Kengtung

Kengtung (Shan: ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင် [weŋ˥ keŋ˥ tuŋ˨˦]), also spelt Kyaingtong (Burmese: ကျိုင်းတုံမြို့; MLCTS: kyuing: tum mrui.; [tɕaɪ́ɰ̃ tòʊɰ̃ mjo̰]), is a town in Shan State, Myanmar (formerly Burma). It is the principal town of Kengtung Township and the former seat of Kengtung State, a minor principality. Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway.

This article is about the town. For the district, see Kengtung District. For the township, see Kengtung Township. For the former state, see Kengtung State.
Kengtung

ဝဵင်းၵဵင်းတုင် ကျိုင်းတုံမြို့

Kyaingtong
Town
Kengtung
Location in Myanmar
Coordinates: 21°17′30″N 99°36′30″E
Country Myanmar
State Shan State
DistrictKengtung District
TownshipKengtung Township
Area
 • Total3,506 km2 (1,354 sq mi)
Population
 (2014)[1]
 • Total171,620
 • Density48.955/km2 (126.79/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+6.30 (MMT)

Etymology

Owing to Kengtung's proximity to China and Thailand, the city is known by a number of exonyms and endonyms. The endonym used by Tai Khun and Tai Lue-speaking locals is Jeng Tung (ᨾᩨ᩠ᨦᨩᩭᨦᨲᩩᨦ) respectively. Other Shan speakers use the exonym Kengtung. The most common exonym, Kyaingtong, is derived from the Burmese approximation of Kengtung. The exonym of Chiang Tung ( Thai: เชียงตุง, RTGS: Chiang Tung [t͡ɕʰīa̯ŋ tūŋ]) is used by Thai speakers, while Chinese speakers use Jingdong (Chinese: 景栋/景棟 Jǐngdòng).

History
Main article: Kengtung State
Kengtung town

The early history of Kengtung is made up of myths and legends. The oral tradition of the [Tai people] says that the ancient city of Kengtung was founded in the distant past by Tai Lue as the original inhabitants of the region,[2] and was later reestablished by the grandson of King Mangrai after defeating the Tai Lue.[3] This migration of the Chiang Mai dynasty in the 13th century, with the founding a new kingdom which was later named Lanna, has resulted in Kengtung having a different type of Tai population from the rest of the Shan State, the Tai Khün.

Kengtung, like other major towns in the Shan Plateau, was home to a Shan Saopha (Sawbwa). Kengtung was the capital of the Kengtung State, and had a palace, built by Sao Kawng Kiao Intaleng in 1905.

The city was seized and occupied by the Thai Phayap Army from 1942 until the end of the Second World War and became the headquarters of the Saharat Thai Doem territory.[4] The headquarters of the regional military command of the Tatmadaw is in the town.[5]

The aerial view of Kyaing Tong central market. One Tree Hill (Thit Ta Pin Taung in Myanmar) at the background.

Geography

Kengtung contains several lakes. The largest, Naung Tung Lake, lies in the western part of the city, followed by Naung Kham Lake and Naung Yarng Lake to the south of the Kentung Roman Catholic Mission.

Transportation

The town is served by Kengtung Airport.

An Embraer 190 of Myanmar National Airline at Kyaing Tong Airport

Kengtung is located on the National Highway 4 (NH4) and at the AH2 and AH3 of the Asian Highway.

National Highway (NH4) pass through Kengtung

Climate

Kengtung has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in the low-sun months, no cold season, wet season is in the high-sun months. Temperatures are very warm throughout the year, although the winter months (December–February) are milder and nights can be quite cool. There is a winter dry season (December–April) and a summer wet season (May–November).

Climate data for Kengtung (1981–2010, extremes 1986–1994 and 2001–2010)[lower-alpha 1]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.0
(89.6)		 33.6
(92.5)		 36.5
(97.7)		 40.0
(104.0)		 39.6
(103.3)		 36.6
(97.9)		 34.6
(94.3)		 35.6
(96.1)		 35.0
(95.0)		 33.9
(93.0)		 32.4
(90.3)		 32.2
(90.0)		 40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 27.2
(81.0)		 29.5
(85.1)		 32.0
(89.6)		 33.7
(92.7)		 31.9
(89.4)		 30.7
(87.3)		 29.5
(85.1)		 29.6
(85.3)		 29.6
(85.3)		 28.8
(83.8)		 27.3
(81.1)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.6
(85.3)
Average low °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0)		 11.0
(51.8)		 14.2
(57.6)		 17.9
(64.2)		 20.4
(68.7)		 21.7
(71.1)		 21.5
(70.7)		 21.3
(70.3)		 20.3
(68.5)		 18.5
(65.3)		 14.6
(58.3)		 11.0
(51.8)		 16.9
(62.4)
Record low °C (°F) 3.9
(39.0)		 5.0
(41.0)		 7.6
(45.7)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.4
(56.1)		 16.0
(60.8)		 18.0
(64.4)		 17.0
(62.6)		 14.8
(58.6)		 7.8
(46.0)		 4.3
(39.7)		 2.8
(37.0)		 2.8
(37.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.2
(0.13)		 4.7
(0.19)		 7.1
(0.28)		 41.9
(1.65)		 168.4
(6.63)		 163.6
(6.44)		 158.1
(6.22)		 253.2
(9.97)		 293.4
(11.55)		 184.0
(7.24)		 60.6
(2.39)		 8.1
(0.32)		 1,346.3
(53.01)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[6]
Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial (records)[7]

Education

Health care
  • Kyaing Tong General Hospital
gollark: Oh, it works now for no apparent reason, never mind.
gollark: How can I tell why an advanced carpenter isn't advanced carpenting?
gollark: Also the orechid.
gollark: Right, I forgot Intel had actually released working 10nm products now. Back to confused, I guess.
gollark: Oh, so they're harder to cool despite the same total heat output because of the greater density of 7nm? That does make more sense.

See also

Bibliography
  • Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). Traders of the Golden Triangle. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5
  • J. G. Scott, Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States. 5 vols. Rangoon, 1900-1901.
  • Sao Sāimöng Mangrāi, The Pādaeng Chronicle and the Kengtung State Chronicle Translated. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1981

References
  1. Myanmar City Population
  2. M. Fiskesjo, On the Ethnoarchaeology of Fortified Settlements in the Northern part of Mainland Southeast Asia
  3. History
  4. Shan and Karenni States of Burma
  5. Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), p. 251
  6. "Myanmar Climate Report" (PDF). Norwegian Meteorological Institute. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  7. "Kengtung (Myanmar)" (PDF). Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. Retrieved 13 December 2018.

Notes
  1. The record highs and lows are based on the Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial link for the period 1986–1994 while records from 2001–2010 come from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. As a result, the most extreme values from either source are used, leading to the period of reference for extremes from 1986–1994 and 2001–2010.
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