looking south-east)
Highest point
Elevation5,426 m (17,802 ft) [lower-alpha 1]
Prominence3,020 m (9,910 ft) [2][3]
Parent peak
Isolation143 km (89 mi) 
Listing
Coordinates19°01′20″N 98°37′40″W 
Geography
Popocatépetl
Location in Mexico
Popocatépetl
Popocatépetl (North America)
LocationMexico-Puebla-Morelos, Mexico
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Last eruption2004 to 2020 (ongoing)[4]
Climbing
Easiest routerock/snow climb

It is linked to the twin volcano of Iztaccihuatl to the north by the high saddle known as the "Paso de Cortés".[5] Izta-Popo Zoquiapan National Park, wherein the two volcanoes are located, is named after them.[6][7]

Popocatépetl is 70 km (43 mi) southeast of Mexico City, from where it can be seen regularly, depending on atmospheric conditions. Until recently, the volcano was one of three tall peaks in Mexico to contain glaciers,[8] the others being Iztaccihuatl and Pico de Orizaba. In the 1990s, the glaciers such as Glaciar Norte (North Glacier) greatly decreased in size, partly due to warmer temperatures but largely due to increased volcanic activity.[9] By early 2001, Popocatépetl's glaciers were gone; ice remained on the volcano, but no longer displayed the characteristic features of glaciers such as crevasses.[10][11][12]

Lava erupting from Popocatépetl has historically been predominantly andesitic, but it has also erupted large volumes of dacite.[13] Magma produced in the current cycle of activity tends to be a mixture of the two.[14]

Name
Popocatepetl seen from UNAM (instituto de Ecologia with Sigma 500mm), Mexico City

The name Popocatépetl comes from the Nahuatl words popōca Nahuatl pronunciation: [poˈpoːka] "it smokes" and tepētl Nahuatl pronunciation: [ˈtepeːt͡ɬ] "mountain", meaning Smoking Mountain. The volcano is also referred to by Mexicans as El Popo. The alternate nickname Don Goyo comes from the mountain's association in the lore of the region with San Gregorio, "Goyo" being a nickname-like short form of Gregorio. Legend says that many years ago, a villager met an old man on the slopes of the mountain, who introduced himself as Gregorio Chino Popocatépetl. Gregorio was a personification of the spirit of the volcano, and communicates with the locals to warn them if an eruption is about to happen. Thus, every March 12, the day of San Gregorio, the locals bring flowers and food to the volcano to celebrate the saint.[15][16]

Geology

The stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 m × 600 m (1,300 ft × 2,000 ft) wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris avalanche deposits covering broad areas south of the volcano. The modern volcano was constructed to the south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone.[1] Three major Plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 AD, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid-Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano.[1]

According to paleomagnetic studies, the volcano is about 730,000 years old. It is cone shaped with a diameter of 25 km (16 mi) at its base, with a peak elevation of 5,450 m (17,880 ft). The crater is elliptical with an orientation northeast-southwest. The walls of the crater vary from 600 to 840 m (1,970 to 2,760 ft) in height. Popocatépetl is currently active after being dormant for about half of last century. Its activity increased in 1991 and smoke has been seen constantly emanating from the crater since 1993. The volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.

History

The geological history of Popocatépetl began with the formation of the ancestral volcano Nexpayantla. About 200,000 years ago, Nexpayantla collapsed in an eruption, leaving a caldera, in which the next volcano, known as El Fraile, began to form. Another eruption about 50,000 years ago caused that to collapse, and Popocatépetl rose from that. Around 23,000 years ago, a lateral eruption (believed to be larger than the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens) destroyed the volcano's ancient cone and created an avalanche that reached up to 70 kilometres (43 mi) from the summit. The debris field from that is one of four around the volcano, and it is also the youngest.[17]

Three Plinian eruptions are known to have taken place: 3,000 years ago (3195–2830 BC), 2,150 years ago (800–215 BC), and 1,100 years ago (likely 823 AD).[17] The latter two buried the nearby village of Tetimpa, preserving evidence of preclassical culture.[18]

The first known ascent of the volcano was made by an expedition led by Diego de Ordaz in 1519.[19]:182 The early-16th-century monasteries on the slopes of the mountain are a World Heritage Site.

Eruptions
Popocatépetl viewed from Puebla, Puebla, January 2004 eruption

Popocatépetl is one of the most active volcanoes in Mexico and the most famous,[20] having had more than 15 major eruptions since the arrival of the Spanish in 1519.

Timeline
  • Mid-to late first century: A violent VEI-6 eruption may have caused the large migrations that settled Teotihuacan, according to DNA analysis of teeth and bones.[21]
  • Eruptions were observed in 1363, 1509, 1512, 1519–1528, 1530, 1539, 1540, 1548, 1562–1570, 1571, 1592, 1642, 1663, 1664, 1665, 1697, 1720, 1802, 1919, 1923, 1925, and 1933.[1]
  • 1947: A major eruption.
  • 21 December 1994: The volcano spewed gas and ash, which was carried as far as 25 km (16 mi) away by prevailing winds. The activity prompted the evacuation of nearby towns and scientists to begin monitoring for an eruption.[16]
  • December 2000: Tens of thousands of people were evacuated by the government, based on the warnings of scientists. The volcano then made its largest display in 1,200 years.[11][12][22][23]
  • 25 December 2005: The volcano's crater produced an explosion which ejected a large column of smoke and ash about 3 km (9,800 ft) into the atmosphere and expulsion of lava.
  • January and February 2012: Scientists observed increased volcanic activity at Popocatépetl. On January 25, 2012, an ash explosion occurred on the mountain, causing much dust and ash to contaminate the atmosphere around it.[16]
  • 15 April 2012: Reports of superheated rock fragments being hurled into the air by the volcano. Ash and water vapor plumes were reported 15 times over 24 hours.[24]
  • Wednesday 8 May 2013, at 7:28 p.m. local time: Popocatépetl erupted again with a high amplitude tremor that lasted and was recorded for 3.5 hours. It began with plumes of ash that rose 3 km (9,800 ft) into the air and began drifting west at first, but later began to drift east-southeast, covering areas of the villages of San Juan Tianguismanalco, San Pedro Benito Juárez and the City of Puebla in smoke and ash. Explosions from the volcano itself subsequently ejected fragments of fiery volcanic rock to distances of 700 m (2,300 ft) from the crater.[25][26]
  • July 4, 2013: Due to several eruptions of steam and ash for at least 24 hours, at least six U.S. airlines canceled more than 40 flights into and out of Mexico City International Airport and Toluca International Airport that day.[27]
  • 27 August–September 2014: CENAPRED reported explosions, accompanied by steam-and-gas emissions with minor ash and ash plumes that rose 800-3,000 m above Popocatépetl's crater and drifted west, southwest, and west-southwest. On most nights incandescence was observed, increasing during times with larger emissions.
  • 1 September 2014: Partial visibility due to cloud cover.
  • 29 and 31 August 2014: The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) reported discrete ash emissions.[1]
  • 7 January 2015: CENAPRED reported that ash from recent explosions coats the snow on the volcano's upper slopes.
  • 28 March 2016: An ash column 2,000 m (6,600 ft) high was released, prompting the establishment of a 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) "security ring" around the summit.[28]
  • 3 April 2016: Popocatépetl erupted, spewing lava, ash and rock.[29]
  • August 2016: Eruptions continued, with four discrete blasts on August 17.[30]
  • 10 November 2017 at 7:25 local time, eruption continued[1]
  • 15 December 2018 at 18:57 local time, spewing lava, ash and rock.[31]
  • 22 January 2019 21:06 local time, spewing ash up 4 km (13,000 ft) high
  • 19 March 2019 21:38 local time, fragments of the dome shot within 1.6–2.4-kilometre (1–1 1⁄2 mi) radius.[32] Due to continuing activity, on March 28 2019, based on the analysis of the available information, the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Popocatépetl volcano recommended changing the phase of the Yellow Volcanic Warning Light Phase 2 to Yellow Phase 3, which is a preventive measure against the observed changes.[33]
  • June 3, 2019 Popocatépetl continued its explosive uptick by firing an ash column to approximately 11 km (37,000 ft) a.s.l.
  • June 18, 2019 Popocatépetl continued to erupt, spewing ash clouds to 8.5 km (28,000 ft).
  • June 24, 2019 Popocatépetl erupted once more, sending a massive ash cloud some kilometres (thousands of feet) into the air.
  • July 18, 2019 Popocatépetl erupts three times, sending ashes 1.5 km (4,900 ft) into the air each time.[34]
  • July 20, 2019, volcanic ash is reported in Xochimilco after the morning's eruption.[35]
  • October 2019, the volcano erupted multiple times in one night.[36]
  • November 2019, an eruption partially forced a KLM flight from Amsterdam to Mexico City to turn back.[37]
  • January 9, 2020 Popocatépetl expelled lava and rock and sent ash clouds to 6.1 km (20,000 ft). [38]
  • January 27. 2020 Popocatépetl erupted in a sensational nighttime display of rock and ash. [39][40]
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See also

Notes
  1. Sources vary widely, on the elevation of Popocatépetl, with most giving a value at or slightly above 5,400 m (17,700 ft). The 5,426 m (17,802 ft) figure given here is from the Smithsonian Institution-Global Volcanism Program.[1]

References
  1. "Popocatépetl". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
  2. "Mexico Ultras". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2012-01-29. The prominence value given here of 3,020 m (9,910 ft) is based on a summit elevation of 5,400 m (17,700 ft) for Popocatépetl.
  3. "Volcán Popocatépetl, Mexico". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2012-01-29. The prominence value given here of 3,020 m (9,910 ft) is interpolated from a summit elevation of 5,400 m (17,700 ft) for Popocatépetl.
  4. "Popocatépetl volcano". 19 Feb 2018.
  5. Beaman, John H. (July 1962). "The Timberlines of Iztaccihuatl and Popocatépetl, Mexico". Journal of Ecology. 43 (3): 377–385. doi:10.2307/1933367. JSTOR 1933367.
  6. "Parque Nacional Izta-Popo Zoquiapan". SIMEC: Sistema de Información, Monitoreo, y Evaluación para la Conservación (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. 5 August 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  7. "Sistema de Información Geográfica". Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas. Archived from the original on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  8. Huggel, C., Delgado, H. (2000). "Glacier monitoring at Popocatépetl Volcano, México: glacier shrinkage and possible causes" (PDF). In Hegg, C., Vonder Muehll, D. (ed.). Beiträge zur Geomorphologie.- Proceedings Fachtagung der Schweizerischen Geomorphologischen Gesellschaft, 8–10 July 1999. Bramois, WSL Birmensdorf. pp. 97–106. Retrieved 2012-04-17.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. Granados HD (1997). "The glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): Changes and causes". Quaternary International. 43–44: 53–60. Bibcode:1997QuInt..43...53G. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00020-7. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  10. Delgado Granados H, Miranda PJ, Huggel C, Ortega del Valle S, Alatorre Ibargüengoitia MA (2007). "Chronicle of a death foretold: Extinction of the small-size tropical glaciers of Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico)". Global and Planetary Change. 56 (1–2): 13–22. Bibcode:2007GPC....56...13D. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.07.010.
  11. Huggel C, Schneider D, Julio Miranda P, Granados HD, Kääb A (2008). "Evaluation of ASTER and SRTM DEM data for lahar modeling: A case study on lahars from Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 170 (1–2): 99–110. Bibcode:2008JVGR..170...99H. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  12. Julio-Miranda P, Delgado-Granados H, Huggel C, Kääb A (2008). "Impact of the eruptive activity on glacier evolution at Popocatépetl Volcano (México) during 1994–2004" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 170 (1–2): 86–98. Bibcode:2008JVGR..170...86J. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.4620. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.09.011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
  13. Sosa, G.; Gardner, J. E.; Lassiter, J. C. (2009). "Magma evolution during the last 23 ky at Popocatepetl Volcano: insights from Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes in plagioclase, pyroxene and pumice matrix". Fall Meeting 2009, abstract #V51A-1658. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2009. American Geophysical Union. pp. V51A–1658. Bibcode:2009AGUFM.V51A1658S.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. Martin, A. L.; Cifuentes, G.; Straub, S.; Mendiola, F. (2007). "Magma Stagnation and Ascent at Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico during the last 10 years". Spring Meeting 2007, abstract #V42A-05. AGU Spring Meeting Abstracts. 2007. American Geophysical Union. pp. V42A–05. Bibcode:2007AGUSM.V42A..05M.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. "¿Sabes porqué al Popocatépetl se le dice Don Goyo?". Yosoypuebla. June 2016.
  16. "Popocatépetl volcano eruptions". VolcanoDiscovery. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
  17. Macías, José Luis (2007). "Geology and eruptive history of some active volcanoes of México". In Alaniz-Álvarez, S.A.; Nieto-Samaniego, Á.F. (eds.). Geology of México: Celebrating the Centenary of the Geological Society of México. 422. pp. 199–204. doi:10.1130/2007.2422(06). ISBN 978-0-8137-2422-5. S2CID 33648400.
  18. Plunket, Patricia; Uruñuela, Gabriela (1998). "Preclassic Household Patterns Preserved Under Volcanic Ash at Tetimpa, Puebla, Mexico". Latin American Antiquity. 9 (4): 287–309. doi:10.2307/3537029. JSTOR 3537029.
  19. Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
  20. Zeballos, J.L.; Meli, R.; Vilchis, A.; Barrios, L. (1996). "The effects of volcanoes on health: preparedness in Mexico". World Health Statistics Quarterly. 49 (3–4): 204–208. PMID 9170236.
  21. Robinson, Jennifer. "SECRETS OF THE DEAD: Teotihuacán's Lost Kings". kpbs.org. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  22. "Residents on slopes of Popocatepetl Volcano heed evacuation notice". US Geological Survey. 2000. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
  23. Julio Miranda, P., Delgado Granados, H. (2003). "Fast hazard evaluation, employing digital photogrammetry on Popocatépetl glaciers", Mexico" (PDF). Geofísica Internacional. 42 (2): 275–283. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2012-04-21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. "Mexican volcano hurls hot rock into sky". CBC News. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2012-04-20.
  25. Greenwood, Faine (May 8, 2013). "Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano has erupted". Global Post. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  26. "Popocatépetl volcano (Mexico): strong ash emissions and increase of activity". Volcano Discovery. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  27. "US Airlines Cancel Mexico Flights Due To Volcano". Associated Press. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
  28. "Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano spews ash and gas into sky – video". Reuters via The Guardian. 29 March 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  29. "Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano violently erupts, launching burning rocks". upi.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  30. Klemetti, Erik (18 August 2016). "Science: Here's What's Happening in This Volcanic Explosion at Guatemala's Santiaguito/Popocatépetl". Wired. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  31. "Mexican volcano Popocatepetl erupts with 2 km (6,600 ft) column of ash". www.rt.com. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  32. Malkin, Elisabeth (2019-03-19). "Mexican Volcano Lights Up the Night Sky, and Social Media". The New York Times.
  33. "March 28, 11:00 h (March 28, 17:00 GMT)". Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres. March 28, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  34. "Popocatépetl lanza tres emisiones de ceniza" [Popocatépetl has three ash eruptons]. UNO TV (in Spanish). July 18, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
  35. "Reportan caída de ceniza en Xochimilco" [Ashes from Popocateptl reported in Xochimilco]. Milenio (in Spanish). Mexico City. July 20, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
  36. Elassar, Alaa (2019-10-05). "Mexico's Popocatépetl volcano erupted 14 times in one night". CNN. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  37. "Popocatépetl: Mexico volcano forces KLM flight back to Amsterdam". BBC. 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  38. "Video: Mexico's Most Active Volcano Erupts, Spews Ash Cloud Nearly 20,000 Feet". NPR. 10 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  39. "Mexican volcano stages dramatic nighttime show". KYMA. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  40. Kinver, Mark (2020-04-24). "Volcanic time-bomb threatens nearby trees". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-04-24.

Further reading
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