Pancreatic ribonuclease

Pancreatic ribonucleases (EC 3.1.27.5, RNase, RNase I, RNase A, pancreatic RNase, ribonuclease I, endoribonuclease I, ribonucleic phosphatase, alkaline ribonuclease, ribonuclease, gene S glycoproteins, Ceratitis capitata alkaline ribonuclease, SLSG glycoproteins, gene S locus-specific glycoproteins, S-genotype-assocd. glycoproteins, ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase) are pyrimidine-specific endonucleases found in high quantity in the pancreas of certain mammals and of some reptiles.[1]

Pancreatic ribonuclease
Structure of RNase A
Identifiers
EC number	3.1.27.5
CAS number	9001-99-4
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / QuickGO
Search PMC articles PubMed articles NCBI proteins

Pancreatic ribonuclease
Identifiers
Symbol	RNaseA
Pfam	PF00074
InterPro	IPR001427
SMART	SM00092
PROSITE	PDOC00118
Available protein structures: Pfam   structures / ECOD   PDB RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj PDBsum structure summary PDB PDB: 11ba​ PDB: 11bg​ PDB: 1a2w​ PDB: 1a4y​ PDB: 1a5p​ PDB: 1a5q​ PDB: 1afk​ PDB: 1afl​ PDB: 1afu​ PDB: 1agi​

Specifically, the enzymes are involved in endonucleolytic cleavage of 3'-phosphomononucleotides and 3'-phosphooligonucleotides ending in C-P or U-P with 2',3'-cyclic phosphate intermediates. Ribonuclease can unwind the RNA helix by complexing with single-stranded RNA; the complex arises by an extended multi-site cation-anion interaction between lysine and arginine residues of the enzyme and phosphate groups of the nucleotides.

Notable family members

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease is the best-studied member of the family and has served as a model system in work related to protein folding, disulfide bond formation, protein crystallography and spectroscopy, and protein dynamics.[2] Human genome contains 8 genes that share the structure and function with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease, with 5 additional pseudo-genes. These structure and dynamics of these enzymes are related to their diverse biological functions.[3]

Other proteins belonging to the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily include: bovine seminal vesicle and brain ribonucleases; kidney non-secretory ribonucleases;[4] liver-type ribonucleases;[5] angiogenin, which induces vascularisation of normal and malignant tissues; eosinophil cationic protein,[6] a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with ribonuclease activity; and frog liver ribonuclease and frog sialic acid-binding lectin. The sequence of pancreatic ribonucleases contains four conserved disulfide bonds and three amino acid residues involved in the catalytic activity.[7]

Human genes

Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:

• ANG,
• RNASE1, RNASE10, RNASE12, RNASE2, RNASE3, RNASE4, RNASE6, RNASE7, and RNASE8.

Cytotoxicity

Some members of the pancreatic ribonuclease family have cytotoxic effects. Mammalian cells are protected from these effects due to their extremely high affinity for ribonuclease inhibitor (RI), which protects cellular RNA from degradation by pancreatic ribonucleases.[8] Pancreatic ribonucleases that are not inhibited by RI are approximately as toxic as alpha-sarcin, diphtheria toxin, or ricin.[9]

Two pancreatic ribonucleases isolated from the oocytes of the Northern leopard frog - amphinase and ranpirnase - are not inhibited by RI and show differential cytotoxicity against tumor cells.[10] Ranpirnase was studied in a Phase III clinical trial as a treatment candidate for mesothelioma, but the trial did not demonstrate statistical significance against primary endpoints.[11]

References

1. Beintema JJ, van der Laan JM (1986). "Comparison of the structure of turtle pancreatic ribonuclease with those of mammalian ribonucleases". FEBS Lett. 194 (2): 338–343. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(86)80113-2. PMID 3940901.
2. Marshall GR, Feng JA, Kuster DJ (2008). "Back to the future: ribonuclease A". Biopolymers. 90 (3): 259–77. doi:10.1002/bip.20845. PMID 17868092.
3. Narayanan C, Bernard DN, Bafna K, Gagné D, Chennubhotla CS, Doucet N, Agarwal PK (Mar 2018). "Conservation of Dynamics Associated with Biological Function in an Enzyme Superfamily". Structure. 26 (3): 426–436. doi:10.1016/j.str.2018.01.015. PMC 5842143. PMID 29478822.
4. Rosenberg HF, Tenen DG, Ackerman SJ (1989). "Molecular cloning of the human eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: a member of the ribonuclease gene family". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (12): 4460–4464. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.12.4460. PMC 287289. PMID 2734298.
5. Hofsteenge J, Matthies R, Stone SR (1989). "Primary structure of a ribonuclease from porcine liver, a new member of the ribonuclease superfamily". Biochemistry. 28 (25): 9806–9813. doi:10.1021/bi00451a040. PMID 2611266.
6. Rosenberg HF, Ackerman SJ, Tenen DG (1989). "Human eosinophil cationic protein. Molecular cloning of a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin with ribonuclease activity". J. Exp. Med. 170 (1): 163–176. doi:10.1084/jem.170.1.163. PMC 2189377. PMID 2473157.
7. Raines RT (1998). "Ribonuclease A". Chem. Rev. 98 (3): 1045–1066. doi:10.1021/cr960427h. PMID 11848924.
8. Gaur, D; Swaminathan, S; Batra, JK (6 July 2001). "Interaction of human pancreatic ribonuclease with human ribonuclease inhibitor. Generation of inhibitor-resistant cytotoxic variants". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (27): 24978–84. doi:10.1074/jbc.m102440200. PMID 11342552.
9. Saxena, SK; Rybak, SM; Winkler, G; Meade, HM; McGray, P; Youle, RJ; Ackerman, EJ (5 November 1991). "Comparison of RNases and toxins upon injection into Xenopus oocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (31): 21208–14. PMID 1939163.
10. Lee JE, Raines RT (2008). "Ribonucleases as novel chemotherapeutics : the ranpirnase example". BioDrugs. 22 (1): 53–58. doi:10.2165/00063030-200822010-00006. PMC 2802594. PMID 18215091.
11. "Alfacell Annual Report 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2015.

This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR001427