Nuclear energy in Vietnam

Vietnam has been considering to develop nuclear power for peaceful purposes based on modern, verified technology since 1995,[1] and firm proposals surfaced in 2006.[2] However, in November 2016 Vietnam decided to abandon nuclear power plans as they were "not economically viable because of other cheaper sources of power."[3][4]

Abandoned plans
Binh Tien 
Xuan Phuong  
Hoai My
Duc Chanh
Duc Thạnh 
Ky Xuan 
Nuclear power plants in Vietnam(view)
 Plants confirmed
 Plants tentative

The race to diversify beyond its primarily Hydro and Coal energy mix, is driven largely by the country's growing energy demand, which was expected to increase annually by 16%, i.e. from 16 GW (2010) to 30 GW (2015).[1] Another factor is the challenges it faces in identifying new suitable hydro power project sites.[2]

Its first ever nuclear power projects were planned be implemented in two major sites in Ninh Thuận Province. The 4 X 1000 MW Ninh Thuận 1 site[5] at Phuoc Dinh, will be built in collaboration with Russian State company - Atomstroyexport, and will set the stage for the foundation of Vietnam's first ever nuclear power plant unit (estimated completion - 2020). The Japanese consortium - JINED will construct the second site - 4 X 1000 MW Ninh Thuận 2 at Ninh Hải district.[6]

In March 2012,[7] an intergovernmental pact was signed between Vietnam and South Korea, to start a one-year feasibility study for the construction of four Korean-developed APR-1400[8] nuclear reactors, additional to the NPP's signed with Russia and Japan. It practically clinched the South Korean consortium as the preferred bidder; however, an official deal will only be signed after approval from the Vietnamese parliament.[8]

The 1 GW reactor unit no. 1 at Ninh Thuận 1, will be commissioned and connected to the national grid by 2020, which at that time will represent 1.5%[9] of the projected total output of 52 GW. In June 2010, Vietnam announced that it plans to build 14 nuclear reactors at eight sites in five provinces by 2030, to satisfy at least 15 GW nuclear power (i.e. 10% share)[10] of the estimated total demand of 112 GW. An ambitious strategy to increase the nuclear share to 20-25% by 2050 has also been outlined.

The nuclear power plant sites in Vietnam would have been operated by the state electricity utility company - EVN.

History

1958 till 1975

Vietnam's aspiration to harness nuclear energy for electricity generation and uses in areas such as medicine and agriculture, dates back to 1958,[11] when Vietnam - one of the first nations under the Atoms for Peace program, ordered a small research reactor, the General Atomics-built TRIGA-Mark II.

In 1963, the Dalat Nuclear Research Institute, which houses Vietnam's nuclear research reactor, began operating with US assistance.[12] The Second Indochina War interrupted Vietnam's development plans and during that war, the United States dismantled the U.S.-supplied Triga reactor.

1975 till 2006

Immediately after the war, the reunified nation began to rebuild its infrastructure and governmental agencies, establishing the Vietnam Atomic Energy Commission (VAEC)[11] (now the Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute, VAEI)[2] in 1976, under the management of the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).

The VAEC was tasked with pursuing a national programme for application of Nuclear Energy to Socio-Economy Sectors of Vietnam. In 1980, the 500 Kw Dalat research reactor, under the management of the VAEC was restored with Soviet help and upgraded under the IAEA support.

In the early 1980s, two preliminary nuclear power studies were undertaken, followed by another which stated in 1995 that: "Around the year 2015, when electricity demand reaches more than 100 billion kWh, nuclear power should be introduced for satisfying the continuous growth in the country's electricity demand in that time and beyond".[1]

The race to diversify beyond its primarily Hydro and Coal energy mix intensified, when the country's energy demand projections were estimated to increase annually by 16% from 16 GW (2010) to 30 GW (2015).[1] The challenges it faced in identifying new suitable hydro power project sites and inefficient running of the current Hydropower facilities due to unfavorable weather conditions, furthered its cause to harness nuclear energy for power generation.[2]

2006 to 2016

In 2006, firm proposals surfaced and the Vietnamese government announced that a 2000 MWe nuclear power plant should be on line by 2020.[13] This general target was confirmed in a nuclear power development plan approved by the government in August 2007, with the target being raised to a total of 8000 MWe nuclear by 2025. A general law on nuclear energy was passed in mid 2008, and plans for developing a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework envisaged.

In October 2008, two major locations in Ninh Thuận Province, namely Phuoc Dinh and Vinh Hai, were confirmed by the Vietnamese government as the sites to implement its first ever nuclear power projects, with 2 X 1000 MW reactors units on each site, totaling nearly 4 GW of power output

In June 2010, Vietnam announced that it plans to build 14 nuclear reactors at eight sites in five provinces by 2030, to satisfy at least 15 GW nuclear power (i.e. 10% share)[9] of the estimated total demand of 112 GW. Four more units were added to the first two sites in Ninh Thuận, then six more at six sites, namely Binh Tien (Ninh Thuận Province), Xuan Phuong (Phú Yên Province), Hoai My (Bình Định Province), Duc Thang (Quảng Ngãi Province), Duc Chanh (Quảng Ngãi Province), and Ky Xuan (Hà Tĩnh Province).[14]

In October 2010, Vietnam signed an inter-governmental agreement with Russia for the construction of the country's first nuclear power plant - Ninh Thuận 1 at Phuoc Dinh, using two VVER-1000 or 1200 reactors (increased later by two more units). The 4 X 1000 MW Ninh Thuận 1 site,[5] will be built by Atomstroyexport, a subsidiary of Rosatom. The construction is due to start by 2014 and the first unit to be commissioned and connected to the national grid by 2020.[15] Russia's Ministry of Finance will finance Vietnam, at least 85% of the first plant and in November 2011, an agreement for a $8 billion loan was signed with the Russian government's state export credit bureau.[16] An intergovernmental agreement was also signed to establish a nuclear science and technology center in Vietnam.

On the same day in October 2010, an intergovernmental agreement with Japan was signed for construction of a second nuclear power plant -- Ninh Thuận 2 at Vinh Hai in Ninh Thuận Province, with its two reactors to come on line in 2024-25. The Japanese consortium - International Nuclear Energy Development of Japan Co. Ltd. (JINED) will construct the 4 X 1000 MW Ninh Thuận 2 site. The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), confirmed the financing and insurance of up to 85% of the total cost.[6]

Aside from the currently involved Atomstroyexport (Russia) and JINED ( Japan), Westinghouse (Japan/US), GE (US), EDF (France), KEPCO (South Korea), and CGNPC (China), have all expressed strong interest in constructing the future nuclear power projects outlined, as part of an ambitious strategy to increase the nuclear share to 20-25% by 2050.[14][17]

In March 2012,[7] it was announced that South Korea and Vietnam will start a one-year feasibility study for the construction of four Korean-developed APR-1400[8] nuclear reactors, additional to the NPP's signed with Russia and Japan. The intergovernmental pact signed between Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung and South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, practically clinched the South Korean consortium as the preferred bidder. However, an official deal will only be signed after approval from the Vietnamese parliament.[18]

Vietnam is planning to send 2,000 workers and engineers to the Russian Federation and Japan for 2–3 years training in nuclear power construction, starting 2013 end.[19]

However, in January 2014 it was reported that Vietnam had decided to delay construction by six years, to permit improved safety and efficiency in the plants.[20]

2016 cancellation

In November 2016 Vietnam decided to abandon nuclear power plans as they were considered "not economically viable because of other cheaper sources of power", by the Vietnamese government.[3][4][21] The Ninh Thuận price had risen from 4 to 8 US cents per kWh,[22] reflecting a project cost of VND400 trillion (US$18 billion) or higher.[23] With a public debt at around 65% of Gross domestic product, Vietnam would struggle to finance the plants.[23]

List of planned nuclear power plants

The nuclear power plants planned would have been operated by the state electricity utility company - EVN.

The list of planned NPPs were as follows:[1][5][6]

Power plant-UnitSite LocationProvince TypeTotal capacity (MW)Start constructionFirst criticalityCommercial operation Reactor supplierConstructionFuel
Ninh Thuận 1-1Phuoc DinhNinh Thuận VVER10002014-2020 -Atomstroyexport-
Ninh Thuận 1-2Phuoc DinhNinh Thuận VVER1000--2021 -Atomstroyexport-
Ninh Thuận 1-3Phuoc DinhNinh Thuận VVER1000--2023 ---
Ninh Thuận 1-4Phuoc DinhNinh Thuận VVER1000--2024 ---
Ninh Thuận 2-1Vinh HaiNinh Thuận Japanese Gen III10002015-2021 -JINED-
Ninh Thuận 2-2Vinh HaiNinh Thuận Japanese Gen III1000--2022 -JINED-
Ninh Thuận 2-3Vinh HaiNinh Thuận Japanese Gen III1000--2024 ---
Ninh Thuận 2-4Vinh HaiNinh Thuận Japanese Gen III1000--2025 ---
Total 8000
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See also

References
  1. "Nuclear Power in Vietnam". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  2. "Leading the Nuclear Charge – Vietnam's quest to develop nuclear power". vision-associates.com. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  3. "Vietnam ditches nuclear power plans". Deutsche Welle. Associated Press. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  4. "Vietnam abandons plan for first nuclear power plants". Reuters. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  5. "Russia to lend Vietnam $9 billion for first nuclear plant". Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  6. "Japan, Vietnam move ahead on nuclear reactor plans". Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  7. "Korea in line to develop 4 Vietnamese nuclear plants". asian-power.com. March 30, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  8. "Korea to build nuclear plant for Vietnam". Korea Times. March 28, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  9. "Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam Atomic Energy Agency Presentation at IAEA, Vienna, Jan 2012" (PDF). iaea.org. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  10. "Presentation - Vietnam's Nuclear Power Development Plan - Challenges and Preparation Work for the First Nuclear Power Projects, Oct 2011" (PDF). iaea.org. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  11. "Vietnam Is Ready to Go Nuclear!" (PDF). 21stcenturysciencetech.com. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  12. "Timeline: Nuclear Power in South-East Asia". Singapore Institute of International Affairs. Retrieved Feb 19, 2012.
  13. "Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries". World Nuclear Association. April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
  14. "Vietnam plans ambitious nuclear program". World Nuclear News. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
  15. "Russia to build nuclear plant in Vietnam". World Nuclear News. 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
  16. "Russia to grant $8 bln loan to Vietnam to build first nuke plant". RIA Novosti. 2011-11-23. Retrieved Feb 20, 2012.
  17. Nasdaq Feb 17 2012 | Vietnam Likely To Sign Nuclear Cooperation Pact With US This Year-Official
  18. "Korea Picked as Preferred Bidder for Vietnam Nuclear Plants". english.chosun.com. March 29, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  19. "Never Mind Fukushima – Vietnam to Embrace Nuclear Power". Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  20. "Vietnam delays building 1st nuclear power plant". Associated Press. Boston Globe. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  21. "Nuclear Power in Vietnam". 24 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016. In November 2016 the National Assembly passed a resolution to cancel plans for the two nuclear power stations, “due to economic conditions in our country today,” and lower demand projections.
  22. http://e.vnexpress.net/news/business/after-long-delay-vietnam-may-finally-back-out-on-nuclear-power-project-3496588.html
  23. "Vietnam's amazing nuclear journey". EnergyPost.eu. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016. cost has escalated from the original estimate of US$10 billion to US$27 billion (€9.5‒25.6 bn)
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