Midlands

The Midlands is the central part of England and a cultural area that broadly corresponds to the early medieval Kingdom of Mercia. The Midlands region is bordered by Northern England and Southern England. The Midlands were important in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries. Two of the nine official regions of England are the West Midlands and East Midlands. Birmingham, in the West Midlands, is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom.

For other uses, see Midlands (disambiguation).

The Midlands
The West Midlands and East Midlands regions of England
Sovereign state
Constituent country
Historic counties
Largest CitiesBirmingham
Coventry
Leicester
Nottingham
Stoke-on-Trent
Wolverhampton
Principal 'cities'
Area
 • Total28,627 km2 (11,053 sq mi)
Population
 (2011 census)
 • Total10,135,000
 • Density350/km2 (920/sq mi)
 • Urban
8,079,000
 • Rural
2,056,000
Demonym(s)Midlander
Time zoneUTC+0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)

Symbolism

A saltire (diagonal cross) may have been used as a symbol of Mercia since the time of King Offa.[1] By the 13th century, the saltire had become the attributed arms of the Kingdom of Mercia.[2] The arms are blazoned Azure, a saltire Or, meaning a gold (or yellow) saltire on a blue field. The saltire is used as both a flag and a coat of arms. As a flag, it is flown from Tamworth Castle, the ancient seat of the Mercian Kings, to this day.[1] The flag also appears on street signs welcoming people to Tamworth, the "ancient capital of Mercia". It was also flown outside Birmingham Council House during 2009 while the Staffordshire Hoard was on display in the city before being taken to the British Museum in London. The cross has been incorporated into a number of coats of arms of Midlands towns, including Tamworth, Leek and Blaby. It was recognised as the Mercian flag by the Flag Institute in 2014.[3]

Extent
The Midlands

The Midlands are defined as consisting of the regions of East Midlands and West Midlands,[4] and include the counties of Derbyshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire (but excluding North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire), Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, Worcestershire and the West Midlands metropolitan boroughs. If not following the official regional boundaries, the Midlands may also include Peterborough (historically part of Northamptonshire), Finningley (historically part of Nottinghamshire), and the aforementioned boroughs of Lincolnshire.

Additionally, there is an informal region known as the South Midlands which is considered to include the southern parts of the East Midlands and the counties of Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire in Southern England.[5] Conversely, although the northern parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire are officially part of the Midlands, they are often considered to be in Northern England, with northern Derbyshire (areas of which were historically in Cheshire) lying close to the cities of Sheffield and Manchester, and northern Nottinghamshire lying close to Sheffield. However, they are included in the North Midlands informal region which also includes Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, along with Cheshire.[6][7][8]

The West Midlands and East Midlands regions are NUTS 1 statistical regions and were formerly constituencies of the European Parliament. Local government in the Midlands is as follows:

The unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire (not shown), while classed as part of the ceremonial county of Lincolnshire, actually come under the Yorkshire and the Humber region and are therefore not in the officially recognised East Midlands region.

The two regions of the Midlands have a combined population of 10,350,697 (2014 mid-year estimate),[9] and an area of 11,053 sq mi (28,630 km2).

The largest Midlands conurbation, which includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, is roughly covered by the metropolitan county of the West Midlands (which also includes the city of Coventry); with the related City Region extending into neighbouring areas of Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.

Various parts of the Midlands, particularly Warwickshire and Leicestershire, are on occasion referred to as the Heart of England, especially in tourist literature given that the geographic centre of England is generally considered to lie within this arc.

Different areas of the Midlands have their own distinctive character, giving rise to many local history and industrial heritage groups. Nottingham played a notable part in the English Civil War, which is commemorated in a number of place names (Parliament Terrace, Parliament Street, Standard Hill). Areas such as Derbyshire's Amber Valley and Erewash combine attractive countryside with industrial heritage and are home to historic canals and sites associated with the mining industry. The Black Country, broadly the boroughs of Dudley, Sandwell, Wolverhampton and Walsall, played an important part in the Industrial Revolution.

Geography

The area is predominantly low-lying and flat apart from isolated hills such as Turners Hill within the Black Country conurbation (at 271 m / 889 ft) with extensive views. Upland areas lie in the west and north of the region with the Shropshire Hills to the west, close to the England–Wales border and the Peak District area of the southern Pennines in the north of the region. The Shropshire Hills reach a height of 540 m (1,771 ft) at Brown Clee Hill and includes the Long Mynd, Clee Hills and Stiperstones ridge. Wenlock Edge, running through the middle of the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), is a long, low ridge, which extends for over 15 miles (24 km).[10] The Peak District reaches heights of between 300 m and 600 m; Kinder Scout is the highest point at 636 m (2,086 ft).[11] Further south, the Welsh border reaches over 700 m high, at Black Mountain, which at 703 m (2,306 ft) is thus the highest point in Herefordshire.

The Malverns are formed of some of the oldest rock in England (around 680 million years old) and extend for 8 miles (13 km) through two West Midlands counties (Worcestershire and Herefordshire) as well as northern Gloucestershire in the southwest. The highest point of the hills is the Worcestershire Beacon at 425 m (1,394 ft) above sea level (OS Grid reference SO768452).[12][13]

The Cotswolds – designated an AONB in 1966.[14] – extend for over 90 miles (140 km) through Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. They reach a highest point of 330 m (1,082 ft) at Cleeve Hill.

Areas of lower hills, in the range 200 m - 300 m, include Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, Cannock Chase in Staffordshire, and the Lincolnshire Wolds (100 m - 200 m); the latter having some prominence despite their modest altitude given their location in typically low-lying Lincolnshire near to the east coast.

Climate

The Midlands has a temperate maritime climate, with cold, cloudy, wet winters and comfortable, mostly dry, mostly sunny summers.[15] The temperature usually ranges from −0.4 °C (31.3 °F) during winter nights to 24.1 °C (75.4 °F) during summer days. Due to its geographical location, which is furthest away from the coast than anywhere else in England, it typically receives mostly light winds, with warm days and cold nights. Sometimes the Midlands can have very cold nights such as a minimum of −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) in Pershore on 20 December 2010. The previous day had a maximum of only −8.2 °C (17.2 °F), also in Pershore. Hot days are also possible, such as a maximum of 34 °C (93 °F) in Pershore on 19 July 2006. There can also be very mild winters nights, such as in Bidford-on-Avon when the temperature at 6 pm was as high as 15.2 °C (59.4 °F) on 9 January 2015. At 8 am the following morning the temperature was still at 13 °C (55 °F).[16][17][18]

Climate data for Midlands
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 6.7
(44.1)		 7
(45)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.5
(54.5)		 15.9
(60.6)		 18.8
(65.8)		 21.1
(70.0)		 20.8
(69.4)		 17.8
(64.0)		 13.7
(56.7)		 9.6
(49.3)		 6.9
(44.4)		 13.4
(56.1)
Average low °C (°F) 1
(34)		 0.8
(33.4)		 2.4
(36.3)		 3.7
(38.7)		 6.5
(43.7)		 9.4
(48.9)		 11.5
(52.7)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.3
(48.7)		 6.5
(43.7)		 3.5
(38.3)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.6
(42.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 74
(2.9)		 54
(2.1)		 58.8
(2.31)		 59.1
(2.33)		 58.5
(2.30)		 62.3
(2.45)		 60.8
(2.39)		 66.9
(2.63)		 66.2
(2.61)		 82
(3.2)		 77.1
(3.04)		 78.7
(3.10)		 798.4
(31.36)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 12.9 10.2 11.5 10.6 10.2 9.7 9.4 10 9.7 12.2 12.5 12.4 131.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 52.1 71.4 104.8 147 183.2 174.7 189.6 177.6 132.2 99.4 61.2 45 1,438.2
Source: Met Office [19]
gollark: 0/10, appears to be missing breathing marks.
gollark: Macron you, then?
gollark: Fascinating, and yet you haven't made Macron.
gollark: Why not?
gollark: It's not like I can't just pass it off to GTech™ bee neuron intelligences.

See also

References
  1. "Photo-gallery: Saxon trail across Mercian Staffordshire". BBC News. 7 April 2011.
  2. College of Arms Ms. L.14, dating from the reign of Henry III
  3. Flag Institute: Mercia, St Alban's Cross.
  4. "Why the East Midlands and West Midlands must join forces". Birmingham Mail. Birmingham Mail. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  5. "South Midlands Region". Council for British Archaeology. Council for British Archaeology. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  6. North Midland Country: A Survey of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire and Staffordshire. Harold Ingram. pp. 0–116. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  7. The Rise of the English Regions?. Irene Hardill, Paul Benneworth, Mark Baker, Leslie Budd. p. 173. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  8. Graham Turner, The North Country, p.15
  9. "Office for National Statistics – Dataset finder – MYEDE Population Estimates for High Level Areas". ONS. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016. East Midlands 4,637,413 West Midlands 5,713,284
  10. "Some Shropshire Hills…". Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  11. "Peak District National Park Facts & Figures". Wheeldon trees Farm. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  12. "The Malvern Hills". Abberley and Malvern Hills Geopark. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  13. "Malverns Complex". Herefordshire and Worcestershire Earth Heritage Trust. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  14. "The Cotswolds". The Cotswolds. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  15. Calculated using data from WorldClim.org. Hijmans, R.J.; Cameron, S.E.; Parra, J.L.; Jones, P.G.; Jarvis, A. (2005). "Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology". 25: 1965–1978. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. Snow and low temps 2010 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/dec2010
  17. December 2010 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/summaries/2010/december
  18. Record heat July 2006 http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/interesting/july2006/
  19. Office, Met. "Ragley Hall climate". www.metoffice.gov.uk.
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