Mount Royal

Mount Royal (French: Mont Royal, IPA: [mɔ̃ ʁwajal]) is a large volcanic-related hill or small mountain in the city of Montreal, immediately west of Downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The City of Montreal takes its name from Mount Royal.

This article is about the mountain in Montreal. For the town on its northwest side, see Mount Royal, Quebec. For other uses, see Mount Royal (disambiguation).

Mount Royal
Mont Royal  (French)
Mount Royal's eastern slope.
Highest point
Elevation233 m (764 ft)
Prominence233 m (764 ft) 
Coordinates45°30′23″N 73°35′20″W 
Geography
Mount Royal
Mont Royal  (French)
Montréal, Quebec, Canada
Parent rangeMonteregian Hills
Topo mapNTS 31H
Geology
Age of rockEarly Cretaceous
Mountain typeIntrusive stock
Climbing
First ascentJacques Cartier, 1535
(first European)
Easiest routeHiking or Cycling

The hill is part of the Monteregian Hills situated between the Laurentians and the Appalachian Mountains. It gave its Latin name, Mons Regius, to the Monteregian chain. The hill consists of three peaks: Colline de la Croix (or Mont Royal proper) at 233 m (764 ft), Colline d'Outremont (or Mount Murray, in the borough of Outremont) at 211 m (692 ft), and Westmount Summit at 201 m (659 ft) elevation above mean sea level.

Geology
Mount Royal
Location of Mount Royal in Montreal.

Mount Royal is the deep extension of a vastly eroded ancient volcanic complex, which was probably active about 125 million years ago.[1] As a result, the tourist guidebook Michelin Guide to Montreal states that it is an extinct volcano.

The mountain, along with the other mountains of the Monteregian Hills, was formed when the North American Plate moved westward over the New England hotspot.[1] By a process known as intrusion, magma intruded into the sedimentary rocks underneath the area, producing at least eight igneous stocks. The main rock type is a gabbro composed of pyroxene, olivine and variable amounts of plagioclase. During and after the main stage of intrusion, the gabbros and surrounding rocks were intruded by a series of volcanic dikes and sills. Subsequently, the surrounding softer sedimentary rock was eroded, leaving behind the resistant igneous rock that forms the mountain.

The mineral montroyalite, discovered in Montreal, is named after the mountain that provided the definition sample.[2]

History
McGill College Avenue going from Downtown Montreal to Mount Royal.

The first European to scale the mountain was Jacques Cartier, guided there in 1535 by the people of the village of Hochelaga. He named it in honour of his patron, Francis I of France.[3] He wrote in his journal: "And among these fields is situated and seated the said town of Hochelaga, near to and adjoining a mountain.... We named this mountain Mount Royal."

One theory is that the name of the Island of Montréal derives from Mont Réal, as the mountain's name was spelled in Middle French (Mont Royal in Modern French). However, Cartier's 1535 diary entry refers to "le mont Royal." Another argument, mentioned by the Government of Canada on its website concerning Canadian place names, is that the name Montréal was adopted because a Venetian map from 1556 used the Italian name of the mountain, "Monte Real."[4] The name was first applied to the island and was unofficially applied to the city, formerly Ville-Marie, by the 18th century.

In 1643, Paul de Chomedey, Sieur de Maisonneuve made a pilgrimage to the top of the mountain to fulfill a vow made in the winter season on occasion of a great flood that swept up to the town palisades.[5]

In 1876, land owner and farmer James Swail began planning residential subdivisions on the western slope of Mount Murray, in what is now the Cote-des-Neiges district. In 1906, a large housing development was started in the area, called Northmount Heights, with homes built along what is now Decelles Street by developer Northmount Land Company. Much of this area has since been expropriated by the Université de Montréal.[6]

In 1914–1918, the Mount Royal Tunnel was dug under the mountain by the Canadian Northern Railway, a predecessor of the Canadian National Railway. It is currently used by the AMT's Deux-Montagnes commuter rail line.

The area was briefly considered as a candidate for the site of Expo 67 before the exposition grounds were ultimately built on adjoining islands in the Saint Lawrence River.[7]

For the 1976 Summer Olympics, the park itself hosted the individual road race cycling event.[8]

Geography
Map of Mount Royal.

Topography

Mount Royal is about 4 kilometers (2½ miles) east to west and 2.5 kilometers (1½ miles) north to south. The mountain emerges from the plains occupied by the metropolis and neighboring regions.[9]

Road networks

Two roads cross the territory:[10]

Natural heritage

Fauna

Mount Royal is home to many animal species including:[11][12]

Flora

From the point of view of the flora, the mountain shelters a set of natural spaces and semi-natural rich in trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants[13]

Mount Royal Cross
Main article: Mount Royal Cross
Cross on top of Mount Royal, daytime.

The first Mount Royal Cross was placed there in 1643 by Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, the founder of the city, in fulfillment of a vow he made to the Virgin Mary when praying to her to stop a disastrous flood. Today, the mountain is crowned by a 31.4-metre-high (103 ft) illuminated cross, installed in 1924 by the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste and now owned by the city. It was converted to fibre-optic light in 1992, and then to LEDs in 2009. The cross is usually lit in white, but can now be changed to any colour, including the purple traditionally used upon the death of a pope.

Beside the cross, a plaque marks the placement of a time capsule in 1992, during Montréal's 350th birthday celebration. It contains messages and drawings from 12,000 children, depicting their visions for the city in the year 2142, when the capsule is scheduled to be opened.[14]

Mount Royal Park
Mount Royal Park
Mount Royal Chalet, Kondiaronk Belvedere, part of the Mount Royal Park.
TypeMunicipal
LocationMontreal
Coordinates45°30′23″N 73°35′20″W
Area280 ha (692 acres)
Created1876
Operated byCity of Montreal
StatusOpen all year

The mountain is the site of Mount Royal Park (French: Parc du Mont-Royal), one of Montreal's largest greenspaces.[15] The park was originally designed by Frederick Law Olmsted (who also co-designed New York City's Central Park) and was inaugurated in 1876,[16] although not completed to his design.

Olmsted had planned to emphasize the mountainous topography through the use of vegetation. Shade trees at the bottom of the carriage path would resemble a valley. As the visitor went higher, the vegetation would get more sparse to give the illusion of exaggerated height. However, Montreal suffered a depression in the mid-1870s and many of Olmsted's plans were abandoned. The carriage way was built, but it was done hastily and without regards to the original plan. None of the vegetation choices were followed.[17]

The park contains two belvederes, the more prominent of which is the Kondiaronk Belvedere, a semicircular plaza with a Mount Royal Chalet overlooking Downtown Montreal. Built in 1906, it is named for the Petun chief Kondiaronk, whose influence led to the Great Peace of Montreal in 1701.[18]

Other features of the park are Beaver Lake (a small artificial lake), a snow tube and toboggan run, cross-country skiing trails, a sculpture garden and Smith House, an interpretive centre. At the foot of the hill, overlooking Park Avenue, the park features the George-Étienne Cartier Monument (home to the Tam-Tams) and a gazebo (more properly, a bandstand) which has been named in honour of Mordecai Richler.[19]

The lush forest has been badly damaged, both by Mayor Drapeau's so-called morality cuts of the 1950s (to remove any opportunity for people to have sex in the bushes) and by the Ice Storm of 1998, but has since largely recovered. The forest is a green jewel rising above downtown Montreal and is known for its beautiful autumn foliage as well as its extensive hiking and cross-country ski trails. Biking is restricted to the main gravel roads.

Mount Royal Funicular Railway, around 1900.

From 1885 to 1920, the Mount Royal Funicular Railway brought sightseers to its peak.[20][21] After it ceased service, Montreal's No. 11 streetcar brought visitors to the peak.[22] A roadway named for longtime but controversial former mayor Camillien Houde (who was jailed during the Second World War for his opposition to Canada's war effort) now bisects the mountain. Ironically, Houde had been opposed to the idea of putting a road through the park.

The park, cemeteries, and several adjacent parks and institutions have been combined into the Mount Royal Natural and Historical District (Arrondissement historique et naturel du Mont-Royal) by the provincial government in order to legally protect the rich cultural and natural heritage of the region.

Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira’kéhne

In June 2017, during the 375th anniversary of Montreal, the city formally named the greenspace surrounding the Outremont peak Parc Tiohtià:ke Otsira’kéhne, Mohawk for "the place of the big fire," reflecting how the hill had been used for a fire beacon by First Nations people.[23] [24]

Wintertime
Night procession by the Montreal Snow Shoe Club on Mount Royal, 1873.
Cross-country skiing on Mount Royal in the 1920s.
People come to Mount Royal for tobogganning on the former ski slopes.

Mount Royal Park currently hosts a snow tube and toboggan run on one of the former alpine ski slopes,[25] as well as 7 groomed cross-country ski and snowshoe trails which total 18 km (11 mi), with equipment rental available onsite.

One of the most popular activities to do on Beaver Lake is to skate, this activity is free if you have your own equipment.[26][27][28]

The former alpine ski slope featured a T-bar and a 100-foot (30.5 m) drop.[25] Mechanical lift devices were first installed in Mount Royal Park in 1945.[29] In the 1940s, there were two and a half miles of ski slopes available.[30] A ski shop was first installed in the park in 1938.[31] Prior to that, in the 1920s, one of the best ski jumps in Canada was the one on Mount Royal, near Côte-des-Neiges.[32]

Founded in 1840, the now-defunct Montreal Snow Shoe Club, with members drawn from some of Montreal's prominent businessmen, would meet each week during the winter at nightfall on Sherbrooke Street near McGill College Avenue to snowshoe through Mount Royal Park, lit by torchlight. Club members began wearing blue tuques on their outings around 1870. Recently, the tradition has been revived as the Tuques Bleues celebration by the Les amis de la montagne, a charitable organization that works to protect and preserve the park.[33]

Tam-Tams
Mount Royal's Tam-Tam gathering.
Main article: Tam-Tams

In the summer, Mount Royal hosts a popular activity known as Tam-Tams, or the "Tam-Tam Jam", whereby a number of Montrealers and visitors play hand drums (such as djembes) on the east slope of the mountain, near the George-Étienne Cartier Monument. The Sunday afternoon gatherings attract people of various backgrounds. Often, dozens of tam-tam players perform their art at the same time, encouraging others to dance. In addition, many children and adults participate nearby in a battle with foam-padded weapons.[34]

The Tam-tams began in the late 1970s with a workshop on African drumming at a jazz bar on Ontario Street.[35] It is not organized by the municipal authorities. Despite initial resistance by participants, the city now intervenes in the event, restricting commercial activity to registered members in designated areas and assigning police and first aid technicians to ensure the safety of those present. Although initially controversial in light of the event's communal and countercultural vibe (as well as a permissive attitude towards then-illegal cannabis use), the police presence has not led to conflict.

Jeanne-Mance Park
Main article: Jeanne-Mance Park

Facing the mountain across Park Avenue is Jeanne-Mance Park. A popular recreational area, Jeanne-Mance Park features a playground, a wading pool, tennis courts, various sports fields, and in winter, a skating rink.[36]

Transmission tower
Mount Royal transmitter tower

The park is also home to the CBC's Mount Royal transmitter facility, which comprises two large buildings (one used primarily by the CBC and one used by the private television stations) and a very short (about 100 m (328 ft)) candelabra tower, from which nearly all of Montreal's television and FM radio stations broadcast. Because of the proximity of this tower to public areas of the park, in recent years significant concerns have been raised about radio-frequency radiation exposure; at several points formerly accessible to park users near the tower, radiation was found to be significantly higher than that permitted for the general public.[37]

The "shortness" indicated above was dictated by the maximum allowable height (1100' above sea level) dictated by the federal Department of Transport because of the proximity to the flight path to Trudeau Airport nearby. The engineering challenge was to combine all the desired antennas in the limited space between the mountain top and 1100' ASL, which led to the "candelabra" design.

Adjacent landmarks
Aerial view of Downtown Montreal as seen from above Mount Royal.
The view of Downtown Montreal from the Kondiaronk Belvedere and the Chalet du Mont Royal in winter.

Outside the park, Mount Royal's slopes are also home to such Montreal landmarks as Saint Joseph's Oratory, Canada's largest church; McGill University; the Montreal General Hospital; McGill's Molson Stadium, home to the CFL's Montreal Alouettes; the McTavish reservoir; Université de Montréal; the École Polytechnique de Montréal; the Îlot-Trafalgar-Gleneagles historic block;[37] and some well-off residential neighbourhoods such as Upper Westmount and Upper Outremont.

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gollark: One of these days probably nobody will buy DC.
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See also

References
  1. A Hundred-Million Year History of the Corner Rise and New England Seamounts. Retrieved 1 August 2007
  2. Montroyalite Mineral Data. Webmineral.com. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
  3. Harris, Carolyn (August 2017). "The Queen's land". Canada's History. 97 (4): 34–43. ISSN 1920-9894.
  4. "Natural Resources Canada, Origins of Geographical Names: Island of Montréal". Archived from the original on 3 July 2013.
  5. N.M. Hinshelwood. Montreal and vicinity: being a history of the old town, a pictorial record of the modern city, its sports and pastimes, and an illustrated description of many charming summer resorts around. p. 85. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  6. "Publicité de la Northmount Land". 1698–1998 CÔTE-DES-NEIGES AU FIL DU TEMPS (in French). Archived from the original on 2 July 2004.
  7. "Did You Know?". Montreal gets the call, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.ca. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  8. 1976 Summer Olympics official report. Archived 6 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine Volume 2. pp. 159–61.
  9. http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=93313&type=bien#.W3XSs_nibcv
  10. Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec – Site patrimonial du Mont-Royal, Culture et communication Québec.
  11. http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/siteofficieldumontroyal/faune
  12. http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do%5B%5D? method = view & id = 93313 & type = well # .W3Xfh_nibcs
  13. http://www.patrimoine-culturel.gouv.qc.ca/rpcq/detail.do?methode=consulter&id=93313&type=bien#.W3X1vfnibct
  14. Walking tour: Mount Royal, Frommer's
  15. Reid, Evelyn. "Mount Royal Park: A Profile". Retrieved 25 March 2015.
  16. Weinberg, Paul (December 2017). "Beautiful Cities". Canada's History. 97 (6): 30–37. ISSN 1920-9894.
  17. Parker, Christopher Glynn. "fredericklawolmsted.com". Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  18. "ASSIGNMENT #11: Mount Royal". Urban Revitalization in Montreal: Field Trip Manual (PDF). Institute of Urban Studies, University of Winnipeg. 9 May 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2008.
  19. Peritz, Ingrid (24 June 2011). "Mordecai Richler to be honoured with gazebo on Mount Royal". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  20. DeWolf, Christopher (15 January 2008). "Riding the Rails Up Mount Royal". URBANPHOTO. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  21. "Mount Royal Funicular Railway, Montreal, QC, about 1900". Wm. Notman & Son, McCord Museum Web site. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  22. "Ligne de la Montagne". Archives photographiques de la STM. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  23. Magder, James (11 June 2017). "Montreal names Outremont peak for Mohawk nation". The Gazette. Montreal. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  24. "Le mont Royal: carte touristique" (PDF). Ville de Montréal. 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  25. Community Walk, "Parc du Mont Royal" (accessed 31 March 2010)
  26. "Lace up Your Skates". www.lemontroyal.qc.ca. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  27. Canada Trails, "Cross Country Skiing in Quebec"(accessed 31 March 2010)
  28. Bonjour Quebec,"Mount Royal Park" (accessed 31 March 2010)
  29. The Gazette (Montreal),"Mount Royal May Have Ski Tows; Heavy Snows Herald Early Season", Bill Weintraub, 29 December 1944 (accessed 31 March 2010)
  30. New York Times, "Ski Slopes and Trails", Frank Elkins, 7 December 194'
  31. The Gazette (Montreal),"Mount Royal Ski", Stan Helleur, 19 January 1940 (accessed 31 March 2010)
  32. The Daily Times, "Ski Jumper Leaving Take Off For Long Flight Down Mount Royal", 15 January 1920 (accessed 31 March 2010)
  33. "A Short History of the Tuques Bleues". Les amis de la montagne. Retrieved 8 January 2012.
  34. DeWolf, Christopher (10 September 2007). "Joining the medieval battle on Mount Royal". Spacing Montreal. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  35. Krashinsky, Susan. "Turning the beat around". Montréal Magazine. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
  36. "Parc Jeanne-Mance". Ville de Montréal. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  37. "L'Îlot-Trafalgar-Gleneagles". Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec (in French). Government of Quebec. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
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