England national rugby union team

The England national rugby union team represents England in men's international rugby union. They compete in the annual Six Nations Championship with France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland and Wales. England have won the championship on a total of 28 occasions (as well as sharing 10 victories) – winning the Grand Slam 13 times and the Triple Crown 26 times – making them the most successful outright winners in the tournament's history. As of 18 November 2019, England are ranked third in the world by the International Rugby Board. They are currently the only team from the Northern Hemisphere to win the Rugby World Cup, having won the tournament in 2003, and have been runners-up on three other occasions.

Not to be confused with England national rugby league team.

This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see England women's national rugby union team.

England

Emblem	Red rose
Union	Rugby Football Union
Head coach	Eddie Jones
Captain	Owen Farrell
Most caps	Jason Leonard (114)
Top scorer	Jonny Wilkinson (1,179)
Top try scorer	Rory Underwood (49)
Home stadium	Twickenham Stadium
First colours Second colours
World Rugby ranking
Current	3 (as of 9 February 2020)
Highest	1 (2003, 2019)
Lowest	8 (2015)
First international
Scotland 1–0 England (27 March 1871)
Biggest win
England 134–0 Romania (17 November 2001)
Biggest defeat
Australia 76–0 England (6 June 1998)
World Cup
Appearances	9 (First in 1987)
Best result	Champions, 2003
Website	www.englandrugby.com

The history of the team extends back to 1871 when the English rugby team played their first official test match, losing 1–0 to Scotland. England dominated the early Home Nations Championship (now the Six Nations) which started in 1883. Following the schism of rugby football in 1895 into union and league, England did not win the Championship again until 1910. They first played against New Zealand in 1905, South Africa in 1906, and Australia in 1909. England was one of the teams invited to take part in the inaugural Rugby World Cup in 1987 and progressed to the final in the second tournament in 1991, losing 12–6 to Australia. Following their Grand Slam in 2003, England went on to win the 2003 Rugby World Cup, defeating Australia 20–17 in extra time. They contested the final again in 2007 in defence of their title, losing 15–6 to South Africa, and reached the final for the fourth time in 2019, once again losing to South Africa, 32–12.

England players traditionally wear a white shirt with a rose embroidered on the chest, white shorts, and navy blue socks with a white trim. England's home ground is Twickenham Stadium where they first played in 1910. The team is administered by the Rugby Football Union (RFU). Four former players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame; one of these is also a member of the IRB Hall of Fame. Seven other former players are members of the IRB Hall – four solely for their accomplishments as players, two solely for their achievements in other roles in the sport, and one for achievements both as a player and administrator.

History

Main article: History of the England national rugby union team

The England team before playing in their first international match, versus Scotland in Edinburgh, 1871

Early years

The expansion of rugby in the first half of the 19th century was driven by former pupils from many of England's public schools, especially Rugby, who, upon finishing school, took the game with them to universities, to London, and to the counties.[1] England's first international match was against Scotland on 27 March 1871; not only was this England's first match, but it is also noted as being the first rugby union international.[2] Scotland won the match by one goal and a try to England's one unconverted try,[3][4] in front of a crowd of 4,000 people at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh.[5] A subsequent international took place at the Oval in London on 5 February 1872, when England defeated Scotland by a goal, a drop goal and two tries to Scotland's one drop goal.[6][7] The early matches did not use a structured points system; this would not be introduced until after 1890 when a suitable format for the scoring system had been devised.[4] Up until 1875, international rugby matches were decided by the number of goals scored (conversions and dropped goals), but from 1876 the number of tries scored could be used to decide a match if the teams were level on goals.[8]

In 1875, England played their first game against Ireland at the Oval, winning by one goal, one drop goal and one try to nil;[4] this was Ireland's first test match.[9][10] England defeated Scotland in 1880 to become the first winners of the Calcutta Cup.[11][12] Their first match against Wales was played on 19 February 1881 at Richardson's Field in Blackheath,[12][13] where England recorded their largest victory, winning by seven goals, six tries, and one drop goal to nil,[4] and scoring 13 tries in the process.[13] The subsequent meeting the following year at St. Helen's in Swansea was a closer contest, with England defeating Wales by two goals and four tries to nil.[4][14] Two years later, England emerged as the inaugural winners at the first Home Nations championship.[15] In 1889, they played their first match against a non-home nations team when they defeated the New Zealand Natives at Rectory Field in Blackheath[16][17] by one goal and four tries to nil.[4] England shared the Home Nations trophy with Scotland in 1890.[18]

England first played New Zealand (known as the "All Blacks") in 1905 at Crystal Palace in London. New Zealand scored five tries, worth three points at the time, to win 15–0.[19] England played France for the first time in March 1906 in Paris, winning 35–8, and later that year they first faced South Africa (known as the "Springboks"), again at Crystal Palace. James Peters was withdrawn from the England squad when the South Africans refused to play against a black player;[20] the match was drawn 3–3. England first played Australia (known as the "Wallabies") in January 1909 at Blackheath's Rectory Field, where they were defeated 9–3.[21]

Illustration by Frank Gillett showing the England versus The Original All Blacks Test attended by a then-record crowd of at least 50,000. The New Zealanders won 15–0.

The year 1909 saw the opening of Twickenham Stadium as the RFU's new home, heralding a golden era for English rugby union. England's first international at Twickenham in 1910 brought them victory over Wales on their way to winning the International Championship (known from then as the Five Nations) for the first time since 1892. Although England did not retain the Five Nations title in 1911, they did share it (with Ireland) in 1912. England then achieved their first Five Nations Grand Slam in 1913, another in 1914, and a third in 1921 after the First World War. A further two consecutive Grand Slams followed for the England team in 1924 and 1925,[22] this despite having started 1925 with an 17–11 loss to the "Invincibles" in front of 60,000 fans at Twickenham.[23]

After winning a sixth Grand Slam in 1928, England were subjected to a 7–0 defeat by the Springboks in front of 70,000 spectators at Twickenham in January 1932. Following the expulsion of France from the International Championship in 1931 due to professionalism, which reverted the Five Nations tournament back to the Home Nations,[24] England proceeded to win the 1934 and 1937 championships with a Triple Crown, and achieved their first victory over the All Blacks at Twickenham in January 1936.[25][26]

When the Five Nations resumed with the readmission of France in 1947 after the Second World War, England shared the championship with Wales. The early Five Nations competitions of the 1950s were unsuccessful for England, winning one match in the 1950 and 1951 championships.[22] England won the 1953 Five Nations, and followed this up with a Grand Slam in 1957, and win in 1958. England broke France's four-championship streak by winning the 1963 Championship.[22] After this victory, England played three Tests in the Southern Hemisphere and lost all three: 21–11 and 9–6 against the All Blacks, and 18–9 against Australia.[27] England did not win a single match in 1966, and managed only a draw with Ireland. They did not win another Championship that decade.

Don White was appointed as England's first coach in 1969. According to former Northampton player Bob Taylor, "Don was chosen because he was the most forward-thinking coach in England".[28] His first match in charge was an 11–8 victory over South Africa at Twickenham in 1969. Of the eleven games England played with White in charge they won three, and drew one and lost seven. He resigned as England coach in 1971.

England had wins against Southern Hemisphere teams in the 1970s; with victories over South Africa in 1972, New Zealand in 1973 and Australia in 1973 and 1976. The 1972 Five Nations Championship was not completed due to the Troubles in Northern Ireland when Scotland and Wales refused to play their Five Nations away fixtures in Ireland. England played in Dublin in 1973 and were given a standing ovation lasting five minutes. After losing 18–9 at Lansdowne Road, the England captain, John Pullin famously stated, "We might not be very good but at least we turned up."[29]

England started the following decade with a Grand Slam victory in the 1980 Five Nations – their first for 23 years.[30] However in the 1983 Five Nations Championship, England failed to win a game and picked up the wooden spoon.[31] In the first Rugby World Cup in New Zealand and Australia, England were grouped in pool A alongside Australia, Japan and the United States. England lost their first game 19–6 against Australia. They went on to defeat Japan and the United States, and met Wales in their quarter-final, losing the match 16–3.[32]

In 1989, England won matches against Romania and Fiji, followed by victories in their first three Five Nations games of 1990. They lost to Scotland in their last game however, giving Scotland a Grand Slam. England recovered in the following year by winning their first Grand Slam since 1980. England hosted the 1991 World Cup and were in pool A, along with the All Blacks, Italy and the United States. Although they lost to the All Blacks in pool play, they qualified for a quarter-final going on to defeat France 19–10. England then defeated Scotland 9–6 to secure a place in the final against Australia which they lost 12–6.[33]

The next year, England completed another Grand Slam and did not lose that year, including a victory over the Springboks. In the lead up to the 1995 World Cup in South Africa, England completed another Grand Slam – their third in five years. In the World Cup, England defeated Argentina, Italy and Samoa in pool play and then defeated Australia 25–22 in their quarter-final. England's semi-final was dominated by the All Blacks and featured four tries, now worth five points each, by Jonah Lomu; England lost 45–29.[34] They then lost the third-place play-off match against France.[35]

Professional era

England won their 20th Triple Crown title in 1997, but came second in the championship after a narrow 23–20 defeat against France at Twickenham. Sir Clive Woodward replaced Jack Rowell as the England head coach later that year. On 6 December 1997, England drew 26–26 with New Zealand at Twickenham, after being heavily defeated (29–11) by South Africa at the same venue the week before and by New Zealand (25–8) in Manchester two weeks previously. In 1998, England toured Australia, New Zealand and South Africa; many of the experienced players were unavailable for what was to become nicknamed the "Tour from Hell" during which England lost all of their matches including a punishing 76–0 defeat by the Wallabies.[36][37] In the last Five Nations match on 11 April 1999, with England poised to win the championship, Welsh centre Scott Gibbs sliced through six English tackles to score a try in the last minute, and the ensuing conversion by Neil Jenkins handed the final Five Nations title to Scotland.

Celebrations at Trafalgar Square after England's 2003 World Cup victory

England commenced the new millennium by winning the inaugural Six Nations Championship, although they lost their last match to Scotland.[38] They successfully defended their title the following year, but missed out on the Grand Slam by losing 20–14 to Ireland in a postponed match at Lansdowne Road.[39] Although France won the 2002 Six Nations Championship, England defeated the other Home Nations teams to win the Triple Crown.[40] In 2002, England beat Argentina 26–18 in Buenos Aires,[41] and in the Autumn internationals they defeated New Zealand 31–28,[42] Australia 32–31,[43] and South Africa 53–3 at Twickenham.[44] At the 2003 Six Nations Championship, England won the Grand Slam for the first time since 1995, followed by wins over Australia and the All Blacks on their June summer tour.

Going into the 2003 World Cup as one of the tournament favourites,[45] England reached the final on 22 November 2003 against host Australia. The game went into extra time with the score tied at 14–14; after one penalty apiece and with just seconds to spare, a match-winning drop goal by fly-half Jonny Wilkinson brought the final score to 20–17, making England rugby world champions for the first time. Not only was this England's first Rugby World Cup victory, but it was the nation's first world cup since the England national football team won the 1966 FIFA World Cup. On 8 December, the England team were greeted by 750,000 supporters on a victory parade through London before meeting Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.[46]

The England national squad training for the 2007 Rugby World Cup at the University of Bath

England finished third in the 2004 Six Nations Championship after losing their matches to both France and Ireland.[47] Clive Woodward resigned as head coach on 2 September and Andy Robinson was appointed to replace him.[48] Robinson's first Six Nations campaign in 2005 resulted in fourth place for England,[49] and although they defeated Australia 26–16 at Twickenham in the Autumn internationals,[50] this was followed by a 23–19 loss to the All Blacks.[51]

A 25–14 loss to South Africa in the 2006 Autumn internationals[52] was England's eighth defeat in nine test matches, their worst losing streak. Andy Robinson resigned as head coach after this run, and attack coach Brian Ashton was appointed as his replacement in December.[53] England started the 2007 Six Nations Championship with a Calcutta Cup victory over Scotland.[54] That year's championship included a historic match at Croke Park which England lost 43–13, their heaviest defeat against Ireland.[55]

At the 2007 World Cup, England were grouped in Pool A with Samoa, Tonga, South Africa, and the United States. They progressed to the knockout stage despite a heavy 36–0 loss to South Africa, and narrowly defeated Australia 12–10 in the quarter-finals. England then faced hosts France in the semi-finals and triumphed 14–9 to qualify for the final, where they were subjected to a second defeat by the Springboks at this World Cup, losing the match 15–6. England followed up their World Cup disappointment with two consecutive second-place finishes in the Six Nations Championship, behind Wales (2008) and Ireland (2009). Former England team captain Martin Johnson took up the job of head coach in July 2008 but, unable to replicate his on-field success in the management role, he resigned in November 2011 following a miserable Rugby World Cup which featured a series of on- and off-field controversies and ended in quarter-final defeat by France.

In March 2012, the Rugby Football Union appointed Stuart Lancaster, the former Elite Rugby Director at Leeds Carnegie, as England's head coach.[56] He had previously been employed in the position on a short-term basis, assisted by existing forwards coach Graham Rowntree, and Andy Farrell. Lancaster was considered a success in his first campaign as head coach: defending champions England took second place in the 2012 Six Nations Championship after losing 19–12 to Wales at Twickenham, but successfully defended the Calcutta Cup by defeating Scotland 13–6 at Murrayfield. England finished the year on a high when they beat World Cup holders New Zealand 38–21 at Twickenham in the Autumn internationals; the England team dominated the match and completely outplayed the All Blacks, who had been unbeaten in 20 matches.[57]

At the 2013 Six Nations Championship, England again finished in second place behind Wales, and were deprived of the opportunity to win the Grand Slam for the first time since 2003 when defeated by Wales in Cardiff 30–3. It was the first time since 1974 that every team in the Six Nations managed to win at least three competition points (the equivalent of a win and a draw, or three draws). However, England retained the Calcutta Cup by defeating Scotland 38–18 at Twickenham. Lancaster took an experimental side on a summer tour of Argentina in 2013; after beating a South American select XV on 2 June, England achieved a 2–0 series victory over Argentina, their first away series win against the Pumas for 32 years.[58]

In 2015, England hosted the Rugby World Cup, but were eliminated in the pool stage.[59] Despite this setback, and following the appointment of new head coach Eddie Jones, England won the Grand Slam in the 2016 Six Nations Championship, and remained unbeaten for the whole of 2016, including a series whitewash of Australia in Sydney. They went on to equal the world record of 18 consecutive test wins with an impressive 61–21 victory over Scotland in securing the 2017 Six Nations Championship.

2018 began well for England, seeing off a spirited challenge from Italy 46–15, and winning a tight contest against Wales 12–6 in the first two rounds of the Six Nations. However, it wasn't until June before England recorded another win, as the team lost their remaining games against Scotland (25–13), France (22–16) and eventual Grand Slam winners Ireland (24–15) at home at Twickenham. A non-test loss against the Barbarians (63–45) followed.[60]

On their summer tour of South Africa, England lost the first two matches 42–39 and 23–12, after leading both early in the first half, before winning the third test 25–10 against a mostly second-string Springbok side. That autumn, after adding former New Zealand and United States coach John Mitchell to the coaching setup, England won the return match against South Africa by a single point at 12–11, and lost an equally close contest with New Zealand 16–15, both in controversial circumstances.[61][62] England rounded out the year with wins over Japan (35–15) and Australia (37–18). The win over Australia continued an unbroken run of victories over the Wallabies under former Australia coach Eddie Jones.

Home stadium

Main article: Twickenham Stadium

Aerial view of Twickenham Stadium

Twickenham before a match in November 2012

Twickenham is the largest dedicated rugby stadium in the world. In the early years, the English rugby team used a number of venues in several different locations around England before settling at Twickenham Stadium in 1910. After sell-out matches at Crystal Palace against New Zealand in 1905 and South Africa in 1906, the Rugby Football Union (RFU) decided to invest in their own ground and arranged for sportsman and entrepreneur Billy Williams to find a home ground for English Rugby. The land for the ground was purchased in 1907 for £5,572 12s and 6d, and construction began the following year.[63]

The first international match at Twickenham took place on 15 January 1910 between England and Wales. The home team ran out winners 11–6, beating Wales for the first time since 1898.[64] The stadium was expanded in 1927 and again in 1932, but there were no further upgrades until the 1990s when new North, East and West stands were built;[63] a South stand was erected in 2005 and 2006 to make the stadium into a complete bowl. England played their first test match at the redeveloped Twickenham on 5 November 2006 against the All Blacks,[65] who won the match 41–20, dominating the England team in front of a record crowd of 82,076.[66]

The pitch at Twickenham was replaced in June 2012 with a hybrid 'Desso' type, which uses artificial fibres entwined with real grass. This type of pitch surface is particularly hard wearing in wet conditions.[67]

England home matches outside Twickenham

Although England have played home matches almost exclusively at Twickenham since 1910, they have occasionally used alternative English venues. England home matches have been hosted at Leicester's Welford Road (1923), London's Wembley Stadium (1992), Manchester's Old Trafford (1997 and 2009), Huddersfield's McAlpine Stadium (twice in 1998),[68] Manchester's Etihad Stadium (2015), and St James' Park in Newcastle upon Tyne (2019).

Date	Team	Result	Venue	Ref.
10 February 1923	Ireland	23–5	Welford Road, Leicester	[69]
17 October 1992	Canada	26–13	Wembley Stadium, London	[70]
22 November 1997	New Zealand	8–25	Old Trafford, Manchester	[71]
14 November 1998	Netherlands	110–0	McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield	[72]
22 November 1998	Italy	23–15	McAlpine Stadium, Huddersfield	[72]
6 June 2009	Argentina	37–15	Old Trafford, Manchester^[a]	[71]
10 October 2015	Uruguay	60–3	Etihad Stadium, Manchester^[b]	[73]
6 September 2019	Italy	37–0	St James' Park, Newcastle upon Tyne	[74]

^a The first of a two-test series, this match was originally scheduled to be held in Argentina but moved by the Argentine Rugby Union for financial reasons.[75]
^b This was a Pool A match at the 2015 Rugby World Cup.

England also played a Five Nations match against Wales at Wembley Stadium on 11 April 1999. Wales was the "home team" on this occasion because Wembley was being used as a temporary base while their new stadium in Cardiff was being constructed. Wales won the match 32–31.[76][77]

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

Main article: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot

Swing Low, Sweet Chariot is very commonly sung at England fixtures – especially at Twickenham. In the last match of the 1988 season, against Ireland, three of England's tries were scored by Chris Oti. A group of boys from the Benedictine school Douai, following a tradition at their school games, sang the song on his final try, and other spectators around the ground joined in.[78][79] Since then "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" became a song to sing at England home games.[80] In 1991 the RFU marketing director Mike Coley for the team to launch a song leading up to that year's Rugby World Cup. He had wanted to use Jerusalem but it was used in the Rugby League cup final that year so the song was changed at short notice to "Swing Low". There were a number of versions recorded and the version released did reach the top 40 in the UK singles chart during the competition.[81]

Strip

England (white and red) playing Argentina at Twickenham in 2006

England rugby union players typically wear all-white jerseys and white shorts, with predominantly navy blue socks. The emblem on the jerseys is a red rose. As of 1st September 2020 strip will be manufactured by Umbro and the shirt sponsor is O₂. The away strip is usually red or dark grey (described as "anthracite"); prior to the introduction of the grey strip, red was the traditional change colour. Navy blue has also been used in the past and was reintroduced for the 2016–17 season. Purple was used during the 2009 autumn internationals, reflecting the traditional colour of the original England tracksuits from the 1960s, 70s and 80s. The away strip was black for the first time during the 2011 Rugby World Cup.

The Rugby Football Union (RFU) had created the national side's emblem prior to an English team being sent to Edinburgh to play a Scottish side. A red rose was chosen to be the side's emblem.[82] The white kit worn by the national team was taken from the kit used at Rugby School.[82] Alfred Wright, an employee of the Rugby Football Union, is credited with the standardisation and new design of the rose, which up until 1920 had undergone many variations in its depiction.[82] The Wright design is thought to have been used without minor alteration until the late 1990s.[82] It was not until 1997 that the rose was modernised when Nike became the official strip supplier.

In 2003, England first used a skin-tight strip. This was intended to make it more difficult for the opposition to grasp the shirt when tackling.[83]

The current England strip for 2019–20 is made by Canterbury. It features plain white shorts and a plain white shirt with red seams at the top. The current alternative kit is dark grey and features the same embossed St. George's Crosses. Shorts are also dark grey. Both socks are dark grey with a white top.

1871–present	1990–1993	1991 RWC	1994–1995	1995–1996
1999	1999 Away	2003	2007

Kit providers

Year	Kit manufacturer	Main shirt sponsor
?–?	Bukta	—
1991–1997	Cotton Traders	BT Cellnet (1996-2001)
1997–2012	Nike	O2
2012–2020	Canterbury[84]
2020–present	Umbro[85][86]

Record

Six Nations

England competes annually in the Six Nations Championship, which is played against five other European nations: France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales. The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883 which England won with a Triple Crown. England have won the title outright 28 times (a record for the tournament) and shared victory ten times. Their longest wait between championships was 18 years (1892–1910). During the Six Nations, England also contests the Calcutta Cup with Scotland (which England first won in 1880) and the Millennium Trophy with Ireland (which England first won in 1988). The matches between England and France are traditionally known as "Le Crunch".

	England	France	Ireland	Italy	Scotland	Wales
Tournaments	122	88	124	19	124	124
Outright wins (shared wins)
Home Nations	5 (4)	N/A	4 (4)	N/A	10 (3)	7 (4)
Five Nations	17 (6)	12 (8)	6 (5)	N/A	5 (6)	15 (8)
Six Nations	6	5	4	0	0	5
Overall	28 (10)	17 (8)	14 (9)	0 (0)	15 (9)	27 (12)
Grand Slams
Home Nations	0	N/A	0	N/A	0	2
Five Nations	11	6	1	N/A	3	6
Six Nations	2	3	2	0	0	4
Overall	13	9	3	0	3	12
Triple Crowns
Home Nations	5	N/A	2	N/A	7	6
Five Nations	16	N/A	4	N/A	3	11
Six Nations	4	N/A	5	N/A	0	4
Overall	25	N/A	11	N/A	10	21
Wooden Spoons
Home Nations	11	N/A	15	N/A	8	8
Five Nations	14	17	21	N/A	21	12
Six Nations	0	1	0	14	4	1
Overall	25	18	36	14	33	21

Note: England are the only team to have won multiple successive grand slams, doing so in 1913–1914, 1923–1924 and 1991–1992 with Wales and France the only other teams to have done so, in 1908–1909 for Wales and 1997–1998 for France.

Rugby World Cup

Main article: England at the Rugby World Cup

Rugby World Cup										Qualification
Year	Round	Pld	W	D	L	PF	PA	Squad		Pos	Pld	W	D	L	PF	PA
1987	Quarter-finals	4	2	0	2	103	48	Squad		Invited
1991	Runners-up	6	4	0	2	119	61	Squad		Automatically qualified
1995	Fourth Place	6	4	0	2	158	146	Squad		Automatically qualified
1999	Quarter-finals	5	3	0	2	250	115	Squad		1st	2	2	0	0	133	15
2003	Champions	7	7	0	0	327	88	Squad		Automatically qualified
2007	Runners-up	7	5	0	2	140	122	Squad		Automatically qualified
2011	Quarter-finals	5	4	0	1	149	53	Squad		Automatically qualified
2015	Pool Stage	4	2	0	2	133	75	Squad		Automatically qualified
2019	Runners-up	6	5	0	1	190	75	Squad		Automatically qualified
2023										Automatically qualified
Total	Champions	50	36	0	14	1569	783				2	2	0	0	133	15
Champions       Runners-up       Third place       Fourth place Home venue

Men's World Rugby Rankings
Top 30 rankings as of 9 March 2020[87]
Rank	Change*	Team	Points
1		South Africa	094.19
2		New Zealand	092.11
3		England	088.41
4		Ireland	084.91
5		France	082.73
6		Wales	082.64
7		Australia	081.90
8		Scotland	080.68
9		Japan	079.28
10		Argentina	078.31
11		Fiji	076.21
12		Georgia	072.88
13		Tonga	071.44
14		Italy	071.07
15		Samoa	070.72
16		United States	068.10
17		Uruguay	067.41
18		Spain	067.14
19		Romania	065.36
20	4	Russia	062.13
21	1	Portugal	061.27
22	1	Hong Kong	061.23
23	1	Canada	061.12
24	1	Namibia	061.01
25		Netherlands	060.08
26		Brazil	058.89
27		Belgium	057.19
28		Switzerland	054.11
29		Chile	053.83
30		Germany	053.13
*Change from the previous week
England's historical rankings
Source: World Rugby - Graph updated to 27 January 2020[87]

IRB World Ranking Leaders

See also: List of England national rugby union team tours and series and List of England national rugby union team matches

England have contested every Rugby World Cup since the tournament began in 1987, reaching the final four times and winning the title in 2003.

In the inaugural tournament, England finished second in their pool before losing to Wales in the quarter-finals. They again finished pool runners-up in 1991 but recovered to beat France in the quarter-finals, and then Scotland in the semi-finals, en route to a 12–6 final defeat to Australia at Twickenham on 2 November 1991.

In 1995, England topped their pool and defeated Australia 25–22 at the quarter-final stage before being beaten by the All Blacks in the semi-final. Their third-place play-off match against France was lost 19–9.

In the 1999 tournament, England again finished second in their pool. Although they proceeded to win a play-off game against Fiji, they went out of the tournament in the quarter-finals, losing 44–21 to South Africa.

England came top of their pool in 2003 and progressed to the final, beating Wales and France in the quarter- and semi-finals. With a drop goal in the last minute of extra time, England won the final 20–17 against Australia in Sydney on 22 November 2003.

England made a poor start to their defence of the World Cup in 2007, with a below par victory over the United States and a heavy 36–0 defeat to South Africa, leaving the title holders on the brink of elimination at the pool stage. Improved performances against Samoa and Tonga ensured that England again reached the knockout stage as pool runners-up, before a surprise 12–10 defeat of Australia in the quarter-finals followed by a narrow 14–9 victory over the host nation carried England to a second successive final appearance. In the final, held in Paris on 20 October, England lost 15–6 to South Africa, their second defeat by the Springboks during the 2007 tournament.

England reached the quarter-final stage in 2011, losing 19–12 to France.

In 2015, England became the first sole host nation to fail to qualify for the knockout stage, after losing to Wales and Australia in the pool stage.

In 2019, England finished top of their pool before defeating Australia and New Zealand in the knockout stage. On 2 November 2019, they suffered a 32–12 final defeat to South Africa in Yokohama, becoming World Cup runners-up for the third time.

England's Jonny Wilkinson is the highest points scorer in the Rugby World Cup, having scored 277 points between 1999 and 2011. England have the fourth most points and the fourth most tries scored in the Rugby World Cup.

Overall

When the World Rugby Rankings were first introduced in early September 2003, England were ranked 1st; they fell to 2nd for a week in November 2003 before regaining 1st place. They again dropped to 2nd in the rankings, and then to 3rd, from mid-June 2004. Following the 2005 Six Nations Championship, they fell to 6th in the world rankings, where they remained until moving up to 5th place in December of that year. After a decline in form in 2006, England finished the year ranked 7th; however, they bounced back to 3rd in 2007 due to their good run in that year's World Cup, where they finished runners-up.

Their ranking slipped again in 2008 and during the 2009 Six Nations Championship they dropped to their lowest ranking of 8th, where they remained for the duration of the 2009 Autumn internationals. After a brief resurgence that saw them rise to a ranking of 4th in the world, England again slipped following a poor showing at the 2011 Rugby World Cup and were ranked 6th in February 2012. The team entered the 2015 Rugby World Cup ranked 4th, but after failing to progress beyond the pool stage, England again sank to 8th in the world in November 2015. In March 2016, after securing the Grand Slam in the 2016 Six Nations Championship, England rose to second place, where they remained the following year after winning the 2017 Six Nations Championship. A poor fifth-place performance in the 2018 Six Nations Championship saw them fall to sixth place.

In October 2019, England defeated New Zealand in the semi-final of the 2019 Rugby World Cup to top the World Rugby Rankings for the first time since 2004.[88] After losing the final to South Africa, England were ranked third as of February 2020.

England have won 414 of their 746 test matches; a winning record of 55%.[89] Below is a summary table of capped England matches up until 9 March 2020. Only fixtures recognised as test matches by the RFU are included.

Opponent	Played	Won	Lost	Drawn	Win %	For	Aga	Diff
Argentina	24	19	4	1	79.17%	648	373	+275
Australia	51	25	25	1	49.02%	924	1,076	−152
Canada	6	6	0	0	100.00%	273	73	+200
Fiji	7	7	0	0	100.00%	303	109	+194
France	106	58	41	7	54.72%	1,719	1,360	+359
Georgia	2	2	0	0	100.00%	125	16	+109
Ireland	136	79	49	8	58.09%	1,663	1,163	+500
Italy	26	26	0	0	100.00%	1,058	319	+739
Japan	2	2	0	0	100.00%	95	22	+73
Netherlands	1	1	0	0	100.00%	110	0	+110
New Zealand	42	8	33	1	19.05%	594	992	−398
New Zealand Natives	1	1	0	0	100.00%	7	0	+7
Pacific Islanders	1	1	0	0	100.00%	39	13	+26
Presidents XV	1	0	1	0	0.00%	11	28	−17
Romania	5	5	0	0	100.00%	335	24	+311
Samoa	8	8	0	0	100.00%	292	114	+178
Scotland	138	76	43	19	55.07%	1,687	1,231	+456
South Africa	43	15	26	2	34.88%	729	919	−190
Tonga	3	3	0	0	100.00%	172	33	+139
United States	6	6	0	0	100.00%	298	59	+239
Uruguay	2	2	0	0	100.00%	171	16	+155
Wales	135	64	59	12	47.41%	1,791	1,623	+168
Total	746	414	281	51	55.50%	13,044	9,563	+3,481

Players

Current squad

On 20 January, England named their 34-man squad, plus two apprentice players, ahead of the 2020 Six Nations Championship.[90]

• * Denotes an apprentice player.

Caps updated 7 March 2020

Player Position Date of birth (age) Caps Club/province Luke Cowan-Dickie Hooker (1993-06-20) 20 June 1993 24 Exeter Chiefs Tom Dunn Hooker (1992-11-12) 12 November 1992 0 Bath Jamie George Hooker (1990-10-20) 20 October 1990 49 Saracens Ellis Genge Prop (1995-02-16) 16 February 1995 18 Leicester Tigers Joe Marler Prop (1990-07-07) 7 July 1990 71 Harlequins Kyle Sinckler Prop (1992-03-30) 30 March 1992 35 Harlequins Will Stuart Prop (1996-07-12) 12 July 1996 2 Bath Mako Vunipola Prop (1991-01-14) 14 January 1991 59 Saracens Harry Williams Prop (1991-10-01) 1 October 1991 18 Exeter Chiefs Charlie Ewels Lock (1995-06-29) 29 June 1995 15 Bath Maro Itoje Lock (1994-10-28) 28 October 1994 38 Saracens George Kruis Lock (1990-02-22) 22 February 1990 45 Saracens Joe Launchbury Lock (1991-04-12) 12 April 1991 65 Wasps Courtney Lawes Lock (1989-02-23) 23 February 1989 85 Northampton Saints Alexander Moon Lock (1996-09-06) 6 September 1996 0 Northampton Saints Tom Curry Back row (1998-06-15) 15 June 1998 23 Sale Sharks Ben Earl Back row (1998-01-07) 7 January 1998 3 Saracens Ted Hill Back row (1999-03-26) 26 March 1999 1 Worcester Warriors Lewis Ludlam Back row (1995-12-08) 8 December 1995 8 Northampton Saints Sam Underhill Back row (1996-07-22) 22 July 1996 18 Bath Mark Wilson Back row (1989-10-06) 6 October 1989 18 Sale Sharks Willi Heinz Scrum-half (1986-11-24) 24 November 1986 13 Gloucester Alex Mitchell * Scrum-half (1997-05-25) 25 May 1997 0 Northampton Saints Ben Youngs Scrum-half (1989-09-05) 5 September 1989 99 Leicester Tigers Owen Farrell (c) Fly-half (1991-09-24) 24 September 1991 83 Saracens George Ford Fly-half (1993-03-16) 16 March 1993 69 Leicester Tigers Jacob Umaga Fly-half (1998-07-08) 8 July 1998 0 Wasps Ollie Devoto Centre (1993-09-22) 22 September 1993 2 Exeter Chiefs Fraser Dingwall Centre (1999-04-07) 7 April 1999 0 Northampton Saints Jonathan Joseph Centre (1991-05-21) 21 May 1991 50 Bath Manu Tuilagi Centre (1991-05-18) 18 May 1991 43 Leicester Tigers Henry Slade Centre (1993-03-19) 19 March 1993 28 Exeter Chiefs Jonny May Wing (1990-04-01) 1 April 1990 56 Leicester Tigers Ollie Thorley Wing (1996-09-11) 11 September 1996 0 Gloucester Anthony Watson Wing (1994-02-26) 26 February 1994 43 Bath Elliot Daly Fullback (1992-10-08) 8 October 1992 43 Saracens George Furbank Fullback (1996-10-17) 17 October 1996 2 Northampton Saints Josh Hodge * Fullback (2000-05-23) 23 May 2000 0 Exeter Chiefs

Notable players

See also: List of England national rugby union players

Four former England representatives have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame: Bill Beaumont, Martin Johnson, Jason Leonard and Wavell Wakefield.[91][92]

Seven former England internationals are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame. Four of them – Johnson,[93] Alan Rotherham, Harry Vassall[94] and Robert Seddon[95] – were inducted for their accomplishments as players. Two other former England players, John Kendall-Carpenter and Clive Woodward, were inducted into the IRB Hall for non-playing accomplishments in the sport.[93] Another former England player, Alfred St. George Hamersley, was inducted for achievements as both a player and a rugby administrator.[96]

Wavell Wakefield represented England in 31 Tests between 1920 and 1927, including 13 Tests as captain. He was involved in three Five Nations Grand Slams in 1921, 1923 and 1924. Playing as flanker, Wakefield introduced new elements to back row tactics which beforehand concentrated on the set piece. He became a Member of Parliament in 1935, and was knighted in 1944. He became the RFU President in 1950 and following his retirement from politics was awarded the title the first Baron Wakefield of Kendal.[97]

Between 1975 and 1982, Bill Beaumont represented England in 34 Tests. Playing at lock, he was captain between 1978 and 1982 in 21 Tests including the 1980 Grand Slam – England's first since 1957. Later that year, he captained the British Lions to South Africa – the first time an Englishman had captained the Lions since 1930. Furthermore, Beaumont represented the Barbarians FC on fifteen occasions.[98]

At 22 the youngest England captain of modern times was Will Carling who represented England in 72 Tests, and as captain 59 times between 1988 and 1996. He was best known as a superlative leader, motivating England to a remarkable three Grand Slams in five years, including back to back slams in 1991 and 1992. He also led England to the final of the 1991 World Cup, and captained the Barbarians FC. His playing talents were not as flamboyant as some of his colleagues, but his effectiveness cemented him as a first choice at centre. It is possible he would already be in the Hall of Fame were it not for outspoken tendencies with respect to the English RFU committee ("Old Farts"), who may, as a result, be reluctant to acknowledge his achievements. He was made an OBE in 1991. Carling is not, however, the youngest England captain of all time; that honour goes to Frederic Stokes, who captained England against Scotland on 27 March 1871 aged just 20 years and 258 days.[99]

Described as arguably "the greatest forward" to play for England,[100] Martin Johnson played 84 Tests for England, and 8 Tests for the British and Irish Lions.[101] He first represented England in 1993, and later that year the Lions. He captained the Lions to South Africa in 1997, and in 1999 was appointed captain of England. He became England's most successful ever captain. He became the first player to captain two Lions tours when he captained them in Australia in 2001.[102] He retired from Test rugby after he led England to a Six Nations Grand Slam and World Cup victory in 2003 and has since become the team Manager.[100] At the 2011 IRB Awards ceremony in Auckland on 24 October 2011, the night after the World Cup Final, Johnson was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame alongside all other World Cup-winning captains from 1987 through 2007 (minus the previously inducted Australian John Eales).[93]

Jason Leonard, also known as "The Fun Bus",[103] appeared 114 times for England at prop, which was the world record for international appearances for a national team until 2005, when it was surpassed by Australia scrum-half George Gregan.[104] He was on the England team that finished runners up to Australia in the 1991 Rugby World Cup final, but avenged this 12 years later, coming on as a substitute for Phil Vickery in England's victorious 2003 Rugby World Cup final appearance. He also went on three British and Irish Lions tours where he was capped five times.[104]

Alan Rotherham and Harry Vassall, both 19th-century greats for Oxford and England, were inducted into the IRB Hall in April 2011. The IRB recognised them for "their unique contribution to the way that Rugby was played", specifically stating that they "are credited with pioneering the passing game and the three-man backline, which became widespread during the 1880s".[94]

Two other England internationals, John Kendall-Carpenter and Clive Woodward, were inducted into the IRB Hall alongside Johnson at the 2011 IRB Awards. Although both had notable careers for England, they were recognised for accomplishments in other roles in the sport. Kendall-Carpenter was cited as one of four key figures in the creation of the Rugby World Cup, whilst Woodward was inducted as coach of the 2003 World Cup winners, alongside all other World Cup-winning coaches from 1987 to 2007.[93]

England's most recent inductees into the IRB Hall are 19th-century internationals Alfred St. George Hamersley and Robert Seddon, both inducted in 2013. Hamersley played for England in the first rugby union international against Scotland in 1871, and captained England in the last of his four appearances in 1874. He went on to play significant roles in the early development of the sport in both New Zealand and Canada.[96] Seddon, capped three times for England in 1887, was most notable as the captain of the unofficial British side that toured Australia and New Zealand in 1888; he died in a boating accident during the tour. This venture proved to be the genesis of the modern British and Irish Lions. The touring team was also inducted alongside Seddon.[95]

Individual Records

Main article: List of England national rugby union team records

Jason Leonard holds the record for most appearances for England with 114, he is also the only player to represent England in over 100 tests. Ben Youngs has the most appearances amongst active players with 99. Jonny Wilkinson holds the England record for most points with 1,179, placing him second all-time in international rugby. Rory Underwood scored 49 tries - placing him sixth all-time in international rugby.

Training

Pennyhill Park Hotel in Bagshot, Surrey, is the chosen training base for the team in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. Loughborough University, Bisham Abbey and the University of Bath grounds served as training bases prior to this agreement. Martin Johnson noted the hotel's facilities and its proximity to Twickenham and Heathrow as deciding factors in this decision.[105] The team had their own pitchside gym and fitness rooms constructed on the hotel premises at the start of the long-term arrangement. Since its completion in 2010 the team also regularly use Surrey Sports Park at the University of Surrey in nearby Guildford for much of their training.[106]

Club versus country

England versus New Zealand in 2006.

Although the England team is governed by the Rugby Football Union (RFU), players have been contracted to their clubs since the advent of professionalism in late 1995. Since then, players have often been caught in a "power struggle" between their clubs and the RFU; this is commonly referred to as a "club versus country" conflict.[107] The first major dispute between England's top clubs (who play in the English Premiership) and the RFU occurred in 1998, when some of the clubs refused to release players to tour Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.[108] The tour became known as the "Tour from hell" after an England squad of second-string players were defeated in all four Tests, including a 76–0 defeat by Australia.[109] The clubs also withdrew from the 1998–99 Heineken Cup.[110]

In 2001, the top clubs and the RFU formed "England Rugby" to help govern the club and international game. The parties agreed to restrict the number of matches at club and international level that elite players (a group of 50 or 60 players selected by the RFU) could play in order to reduce player burnout and injuries.[111] In return for releasing players from club commitments, the clubs were to receive compensation from the RFU. This agreement was considered central to the England victory in the 2003 World Cup. Clive Woodward, England coach from November 1997, resigned in 2004 because he was unable to get the access to the players that he wanted: "I wanted more from the union – more training days with the players, more influence over the way they were treated – and ended up with less."[112] Andy Robinson, Woodward's successor, blamed the lack of control over players for his team's unsuccessful record.[113] Brian Ashton, who took over from Robinson, intentionally named his playing squad for Six Nations matches in 2007 early in the hope that their clubs would not play them in the weekend prior to a Test.[114] The RFU and the Premiership clubs are negotiating a similar deal to the one in 2001 that will enable international players to be released into the England squad prior to international matches.[115]

Coaches

The following is a list of all England coaches. The first appointed coach was Don White in 1969. The most recent coach is Eddie Jones.[116] He took over from Stuart Lancaster a week after Lancaster's resignation. Jones became the first foreigner to coach the English side.

Updated 9 March 2020

Name	Tenure	Tests	Won	Drew	Lost	Win percent
Don White[28]	20 December 1969 – 17 April 1971	11	3	1	7	027
John Elders	1972 – 16 March 1974	16	6	1	9	038
John Burgess	18 January 1975 – 31 May 1975	6	1	0	5	017
Peter Colston	3 January 1976 – 17 March 1979	18	6	1	11	033
Mike Davis	24 November 1979 – 6 March 1982	16	10	2	4	063
Dick Greenwood	15 January 1983 – 20 April 1985	17	4	2	11	024
Martin Green	1 June 1985 – 8 June 1987	14	5	0	9	036
Geoff Cooke	16 January 1988 – 19 March 1994	50	36	1	13	072
Jack Rowell	4 June 1994 – 12 July 1997	29	21	0	8	072
Sir Clive Woodward	15 November 1997 – 2 September 2004[117]	83	59	2	22	071
Andy Robinson	15 October 2004 – 29 November 2006[118][119]	22	9	0	13	041
Brian Ashton	20 December 2006 – 1 June 2008[120]	22	12	0	10	055
Rob Andrew^[a]	1 June 2008 – 30 June 2008[121]	2	0	0	2	000
Martin Johnson	1 July 2008[121] – 16 November 2011	38	21	1	16	055
Stuart Lancaster	8 December 2011 – 11 November 2015	46	28	1	17	061
Eddie Jones	20 November 2015 – present	54	42	1	11	078

^a Rob Andrew coached the team for the 2008 summer tests in New Zealand in Martin Johnson's absence.

Between September 2015 and March 2017, England won 18 test matches in a row – equalling the record for a top tier nation – 17 of which were under Eddie Jones.

Media coverage

England's summer and autumn internationals are televised live by Sky Sports. Highlights of the autumn tests are broadcast by the BBC. As of 2016, all Six Nations games are broadcast free-to-air on the BBC and ITV.

See also

• England national under-20 rugby union team
• England national rugby sevens team
• England Saxons
• England women's national rugby union team
• Rugby union in England

Bibliography

• Bowker, Barry (1978). England Rugby. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-30214-7.
• Collins, Tony (2009). A Social History of English Rugby Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47660-7.
• Farmer, Stuart (2006). The Official England Rugby Miscellany. Vision Sports Publishing. ISBN 978-1-905326-12-9.
• Morgan, Michael (2002). "Optimizing the structure of elite competitions in professional sport – lessons from Rugby Union". Managing Leisure. 7: 41–60. doi:10.1080/13606710110117023.
• Palenski, Ron (2003). Century in Black – 100 Years of All Black Test Rugby. Hodder Moa Beckett Publishers. ISBN 978-1-86958-937-0.
• Tuck, Jason (2003). "The Men in White: Reflections on Rugby Union, the Media and Englishness". International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 38 (2): 177–199. doi:10.1177/1012690203038002003.

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External links

• England Rugby Football Union Official website

Titles

Preceded by Brazil men's football team	Laureus World Team of the Year 2004	Succeeded by Greece men's football team