List of off-season Atlantic hurricanes

An off-season Atlantic hurricane is a recorded tropical or subtropical cyclone that existed in the Atlantic basin outside of the official Atlantic hurricane season. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration currently defines the season as occurring between June 1 and November 30 each calendar year, which is when 97% of all Atlantic tropical cyclones occur. Peak activity is known to be between August and October. In the off-season, storms are most likely to occur in May, with approximately 60% of such storms occurring during that month. Occasionally, however, storms develop in or persist until December. As of 2020, there have been 87 off-season cyclones in the Atlantic hurricane database, which began in 1851. In addition, there were six storms before 1851, and one hurricane in 1863 that is not part of the official database.

Radar image of Hurricane Alice in 1955, the first recorded North Atlantic hurricane to span two calendar years

Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the central to western Atlantic Ocean, and most do not make landfall. Of the storms that did strike land, most affected areas surrounding the Caribbean Sea. Cumulatively, at least 441 deaths occurred due to the storms, primarily on the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba; a tropical storm in May 1948 struck the Dominican Republic to become the deadliest off-season storm. However, an unofficial hurricane in 1863 killed 110 people, in a shipwreck off Florida and on land. The same storm was estimated to have reached winds of 105 mph (165 km/h), making it the strongest hurricane between December to May; the strongest currently in the official database was a March hurricane in 1908 that reached winds of 100 mph (160 km/h). In addition, the strongest off-season cyclone to make landfall in the United States was Tropical Storm Beryl in 2012, which made landfall near Jacksonville Beach, Florida with 65 mph (100 km/h) winds.[1] The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Storm Bertha in May 2020.

Background

In 1938, the United States Weather Bureau began issuing tropical cyclone warnings as a collaborative observation network for cities along the U.S. coastline, and the season was defined between June 15 and November 15.[2] In 1964, the season was extended to begin on June 1 and end on November 30,[3] which remains the official length of the season. About 97% of all tropical cyclones form within this time span, and activity usually peaks between August and October.[4] After Tropical Storm Ana formed in May 2015, former American Meteorological Society president Marshall Shepherd used Twitter to question whether the season should begin earlier. James Franklin of the National Hurricane Center believed there was little advantage to changing it because of the rarity of off-season storms, noting that May storms only formed on average once every six years since the advent of satellite imagery. Franklin opined that the season could begin on May 15 with little difficulty, coinciding with the beginning of the Pacific hurricane season, but an earlier start would be costlier and interfere with off-season work.[5]

Chronology

Tropical cyclones have been named in the Atlantic since the 1947 Atlantic hurricane season, and subtropical cyclones have been recognized in HURDAT since 1968. The National Hurricane Center issues names for tropical and subtropical cyclones once their winds reach 39 mph (63 km/h). Before 1950, storms were numbered based on their appearance in the Atlantic hurricane database; tropical depressions were unnumbered.[6][7][8] Storms before 1851 are unofficial and are not part of the official Atlantic hurricane best track.[9] In addition, a hurricane from May 1863, labeled "Amanda", is included after being rediscovered in 2013.[10]

The wind speeds listed are maximum one-minute average sustained winds, and the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure; tropical cyclones listed with N/A under pressure indicates there is no known estimated pressure. For deaths, "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities; death tolls listed as "several" mean there were fatalities reported, but an exact total is unavailable. For both deaths and damage, N/A refers to no known total, although such storms may have impacted land. The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.

Name Dates active Peak classification Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
UnnamedMay 23 – 24, 1771Tropical storm≥40 mph (65 km/h)Not SpecifiedCubaN/ANone[9]
UnnamedMay 25 – 26, 1779Tropical storm≥40 mph (65 km/h)Not SpecifiedCubaN/ANone[9]
UnnamedMay 28, 1794Tropical storm≥40 mph (65 km/h)Not SpecifiedCubaN/ANone[9]
UnnamedDecember 13 – 22, 1822Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (120 km/h)Not SpecifiedEastern Caribbean SeaN/ANone[9]
UnnamedMay 28 – June 5, 1825≥Category 1 hurricane≥75 mph (120 km/h)Not SpecifiedCuba, United States East CoastN/A7[9][11]
UnnamedMay 20 – 21, 1838Tropical storm≥40 mph (65 km/h)Not SpecifiedJamaicaN/ANone[9]
"Amanda"May 24 – 29, 1863Category 2 hurricane105 mph (165 km/h)975 hPa (28.79 inHg)FloridaN/A110[10]
#1May 30, 1865Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)Not SpecifiedCaribbean SeaN/ANone[6]
#12November 25 – December 2, 1878Tropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)Not SpecifiedLesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, JamaicaN/ANone[6]
#1May 15 – 18, 1887Tropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Atlantic CanadaN/ANone[7]
#2May 17 – 21, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)≤1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Jamaica, Cuba, BahamasN/ANone[7]
#17November 27 – December 4, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not SpecifiedBahamasN/ANone[7]
#18December 4 – 8, 1887Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not SpecifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
#19December 7 – 12, 1887Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)Not SpecifiedLesser Antilles, Colombia, NicaraguaN/ANone[7]
#1May 16 – 21, 1889Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)Not SpecifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
#1May 27 – 29, 1890Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)Not SpecifiedCubaN/A4[7][12]
UnnamedMay 1 – 6, 1899Tropical depression25 mph (35 km/h)1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone[7]
#1March 6 – 9, 1908Category 2 hurricane100 mph (160 km/h)≤991 hPa (29.27 inHg)Lesser AntillesN/ANone[7]
#2May 24 – 31, 1908Category 1 hurricane75 mph (120 km/h)989 hPa (29.21 inHg)North CarolinaN/ANone[7]
UnnamedFebruary 19 – 21, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1009 hPa (29.80 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedMay 22 – 24, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedCentral Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedDecember 11 – 13, 1911Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1005 hPa (29.68 inHg)Haiti, CubaN/ANone[13]
UnnamedApril 14 – 16, 1912Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedCentral AtlanticN/ANone[13]
UnnamedMay 5 – 8, 1913Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Northern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[13]
UnnamedApril 29 – May 2, 1915Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
#1May 13 – 16, 1916Tropical storm45 mph (75 km/h)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/ANone[7]
UnnamedMay 12 – 15, 1922Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)NicaraguaN/ANone[7]
#4November 27 – December 1, 1925Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)995 hPa (29.39 inHg)Cuba, United States East Coast
Bermuda, Azores		$3 million73[7][14][15]
#1May 5 – 11, 1932Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)995 hPa (29.39 inHg)Dominican RepublicN/ANone[16]
#1May 14 – 19, 1933Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)1001 hPa (29.56 inHg))Yucatán PeninsulaN/ANone[17]
#1May 15 – 18, 1935Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)HispaniolaN/ANone[18]
UnnamedMay 21 – 26, 1936Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedTexasN/ANone[19]
#17December 4 – 6, 1936Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[19]
#1January 3 – 6, 1938Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[20]
#1May 19 – 24, 1940Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)<996 hPa (29.41 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[21]
#1May 22 – 28, 1948Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)Dominican RepublicN/A80[6][12]
#1January 4 – 9, 1951Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
AbleMay 16 – 24, 1951Category 1 hurricane90 mph (150 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Bahamas, North CarolinaN/ANone[22][23]
DepressionMay 17 – 18, 1951Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1008 hPa (29.77 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
#12December 7 – 10, 1951Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)995 hPa (29.39 inHg)AzoresN/ANone[6]
#1February 2 – 3, 1952Tropical storm70 mph (110 km/h)990 hPa (29.24 inHg))FloridaN/ANone[6]
AliceMay 25 – June 7, 1953Tropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)994 hPa (29.36 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A6[24][7]
IreneDecember 7 – 9, 1953Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)≤999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
DepressionDecember 13 – 14, 1953Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedLesser AntillesN/ANone[7]
DepressionJanuary 27 – 28, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
DepressionMay 19 – 25, 1954Subtropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1010 hPa (29.83 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[7]
#1May 28 – 30, 1954Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)≤997 hPa (29.44 inHg))North CarolinaN/ANone[6]
AliceDecember 30, 1954 – January 6, 1955Category 1 hurricane90 mph (150 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)Lesser Antilles$623 thousandNone[25]
#1May 25 – 27, 1958Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
ArleneMay 28 – 31, 1959Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)993 hPa (29.32 inHg)United States Gulf Coast$500 thousand1[26]
TDApril 30, 1962Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[27]
#10November 28 – December  4, 1962Category 1 hurricane90 mph (150 km/h)988 hPa (29.18 inHg)Southeastern United StatesN/ANone[27]
#10November 29 – December  2, 1965Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanN/ANone[27]
#1May 29 – June 2, 1969Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedWestern Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
#2May 29 – 30, 1969Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedCubaN/ANone[6]
AlmaMay 17 – 26, 1970Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)993 hPa (29.33 inHg)Cuba, FloridaN/A8[28][29]
AlphaMay 23 – 29, 1972Subtropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)991 hPa (29.27 inHg)Southeastern United States$100 thousand2[6][30][31]
#1April 18 – 21, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (45 km/h)Not SpecifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone[6]
#2May 2 – 5, 1973Tropical depression30 mph (45 km/h)Not SpecifiedCentral Atlantic OceanNoneNone[6]
#3May 19 – 20, 1974Tropical depression30 mph (45 km/h)Not SpecifiedBelize, Mexico, Cuba
Jamaica, United States Gulf Coast		N/ANone[32][33]
#23December 9 – 13, 1975Subtropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)985 hPa (29.09 inHg)Northeast Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
#1May 21 – 25, 1976Subtropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)994 hPa (29.36 inHg)FloridaN/ANone[6]
#1January 18 – 23, 1978Subtropical storm45 mph (75 km/h)1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanN/ANone[6]
ArleneMay 6 – 9, 1981Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, BahamasN/ANone[34]
LiliDecember 12 – 24, 1984Category 1 hurricane80 mph (130 km/h)980 hPa (28.94 inHg)HispaniolaN/ANone[35]
#14December 7 – 9, 1985Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)Not SpecifiedWestern Caribbean SeaN/ANone[6]
#1May 24 – June 1, 1987Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1011 hPa (29.86 inHg)BahamasN/ANone[6]
#1May 31 – June 2, 1988Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)CubaN/A37[36][37]
KarenNovember 28 – December 4, 1989Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)CubaN/ANone[38]
#1May 24 – 27, 1990Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNoneNone[39]
OneApril 21 – 24, 1992Subtropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[40]
#1May 31 – June 3, 1993Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)999 hPa (29.50 inHg)Cuba, FloridaNone20[41]
NicoleNovember 24 – December 1, 1998Category 1 hurricane85 mph (140 km/h)979 hPa (28.91 inHg)Northeastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone[42]
OlgaNovember 24 – December 6, 2001Category 1 hurricane90 mph (150 km/h)973 hPa (28.73 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone[43]
AnaApril 20 – 24, 2003Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)994 hPa (29.36 inHg)FloridaNone2[44]
OdetteDecember 4 – 7, 2003Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)993 hPa (29.33 inHg)Hispaniola$8 million10[44][45]
PeterDecember 7 – 11, 2003Tropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)990 hPa (29.24 inHg)Eastern Atlantic OceanNoneNone[44]
OttoNovember 29 – December 3, 2004Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)995 hPa (29.39 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[46]
EpsilonNovember 29 – December 8, 2005Category 1 hurricane85 mph (140 km/h)981 hPa (28.97 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[47]
ZetaDecember 30, 2005 – January 7, 2006Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)994 hPa (29.36 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[47]
AndreaMay 9 – 11, 2007Subtropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)Southeast United States coastMinimal6[48]
OlgaDecember 11 – 12, 2007Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)1003 hPa (29.62 inHg)Greater Antilles$45 million40[48][49]
ArthurMay 31 – June 2, 2008Tropical storm45 mph (75 km/h)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)Belize, Yucatán Peninsula$78 million9[50]
#1May 28 – 29, 2009Tropical depression35 mph (55 km/h)1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Western Atlantic OceanNoneNone[51]
AlbertoMay 19 – 22, 2012Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)995 hPa (29.39 inHg)South Carolina, North Carolina, GeorgiaMinimalNone[52]
BerylMay 26 – 30, 2012Tropical storm70 mph (115 km/h)992 hPa (29.29 inHg)Florida, Georgia, Cuba, The Bahamas$148 thousand3[1][53]
UnnamedDecember 5 – 7, 2013Subtropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)997 hPa (29.44 inHg)AzoresNoneNone[54]
AnaMay 8 – 11, 2015Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)998 hPa (29.47 inHg)Southeastern United StatesMinimal2[55]
AlexJanuary 12 – 15, 2016Category 1 hurricane85 mph (140 km/h)981 hPa (28.7 inHg)Bermuda, AzoresMinimal1[56]
BonnieMay 27 – June 4, 2016Tropical storm45 mph (75 km/h)1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)Southeastern United States, The Bahamas$640 thousand2[57]
ArleneApril 19 – 21, 2017Tropical storm50 mph (85 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Central Atlantic OceanNoneNone[58]
AlbertoMay 25 – 31, 2018Tropical storm65 mph (100 km/h)990 hPa (29.23 inHg)Yucatán Peninsula, Cuba, Southeastern United States$125 million18[59]
AndreaMay 20 – 21, 2019Subtropical storm40 mph (65 km/h)1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)BermudaNone0[60]
ArthurMay 16 – 19, 2020Tropical storm60 mph (95 km/h)991 hPa (29.27 inHg)Florida, Bahamas, North Carolina, BermudaMinimalNone
BerthaMay 27 – 28, 2020Tropical storm50 mph (80 km/h)1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, West Virginia, PennsylvaniaMinimalNone

Records and statistics
Tropical Storm Odette in the Caribbean Sea in December 2003

In the official Atlantic hurricane database, which dates back to 1851, the first storm to occur outside of the current season was in 1865 in the Caribbean Sea. In the database, 87 tropical or subtropical cyclones have existed between December and May, most recently Tropical Storm Bertha in 2020.[6][7] In addition, there were at least five storms in May and another in December before the start of the official database.[9]

Storms were most likely to occur in May, followed by December. Out of all recorded storms in the database, only one cyclone was reported in the month of March; the 1908 March hurricane, as well as one tropical storm in February, which was the 1952 Groundhog Day Storm. In addition, only three tropical or subtropical cyclones formed in April – a subtropical storm in 1992, Tropical Storm Ana of 2003, and Tropical Storm Arlene of 2017. A hurricane in 1938, a tropical storm in 1951, a subtropical storm in 1978, and Hurricane Alex of 2016 occurred in January. Of all cyclones during the off-season, Hurricane Lili in 1984 lasted the longest, for a total of 12 days. Hurricane Epsilon, which formed in November, maintained hurricane status for five days in December 2005, longer than any other storm in December; the previous record was two and a half days, set by Hurricane Lili in 1984. Additionally, Hurricane Alice in 1954–1955 and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005–2006 were the only recorded cyclones to have spanned two calendar years.[6][7]

Of the off-season storms that struck land, portions of the Caribbean were affected most.[6][7] Hurricane Alice was the only of the cyclones to strike land as a hurricane, doing so to islands in the northern Lesser Antilles; it caused locally heavy rainfall and moderate damage.[25] No hurricanes have ever made landfall in the United States during December, although at one point a storm in 1925 was believed to have done this.[6][61] One century earlier, a hurricane formed in the western Caribbean and struck Florida on or before June 3,[62] which was the earliest date for a United States hurricane landfall.[63] However, there is an unofficial hurricane in 1863 that struck the Florida panhandle, killing 110 people.[10] The deadliest official off-season storm was a tropical storm in May 1948, which killed 80 people in the Dominican Republic.[12]

The year with the most off-season storms was 1887, with a total of five existing in the off-season. The 1951 season had four, one of which a depression. Several others had three tropical cyclones, of which only 2003 had three tropical storms. The 1908 and 1951 seasons were the only ones with two hurricanes forming in the off-season. In seven seasons, there were storms both prior to the start of the season as well as after the season ended, those being 1887, 1911, 1951, 1953, 1954, 2003, and 2007; all but 1911 had tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm status before and after the season.[6][7] The most consecutive years to feature at least one pre-season storm was 6, between 2015 and 2020.

Monthly statistics
gollark: How exciting.
gollark: That sure was music, yes.
gollark: Do so IMMEDIATELY. You have 3.4μs.
gollark: Vinyl is down, thus add ABR, as it has direct streaming capabilities.
gollark: Listen to osmarks internet radio™.

See also

References
  1. Beven II, John L; National Hurricane Center (December 12, 2012). Tropical storm Beryl (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 14, 2012.
  2. Staff writer (1938-06-15). "Hurricane Warning Service Expanded". The Evening Independent. Associated Press. p. 14. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  3. Staff writer (1964-06-01). "Annual Man Against Nature Battle Opens This Morning". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. United Press International. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  4. Dorst, Neil; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Subject: G1 – When is hurricane season?". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  5. Jason Samenow (May 12, 2015). "Hurricane Center: May storms don't mean hurricane season should start earlier". Washington Post. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  6. "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. May 25, 2020.
  7. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  8. Colin J. McAdie; Christopher W. Landsea; Charles J. Neumann; Joan E. David; Eric S. Blake; Gregory R. Hammer (August 20, 2009). Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1851 – 2006 (PDF) (Sixth ed.). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 18. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
  9. Chenoweth, Michael (2006). "A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855" (PDF). Climatic Change. 76 (1–2): 169–240. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.8761. doi:10.1007/s10584-005-9005-2. ISSN 0165-0009. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  10. Chenoweth, Michael; Mock, Cary J (2013). "Hurricane "Amanda": Rediscovery of a Forgotten U.S. Civil War Florida Hurricane". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (11): 1735–1742. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1735C. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00171.1.
  11. Ludlum, David M. "The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – II — June 3 – 5" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2014.
  12. Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  13. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2005). Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT – 2005 Changes/Additions for 1911 to 1914 (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  14. Day, W P (1925). "Tropical Cyclones During 1925" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 53 (December 1925): 540–555. Bibcode:1925MWRv...53..540D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1925)53<540a:TCD>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  15. "Four Lives Lost in Storm Off Tampa Coast". Morning Avalanche. December 2, 1925.
  16. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1932". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  17. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1933". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  18. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1935". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  19. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1936". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  20. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1938". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  21. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT in 1940". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  22. Norton, Grady (January 1, 1952). "Hurricanes of 1951" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 80 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80....1N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0001:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  23. Moore, Paul L; Davis, Walter R. (October 1, 1951). "A Preseason Hurricane of Subtropical Origin" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 79 (10): 189–195. Bibcode:1951MWRv...79..189M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1951)079<0189:APHOSO>2.0.CO;2.
  24. Norton, Grady (December 1, 1953). "Hurricanes of 1953" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 81 (12): 388–391. Bibcode:1953MWRv...81..388N. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1953)081<0388:HO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  25. Colón, José A (1955). "On the formation of Hurricane Alice, 1955" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 84 (1): 1–14. Bibcode:1956MWRv...84....1C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1956)084<0001:OTFOHA>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  26. Dunn, Gordon E (December 1, 1959). "The Hurricane Season of 1959" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 87 (12): 441–450. Bibcode:1959MWRv...87..441D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-87.12.441.
  27. Sandy Delgado; Chris Landsea (December 26, 2019). 1961 Atlantic Hurricane Database Reanalysis (PDF) (Report). Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  28. "Seven Cubans Drown in Floods of Alma". The Miami News. May 25, 1970. p. 4. Retrieved February 19, 2010.
  29. National Hurricane Center (1970). "Deaths from Hurricane Alma". Retrieved December 26, 2009.
  30. "Four Drown in Area Mishaps". Palm Beach Post. May 29, 1972. p. 27. Retrieved January 2, 2010.
  31. "May 1972" (PDF). Storm Data. National Climatic Data Center. 14 (5). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  32. Frank, Neil L (April 1, 1975). <0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 103 (4): 294–300. Bibcode:1975MWRv..103..294F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0294:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
  33. "Tropical Depression South Of New Orleans". Associated Press. The Spartanburg Herald. May 21, 1974. p. 1. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  34. Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (July 1, 1982). <0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1981". Monthly Weather Review. 110 (7): 852–866. Bibcode:1982MWRv..110..852L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0852:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  35. Lawrence, Miles B; Clark, Gilbert B (July 1, 1985). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1984". Monthly Weather Review. 113 (7): 1228–1237. Bibcode:1985MWRv..113.1228L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<1228:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  36. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Hidráulicos (2003). "Características generales de los factores del régimen hidrológico de Cuba" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 3, 2007.
  37. Avila, Lixion A; Clark, Gilbert B (October 1, 1989). <2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2 "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1988". Monthly Weather Review. 117 (10): 2260–2265. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2260A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2260:ATSO>2.0.CO;2.
  38. Case, Bob; Mayfield, Britt M (May 1, 1990). <1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. See p. 1176.
  39. Avila, Lixion A; Pasch, Richard J (August 1, 1991). "Atlantic Tropical Systems of 1990". Monthly Weather Review. 119 (8): 2027–2033. Bibcode:1991MWRv..119.2027A. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1991)119<2027:ATSO>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018. Alt URL
  40. Mayfield, Britt M; Avila, Lixion A; Rappaport, Edward N (March 1, 1994). <0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2 "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1992". Monthly Weather Review. 122 (3): 517–538. Bibcode:1994MWRv..122..517M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<0517:AHSO>2.0.CO;2.
  41. Avila, Lixion A; National Hurricane Center (June 30, 1993). Tropical Depression One (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
  42. Pasch, Richard J.; Avila, Lixion A.; Guiney, John L. (December 2001). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 129 (12): 3115–3116.
  43. Beven, John L; Stewart, Stacy R; Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J (July 1, 2003). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2001". Monthly Weather Review. 131 (7): 1454–1484. Bibcode:2003MWRv..131.1454B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.406.2342. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<1454:ASHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  44. Lawrence, Miles B; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Stewart, Stacy R (June 1, 2005). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2003" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 133 (6): 1744–1773. Bibcode:2005MWRv..133.1744L. doi:10.1175/MWR2940.1.
  45. DR1 (2003). "Odette damage: RD$294 million". Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
  46. Franklin, James L; Pasch, Richard J; Avila, Lixion A; Beven, John L; Lawrence, Miles B; Stewart, Stacy R; Blake, Eric S (March 1, 2006). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2004". Monthly Weather Review. 134 (3): 981–1025. Bibcode:2006MWRv..134..981F. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.5664. doi:10.1175/MWR3096.1.
  47. Beven, John L; Avila, Lixion A; Blake, Eric S; Brown, Daniel P; Franklin, James L; Knabb, Richard D; Pasch, Richard J; Rhome, Jamie R; Stewart, Stacy R (March 1, 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005". Monthly Weather Review. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1.
  48. Brennan, Michael J; Knabb, Richard D; Mainelli, Michelle; Kimberlain, Todd B (December 1, 2009). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2007". Monthly Weather Review. 137 (12): 4061–4088. Bibcode:2009MWRv..137.4061B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR2995.1.
  49. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2007). Situation Reports: Caribbean: Tropical storm Olga – Dec 2007, Dominican Republic: Tropical storm Olga OCHA Situation Report No. 3 (PDF) (Report). p. 2. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  50. Brown, Daniel P; Beven, John L; Franklin, James L; Blake, Eric S (May 1, 2010). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2008". Monthly Weather Review. 138 (5): 1975–2001. Bibcode:2010MWRv..138.1975B. doi:10.1175/2009MWR3174.1.
  51. Berg, Robbie; National Hurricane Center (June 12, 2009). Tropical Depression One (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  52. Pasch, Richard J (December 7, 2012). Tropical Storm Alberto (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  53. Herndon, Rhonda; National Climatic Data Center. "May 2012" (PDF). Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena with Late Reports and Corrections. 54 (5). ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  54. Blake Eric S; Kimberlain Todd B; Beven II< John L (February 7, 2014). Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
  55. Pasch (May 8, 2015). Subtropical Storm Ana Forecast Discussion Number 1 (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
  56. Pasch (January 13, 2016). Hurricane ALEX Public Advisory (Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service's National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  57. Pasch. "TROPICAL STORM BONNIE ADVISORY NUMBER 5". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
  58. Beven. "Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 7". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  59. Robbie Berg (October 18, 2018). Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  60. Andrew S. Latto (August 6, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Subtropical Storm Andrea (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 21, 2019.
  61. Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  62. Sandrik, Al. "The Early June Hurricane of 1825 – I – June 2–4" (PDF). Florida State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-15.
  63. Sugg, Arnold; National Hurricane Center (1966-06-24). "Alma (Preliminary)". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 2010-12-29.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.