List of gendarmeries

A gendarmerie or gendarmery is a military component with jurisdiction in civil law enforcement. The term maréchaussée (or marshalcy) may also be used (e.g., Royal Marechaussee) but is now uncommon.

  Countries with a gendarmerie

  Countries that formerly had a gendarmerie

  Countries with a nominal gendarmerie

Although pioneered in France, the concept of a gendarmerie was adopted by several other European nations during the Napoleonic Wars.[1] It remains an integral part of the military establishment in most Francophone states and territories.[1] A somewhat related phenomenon has been the formation of paramilitary units which fall under the authority of civilian police agencies. Since these are not strictly military forces, however, they are not considered gendarmerie.[2]

List of active gendarmeries

Country or territory	Image	English name	Native-language name	Notes	Refs.
Algeria		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale (الدرك الوطني)
Argentina		Argentine National Gendarmerie	Gendarmería Nacional Argentina
		Argentine Naval Prefecture	Prefectura Naval Argentina
Armenia		Police Troops	Ոստիկանության զորքեր (Vostikanutyan zorqer)
		Armenian Border Guard
Azerbaijan		Internal Troops of Azerbaijan	Azərbaycan Respublikası Daxili Qoşunları
Bahrain		National Guard	الحرس الوطني
		Public Security Forces
Bangladesh		Village Defence Party					Bangladesh Ansar
Belarus		Internal Troops	Belarusian: Унутраныя войскі (Unutranyja vojski) Russian: Внутренние войска (Vnutrennie voyska)
		State Border Committee of the Republic of Belarus
Benin		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Bhutan		Royal Bhutan Police
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska)		Gendarmerie of Republika Srpska	Жандармерија Републике Српске Žandarmerija Republike Srpske	Bosnia and Herzegovina has two major entity-level ministries of interior, so only Republika Srpska has gendarmerie type unit formed on September 2019.
Brazil		Military Police	Polícia Militar	Brazilian states have their own gendarmeries and federal government has a National Public Security Force, a department formed with personal from states' Military Police Forces, Military Firefighters Corps and Civil Police.
Burkina Faso		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Burundi		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Cambodia		Royal Gendarmerie of Cambodia	កងរាជអាវុធហត្ថ
Cameroon		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Canada		Royal Canadian Mounted Police	Gendarmerie royale du Canada
		Canadian Forces Military Police	Police militaire des Forces canadiennes	Sworn as peace officers who can arrest civilians on military bases.
Central African Republic		Gendarmerie
Chad		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Chile		Carabineros of Chile	Carabineros de Chile	The police of streets, roads and borders.
		Chilean Gendarmerie	Gendarmería de Chile	The police of prisons and courts of justice. The national prison service of Chile.
China		People's Armed Police	Zhōngguó Rénmín Wǔzhuāng Jǐngchá Bùduì (中国人民武装警察部队)	The PAP perform military-civilian police duties. The PAP is a component of the Paramilitary forces of China.
Colombia		Corps of Carabiners Mobile Carabinier Squadrons	Cuerpo de Carabineros Escuadrones Móviles de Carabineros
Comoros		Gendarmerie
Djibouti		Djiboutian National Gendarmerie
Egypt		Central Security Forces		A separate force known as the Egyptian Gendarmerie was created in 1882 and continued in existence until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952. In 2014 it was announced that the Gendarmerie were to be recreated, initially for policing and security duties in certain districts of Cairo.
France		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
		Maritime Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Maritime	The maritime coast guard wing of the National Gendarmerie.
		National Guard	Garde nationale
Gabon		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Guinea		Gendarmerie
Guinea-Bissau		National Guard	Guarda Nacional	Created in 2010 through the merger of several former security agencies. Modeled on the Portuguese National Republican Guard and other similar organizations.
India		Assam Rifles
		Border Security Force
		Central Industrial Security Force
		Central Reserve Police Force
		Indo-Tibetan Border Police
		Sashastra Seema Bal
		Special Frontier Force		The Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Sashastra Seema Bal and Special Frontier Force are components of the paramilitary forces of India. The Central Reserve Police Force, including its specialized wing the Rapid Action Force.
Iran		Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iraq		National Police		Not to be confused with civilian Iraqi Police Service, although at present both are highly militarized.
		Facilities Protection Service
Iraqi Kurdistan		Zeravani
Israel		Israel Border Police	Mishmar HaGvul (משמר הגבול)
Italy		Corps of Carabineers	Arma dei Carabinier	The Carabinieri is a component of the Italian Armed Forces.
		Finance Guard/ Customs	Guardia di Finanza
Ivory Coast		Gendarmerie
Jordan		General Directorate of Gendarmerie	General Directorate of Gendarmerie (قوات الدرك الأردني)
Kuwait		National Guard	الحرس الوطني الكويتي
Lebanon		Internal Security Forces	Internal Security Forces - ISF (قوى الأمن الداخلي)	Nicknamed "El Darak"
Lithuania		Public Safety Service	Viešojo saugumo tarnyba
Madagascar		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Mali		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Malaysia		Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency
Mauritania		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
		National Guard
Mauritius		Special Mobile Force		Armed paramilitary wing of the Mauritius Police Force
Mexico		National Guard	Guardia Nacional	The National Guard was created in 2019 by merging the Federal Police (including the National Gendarmerie).
Moldova		Carabinier Troops	Trupele de Carabinieri
		Moldovan Border Police
Monaco		Prince's Company of Carabiniers	Compagnie des Carabiniers du Prince	The Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers provide an armed support service.
Mongolia		National Police Agency
Morocco		Royal Moroccan Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Royale (الدرك الملكي)
		Auxiliary Forces
Netherlands		Royal Marechaussee	Koninklijke Marechaussee
Nicaragua		National Police of Nicaragua
Niger		National Gendarmerie
		National Guard of Niger
Nigeria		Nigerian Mobile Police		Armed paramilitary wing of the Nigerian Police Force
		Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps
Pakistan		Balochistan Levies		The Balochistan Levies are a paramilitary force in the Pakistani province of Balochistan.
		Frontier Constabulary		The Frontier Constabulary is a component of the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.
		Frontier Corps		The Frontier Corps are a component of the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.
		Gilgit Baltistan Scouts		The Gilgit Baltistan Scouts are a component of the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.
		Kharan Rifles		The Kharan Rifles are a paramilitary unit of the Pakistan federal government.
		Malakand Levies		The Malakand Levies are a paramilitary force in the Pakistani province of Pakhtunkhwa, Malakand Division.
		National Guard of Pakistan		The Pakistan National Guard is a paramilitary reserve unit of the Pakistan Army.
		Pakistan Rangers		The Pakistan Ranges are paramilitary law enforcement organisation. The Pakistan Rangers are a component of the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.
Poland		Military Gendarmerie	Żandarmeria Wojskowa
Portugal		National Republican Guard	Guarda Nacional Republicana
Romania		Romanian Gendarmerie	Jandarmeria Română
Qatar		Internal Security Force	لخويا
Russia		Military Police	Военная полиция
		Russian National Guard
		National Guard Naval Service Corps		Naval, coast guard and water police service of the Russian National Guard.
		OMON		Paramilitary gendarmerie, riot police units of the Russian National Guard and Police of Russia.
San Marino		Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino	Gendarmeria
Senegal		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Serbia		Gendarmery	Žandarmerija (Жандармерија)
Spain		Civil Guard	Guardia Civil
Switzerland		Border Guard Corps Federal Office of Police		Both have civilian status. (The cantonal police of the French-speaking cantons are called gendarmerie, but do not fit any of the criteria.)
Tajikistan		Internal Troops	Қӯшунҳои дохилӣ
Togo		National Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Nationale
Tunisia		National Guard	Garde Nationale
Turkey		Gendarmerie General Command	Jandarma Genel Komutanlığı
Turkmenistan		Internal Troops	Türkmenistanyň içeri işler edaralarynyň işgärlerine
		State Border Service of Turkmenistan
Ukraine		National Guard	Національна гвардія України (Natsionalna hvardiia Ukrainy)
		State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
Vatican City		Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City	Corpo della Gendarmeria dello Stato della Città del Vaticano	General responsibility for security and public order which encompasses all regular police duties, including border control, crime prevention and investigation, and enforcement of financial and commercial regulations.
Vanuatu		Vanuatu Mobile Force
Vietnam		Vietnam People's Public Security	Công an Nhân dân Việt Nam
Yemen		Special Security Forces
Europe		European Gendarmerie Force	French: Force de gendarmerie européenne Italian: Forza di Gendarmeria Europea Portuguese: Força de Gendarmerie Europeia Spanish: Fuerza de Gendarmería Europea	Formed by seven members of the European Union: France, Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, and Spain. The European Gendarmerie Force was created as an intervention force at the service of the EU, the NATO, the UN, the OSCE, or other “ad hoc” alliances. It is characterized by its robustness, and quick deployability, and it specializes in the management of crisis areas. Lithuania is currently a Partner Member, and Turkey has Observer status.[3]

List of former gendarmeries

Country or territory	English name	Native-language name	Formed	Disbanded	Notes	Refs.
Afghanistan	Defenders of the Revolution	Sarandoy	~1980	~1988	Formed and employed under the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Albania
	International Gendarmerie		1913	1914
	Royal Albanian Gendarmerie	Xhandarmëria Mbretërore e Shqipëris	1924	~1939	Formed as a counterweight to the Royal Albanian Army, it employed British advisors on its staff and with the units
	Royal Border Guard		1929	1939	The Royal Border Guards were a component of the Royal Albanian Army
Australia	Australian native police
Austria	Federal Gendarmerie	Bundesgendarmerie	1849	2005	Dissolved under occupation from 1938 to 1945. Merged with other agencies to form new Bundespolizei in 2005
	B-Gendarmerie		1949	1955
Azerbaijan	Special Purpose Police Unit		1990	1995
Belgium	Belgian Gendarmerie	French: Gendarmerie Dutch: Rijkswacht	1796	2001	Was formed under French rule in what now is Belgian territory, even before the establishment of Belgium itself (1830). Merged with federal and local police to form a new policing system
	Garde Civique		1830	1920
Belarus	Byelorussian Auxiliary Police		1941	1944
Belgian Congo	Force Publique		1886	1960
Bulgaria	Bulgarian Gendarmerie	Zhandarmeriya			The Bulgarian Gendarmerie was disbanded by the country's General Directorate of Police, and its personnel were absorbed into various specialized police units.
Canada	North-West Mounted Police		1873	1920
China	Green Standard Army		1644	1912
Colombia	National Gendarmerie Corps	Cuerpo de Gendarmeria Nacional	1906	1909	Created to function decentralized from the National Police command and more militarized regime, managed by the Ministry of War. In 1909 General Jorge Holguín suppressed the National Gendarmerie Corps and gave the provincial governors the authority to organize police services at their own will
Costa Rica	Costa Rican Civil Guard	Guardia Civil de Costa Rica	1949	1996
Cyprus	Cyprus Military Police		1880	1935
Czechoslovakia	Czechoslovakian Gendarmerie	Československé četnictvo	1918	1942	Managed by the Ministry of Interior. In 1942 merged with police and fire brigades. After the liberation in 1945 created a unified police force—the Corps of National Security (SNB)—that amalgamated gendarmerie, police and intelligence.
	State Defence Guard		1936	1939
Cretan State	Cretan Gendarmerie	Κρητική Χωροφυλακή, Kritiki Chorofylaki	1899	1916
Denmark	Border Gendarmerie	Grænsegendarmeriet	1838	1958
	The Blue Gendarms	De Blå Gendarmer	1885	1897
	The Royal Danish West Indies Gendarmerie Corps	Det Kongelige Dansk Vestindiske Gendarmerikorps	1907	1917
Dutch East Indies	Marshal Corps On Foot	Korps Marechaussee te voet	1890	1942
El Salvador	National Guard	Guardia Nacional	1912	1922
Estonia	Estonian Border Guard	Eesti Piirivalve	1922	2010
	Estonian Auxiliary Police		1941	1944
Ethiopia	Ethiopian Gendarmery	Zabagna	1916	1936	Included the Kebur Zabagna Imperial Guard
Vichy France	Moblie Reserve Groups	Group Mobile de Réserve	1941	1944
Gambia	Gambia Constabulary		1866	1965
	Gambia Regiment		1901	1958
Georgia	Internal Troops of Georgia		1991	2004
Germany
	Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie, Landjägerei, Landpolizei and other denominations	19th century	mid-20th century	Due to the distinctive autonomy of the German states, every state has his own history of establishing and denomination. In Prussia it was called Gendarmerie, in other states it was called Landjägerei, Dragoon corps or Hussar
	Federal Border Guards	Bundesgrenzschutz	1951	2005
German Empire	Feldgendarmerie		1866	1918	Military police units of the army of the Germany Empire.
Weimar Republic	Sicherheitspolizei		1919	1935
Nazi Germany	Feldgendarmerie		1933	1945	Military police units of the army of Nazi Germany.
	Sonderdienst		1940	1944
	Police Regiment Centre		1941	1942
	Auxiliary Police	Schutzmannschaft	1941	1944
East Germany	Barracked People's Police	Kasernierte Volkspolizei	1948	1956	The precursor of the East German Army
Greece
	Hellenic Gendarmerie	Ελληνική Χωροφυλακή, Elliniki Chorofylaki	1833	1984	Merged with the City Police and formed the current Hellenic Police
	Roman Legion		1941	1943
	Security Battalions		1943	1944
	National Guard Defence Battalions		1948	1982
Haiti	Gendarmerie of Haiti		1915	1928
	Tonton Macoute		1959	1986
Honduras	Gendarmerie of Honduras	Gendarmería de Honduras	1866	1882
Hungary	Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie	Magyar Királyi Csendőrség	1881	1945	Disbanded by the Interim National Government after WWII because Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie took part in the Holocaust by gathering the Hungarian Jews and giving them to the Nazi German forces.
Law Enforcement and Public Safety Service	Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat	2004	2008	Couple years after the fall of the communist regime, a new gendarmerie-type police force within the frameworks of the Hungarian National Police:, Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat was formed and existed between 2004 and 2008.
Indonesia	Indonesian National Police	Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia	1946	2000	For part of its history (1946–2000), it was a service branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces under the Department of Defense and Security. Since 2000 it operates as an independent civilian police under direct command of the President.
Iran	Islamic Republic of Iran Gendarmerie	ژاندارمری (Zhāndārmerī)	1979	1990	Persian Central Government Gendarmerie 1911–1921, Amniyeh Kol-e Mamlekati 1921-1943; GENMISH 1943-1957; State Gendarmerie 1957-1979; gendarmerie dissolved in 1990
	Qarasuran
Ireland	Royal Irish Constabulary[4]		1822	1922	Royal added to the name in 1867.[5]
	Criminal Investigation Department		1921	1923
Kingdom of Italy	Blackshirts		1923	1943
	Guardia alla Frontiera		1934	1954	The Guardia alla Frontiera was part of the Italian Army.
Italian East Africa	Italian African Police	Polizia dell'Africa Italiana	1936	1941	Operated throughout Italian East Africa
Italian colonies of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland	Zaptié		1889	1942
Italian Social Republic	National Republican Guard	Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana	1943	1945	Formed by the Italian Social Republic
	Black Brigades		1944	1945
Japan	Corps of Law Soldiers (lit)	Kempeitai	1881	1945	Part of the Imperial Japanese Army
	Naval Secret Police	Tokkeitai, 特警隊		1945	The Imperial Japanese Navy's military police, they were equivalent to the Imperial Japanese Army's Kempeitai. They were also the smallest military police service.
	Special Higher Police	(特別高等警察, Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu	1911	1945	Often shortened to Tokkō (特高, Tokkō ?), established specifically to investigate and control political groups and ideologies deemed to be a threat to public order. Its main function was as a civilian counterpart to the military's Kempeitai.
	National Police Reserve		1950	1952	National force in Japan until formation of JSDF and NPA
Kazakhstan	Internal Troops of Kazakhstan		1992	2014
Kingdom of Laos	Royal Lao Police		1949	1975
Latvia	Latvian Auxiliary Police		1941	1944
Lithuania	Lithuanian TDA Battalions		1941	1941	Predecessor to the Lithuanian Auxiliary Police
	Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions		1941	1944
	Lithuanian Security Police		1941	1944
Luxembourg	Grand Ducal Gendarmerie	Gendarmerie Grand-Ducale	1733	2000	Dissolved under Nazi occupation from 1940 to 1944. Merged on 1 January 2000 with local Police to form the new Grand Ducal Police
Mexico	Rural Guard	Guardia Rural	1861	1914	In modern Mexico, the name is applied to the part-time Rural Defence Corps.
	National Gendarmerie	Gendarmeria Nacional	1877	1970	It was a body that has militarized police functions whose jurisdiction in large urban areas.
Mongolia	Internal Troops of Mongolia		1995	2013
Portugal Mozambique (Portuguese Province)	Republican Guard of Lourenço Marques	Guarda Republicana de Lourenço Marques	1913	1924	Replaced both the former military Guarda Cívica (Civic Guard) and the Civil Police of Lourenço Marques.
	Police Guard of the Mozambique Company	Guarda Policial da Companhia de Moçambique	1914	1925	Military and police force of the territory under administration of the Mozambique Company (Territory of Manica and Sofala). Replaced by the Police Forces of the Mozambique Company (Forças Policiais da Companhia de Moçambique).
Northern Ireland, United kingdom	Royal Ulster Constabulary		1922	2001
	Ulster Special Constabulary		1920	1970
Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)	Northern Rhodesia Police		1889	1964
Norway	Statspolitiet		1941	1945
Ottoman Empire	Ottoman Gendarmerie		1869
Pakistan	Gilgit Scouts		1889	1975
	Swat Levies		1895
	Federal Security Force		1972	1977
	Mehran Force		1942	1995
Palestine (British Mandate)	British Gendarmerie		1920	1926	Replaced by the Transjordan Frontier Force on 1 April
Peru	Peruvian Gendarmerie	Gendarmería Nacional del Perú	1852	1924	Became the basis of the Civil Guard.
	Republican Guard			1991
Philippines	Guardia Civil en las Filipinas		1868	1898	The Guardia Civil en las Filipinas (Spanish) translated to the "Civil Guard in the Philippines" was the branch of the Civil Guard organised under the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines and a component of the Spanish Army.
	Philippine Constabulary	Hukbóng Pamayapà ng Pilipinas	1901	1991	Absorbed the Integrated National Police on 1 January 1991 to form the present-day Philippine National Police.
Poland	Border Protection Corps		1924	1939
	Internal Security Corps		1945	1965
	Territorial Defense Forces		1965	2008
	ZOMO		1956	1989
Portugal	Fiscal Guard	Guarda Fiscal	1885	1993	It was military force controlled by the Portuguese Ministry of Finance, responsible for the tax and customs law enforcement and border surveillance. In 1993, it became part of the National Republican Guard, as the Fiscal Brigade.
Portuguese India	Police and Supervion Corps of India	Corpo de Polícia e Fiscalização da Índia	1924	1946	Transformed in the entirely civilian Polícia do Estado da Índia (State of India Police) in 1946.
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)	British South African Police		1889	1980
Russia	Internal Troops of Russia		1992	2016
Russian Empire	Customs Guards		1782	1832	Under the regional authorities or, since 1802, Ministry of Finance
	Internal Guards (Russian Empire)		1811	1864	Part of the Russian Imperial Army. Special Corps of Internal Guards since 1816
	Border Guards		1832	1893	Under the Ministry of Finance
	Special Corps of Border Guards		1893	1918	Part of the Russian Imperial Army under the Ministry of Finance in peacetime
	Special Corps of Gendarmes	Отдельный корпус жандармов	1836	1917	Part of the Russian Imperial Army under the 3rd Section until 1880, under the Police Department of Russia afterwards
United States Occupation Zone of West Germany and Austria	United States Constabulary	-	1946	1952
Kingdom of Saxony	Feldgendarmerie		1810	1812	Military police units of the army of the kingdom of Saxony.
Serbia	Pećanac Chetniks		1941	1943
	Serbian Volunteer Corps		1941	1945
	Belgrade Special Police		1941	1945
	Serbian State Guard		1942	1945
	Special Police Units		1994	2001
South Africa	Natal Border Guard		1878	1879
	Cape Mounted Police		1882	1913
	South African Republic Police		1886	1902
	South African Constabulary		1900	1908
South West Africa (Namibia)	Koevoet		1979	1989	Light infantry, counter-insurgency branch of the South West African Police
Soviet Union	Internal Troops		1919	1991
	KGB Security Troops
	Soviet Border Troops		1918	1992
Spain	Carabineros		1829	1940
	Assault Guard	Guardia de Asalto	1932	1939
	National Republican Guard	Guardia Nacional Republicana	1936	1937
	Armed Police Corps		1939	1979
Syria	Syrian Gendarmerie		1921	1958	Formed by the French to combat local insurgencies,[6] and maintained as late as 1958.[7]
Thailand	Royal Siamese Provincial Gendarmerie		1897	1915	Formed in 1897 by Danish mercenaries, integrated with the Royal Thai Police in 1915.[8]
	Wild Tiger Corps		1911	1925
Ukraine	Free Cossacks		1917	1918
	Ukrainian People's Militia		1941	1941	Predecessor to the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
	Ukrainian Auxiliary Police		1941	1944
	Internal Troops of Ukraine		1992	2014
	Berkut		1992	2014
United States Indian Territory	Lighthorse	?			The name given by the Five Civilized Tribes of the United States to their mounted police force. The US Army's cavalry performed gendarme duties until the advent of law and order.
Vatican City	Corps of Gendarmes	Corpo della Gendarmeria	1816	1974	Replaced by a civilian Central Security Office which itself became the Corpo di Vigilanza dello Stato della Città del Vaticano
South Vietnam	Republic of Vietnam National Police		1962	1975
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	People's Defence Corps of Yugoslavia		1944	1953

See also

• Gendarmerie (disambiguation)
• Military Aid to the Civil Power
• Paramilitary
• Military police
• Police
• Carabinier
• Field Force
• National Guard (disambiguation)
• United States National Guard
• State Police (United States)
• Constabulary
• People's Armed Police
• Association of the European and Mediterranean Police Forces and Gendarmeries with Military Status

References

1. Lioe, Kim Eduard. Armed Forces in Law Enforcement Operations? - The German and European Perspective (1989 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-3-642-15433-1.
2. Kumar, Kuldeep. Police and Counterinsurgency: The Untold Story of Tripura's COIN Campaign (2016 ed.). SAGE Publications India. pp. 90–94. ISBN 978-9351507475.
3. Arcudi, Giovanni; Smith, Michael E. (2013). "The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?". European Security. 22: 1–20. doi:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511.
4. Emsley, Clive (1999), Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Oxford University Press, pp. 246–247, 267, ISBN 978-0-19-820798-6, Henry Goulburn...drafted a bill for a centralized, permanent armed constabulary linked to salaried police magistrates ... Even Grant condemned what he considered as an attempt ‘to place the whole of Ireland under an armed police, to subject it to a species of gendarmerie’.
5. Replaced by the Royal Ulster Constabulary and the Garda Síochána on the partition of Ireland in 1922
6. Deep, Daniel (2012). Occupying Syria Under the French Mandate: Insurgency, Space and State Formation. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. ISBN 978-1-107-00006-3.
7. Podeh, Elie (1999), The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise And Fall of the United Arab Republic, Sussex Academic Press, p. 54, ISBN 1-84519-146-3
8. Phraya Vasuthep: The Good Danish Soldier of Fortune