List of allergens

This is a list of allergies, which includes the allergen, potential reactions, and a brief description of the cause where applicable.

Allergens

Food

Main article: Food allergy

Name	Potential reaction(s)	Remarks
Balsam of Peru	Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters.	Present in many foods, such as coffee, flavored tea, wine, beer, gin, liqueurs, apéritifs (e.g. vermouth, bitters), soft drinks including cola, juice, citrus, citrus fruit peel, marmalade, tomatoes and tomato-containing products, Mexican and Italian foods with red sauces, ketchup, spices (e.g. cloves, Jamaica pepper (allspice), cinnamon, nutmeg, paprika, curry, anise, and ginger), chili sauce, barbecue sauce, chutney, pickles, pickled vegetables, chocolate, vanilla, baked goods and pastries, pudding, ice cream, chewing gum, and candy.
Buckwheat[1]	Asthma, rhinitis, pruritus, gastrointestinal disturbances, urticaria, angioedema, shock, anaphylaxis[2]	Allergenicity is highest in Japan and Korea.[3]It’s estimated that buckwheat causes 5% of all immediate-type allergic reaction cases (from food) in Japan.[4] Hazard extends to inhalation of milled flour particles (aeroallergen). Irrespective of the nomenclature, it is not a wheaten cereal; the name refers to it’s viability as a pseudocereal. Relating or conflating BW-allergy with wheat-allergy or Triticeae hypersensitivities should be avoided.[5]
Egg	Anaphylaxis, swelling, sometimes flatulence and vomiting	An allergic individual may not have any reaction to consuming food only prepared with yolk and not glair, or vice versa.
Fish	Respiratory reactions, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, sometimes vomiting	One of three allergies to seafood, not to be conflated with allergies to crustaceans and mollusks.[6] Fish allergy sufferers have a 50% likelihood of being cross reactive with another fish species,[7] but some individuals are only allergic to one species, such as; tilapia,[8] salmon, [6] or cod. A proper diagnosis is considered complicated due to these cross reactivity between fish species and other seafood allergies. [9] Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors or handling.[10]
Fruit	Mild itching, rash, generalized urticaria, oral allergy syndrome, abdominal pain, vomiting, anaphylaxis	Mango, strawberries, banana, [11] avocado, and kiwi are common problems.[12] Severe allergies to tomatoes have also been reported. [13][14] Stone fruits are highly cross-reactive with one another.[15]
Garlic	Dermatitis, asymmetrical pattern of fissure, thickening/shedding of the outer skin layers,[16] anaphylaxis
Hot peppers	Skin rash, hives, throat tightness, tongue swelling, possible vomiting
Oats	Dermatitis, respiratory problems, anaphylaxis
Maize	Hives, pallor, confusion, dizziness, stomach pain, swelling, vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea, cough, tightness in throat, wheezing, shortness of breath, anaphylaxis	Often a difficult allergy to manage due to the various food products which contain various forms of corn.
Milk[17]	Skin rash, hives, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, stomach pain, flatulence, nasal congestion, dermatitis, blisters, anaphylaxis	Not to be confused with lactose intolerance.[18]
Peanut[19]	Anaphylaxis and swelling, sometimes vomiting	Includes some cold-pressed peanut oils. Distinct from tree nut allergy, as peanuts are legumes.
Poultry Meat[20]	Hives, swelling of, or under the dermis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, severe oral allergy syndrome, shortness of breath, rarely anaphylactic shock	Very rare allergies to chicken, turkey, squab, and sometimes more mildly to other avian meats. Not to be confused with secondary reactions of bird-egg syndrome. The genuine allergy has no causal relationship with egg allergy, nor is there any close association with red meat allergy. Prevalence still unknown as of 2016.[21]
Red Meat[22]	Hives, swelling,[23] dermatitis, stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fainting, shortness of breath,[24] rarely anaphylaxis	Allergies to the sugar carbohydrate found in beef, venison, lamb, and pork called alpha-gal. It is brought on by tick bites.[25][26] Allergic reaction to pork is an exception, as it may also be caused by pork-cat syndrome instead of alpha-gal allergy.
Rice	Sneezing, runny nose, itching, stomachache, eczema.	People with a rice allergy can be affected by eating rice or breathing in rice steam.
Sesame	Possible respiratory, skin, and gastrointestinal reactions which can trigger serious systemic anaphylactic responses.[27][28]	By law, foods containing sesame must be labeled so in European Union, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[27] Increasing prevalence has lead to it being deemed the ninth most common food allergen in the United States in 2019. Highest prevalence by age was among 18-29 year olds and an estimated 80% of all sesame-allergic patients had a comorbid food allergy.[29] As of 2020 the US has yet to require labeling of products containing sesame.
Shellfish	Respiratory symptoms, Anaphylaxis, oral allergy syndrome, gastrointestinal symptoms, rhinitis, conjunctivitis	Shellfish allergies are highly cross reactive, but its prevalence is generally higher than that of fish allergy. As of 2018 six allergens have been identified to prawn alone; along with crab it's the major culprit of seafood anaphylaxis.[6] In reference to it as one of the “Big 8” [30] or “major 14” allergens it is sometimes specified as a “crustacean shellfish” allergy, or more simply, a “crustacean allergy”.[31][32] Sometimes it is conflated with an allergy to molluscan shellfish but complete tolerance to one but not the other isn't uncommon. Most usually, a mono-sensitive individual will experience a crustacean allergy alone with tolerance to mollusks, rather than vice versa.[6]
Soy	Anaphylaxis, asthma exacerbation, rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, hives, atopic dermatitis, swelling of, or under the dermis, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting	Overall is lower in prevalence than both peanut allergy & cow’s milk allergy. However, due to similar protein structures soya is a common cross-reactive allergen in both peanut-allergic individuals and milk-allergic individuals; especially infants.[33]
Sulfites	Hives, rash, redness of skin, headache (particular frontal), burning behind eyes, asthma-like breathing difficulties, anaphylaxis	Used as a preserving agent in many different foods, such as raisins, dried peaches, various other dried fruit, canned or frozen fruits and vegetables, wines, vinegars and processed meats.
Tartrazine	Skin irritation, hives, rash	Synthetic yellow food coloring, also used for bright green coloring
Tree nut[34]	Anaphylaxis, swelling, rash, hives, sometimes vomiting	Hazard extends to exposure to cooking vapors, or handling. Distinct from peanut allergy, as peanuts are legumes.
Wheat[35]	Eczema (atopic dermatitis), Hives, asthma, hay fever, angioedema, abdominal cramps, Celiac disease, diarrhea, temporary (3 or 4 day) mental incompetence, anemia, nausea, and vomiting[36]	Not to be confused with Celiac Disease or NCGS (Non Celiac Gluten Sensitivity). While wheat allergies are "true" allergies, Celiac Disease is an autoimmune disease.[37]

Medical

Main article: Drug allergy

Name	Possible reaction(s)	Remarks
Balsam of Peru	Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters.	Present in many drugs, such as hemorrhoid suppositories and ointment (e.g. Anusol), cough medicine/suppressant and lozenges, diaper rash ointments, oral and lip ointments, tincture of benzoin, wound spray (it has been reported to inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as the common ulcer-causing bacteria H. pylori in test-tube studies), calamine lotion, surgical dressings, dental cement, eugenol used by dentists, some periodontal impression materials, and in the treatment of dry socket in dentistry.
Tetracycline	Many, including: severe headache, dizziness, blurred vision, fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms, severe blistering, peeling, dark colored urine[38][39][40]
Dilantin	Many, including: swollen glands, easy bruising or bleeding, fever, sore throat[41][42][43]
Tegretol (carbamazepine)	Shortness of breath, wheezing or difficulty breathing, swelling of the face, lips, tongue etc., hives[44][45][46]
Penicillin	Diarrhea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria
Cephalosporins	Maculopapular or morbilliform skin eruption, and less commonly urticaria, eosinophilia, serum-sickness–like reactions, and anaphylaxis.[47]
Sulfonamides	Urinary tract disorders, haemopoietic disorders, porphyria and hypersensitivity reactions, Stevens–Johnson syndrome toxic epidermal necrolysis
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (cromolyn sodium, nedocromil sodium, etc.)	Many, including: swollen eyes, lips, or tongue, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate[48]
Intravenous contrast dye	Anaphylactoid reactions and contrast-induced nephropathy
Local anesthetics	Urticaria and rash, dyspnea, wheezing, flushing, cyanosis, tachycardia[49]

Environmental

Main article: Allergy § Other environmental factors

Name	Possible reaction(s)	Remarks
Balsam of Peru	Redness, swelling, itching, allergic contact dermatitis reactions, stomatitis (inflammation and soreness of the mouth or tongue), cheilitis (inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips, oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth), pruritus, hand eczema, generalized or resistant plantar dermatitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and blisters.	A number of national and international surveys have identified Balsam of Peru as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing patch test reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics.[50][51]
Pollen	Sneezing, body ache, headache (in rare cases, extremely painful cluster headaches may occur due to allergic sinusitis; these may leave a temporary time period of 1 and a half to 2 days with eye sensitivity), allergic conjunctivitis (includes watery, red, swelled, itchy, and irritating eyes), runny nose, irritation of the nose, nasal congestion, minor fatigue, chest pain and discomfort, coughing, sore throat, facial discomfort (feeling of stuffed face) due to allergic sinusitis, possible asthma attack, wheezing
Cat	Sneezing, itchy swollen eyes, rash, congestion, wheezing
Dog	Rash, sneezing, congestion, wheezing, vomiting from coughing, Sometimes itchy welts.	Caused by dander, saliva or urine of dogs, or by dust, pollen or other allergens that have been carried on the fur.[52] Allergy to dogs is present in as much as 10 percent of the population.[52]
Insect sting	Hives, wheezing, possible anaphylaxis	Possible from bee or wasp stings, or bites from mosquitoes or flies like Leptoconops torrens.
Mold	Sneeze, coughing, itchy, discharge from the nose, respiratory irritation, congested feeling,[53] joint aches, headaches, fatigue[54]
Perfume	Itchy eyes, runny nose, sore throat, headaches, muscle/joint pain, asthma attack, wheezing, chest pain, blisters
Cosmetics	Contact dermatitis,[55] irritant contact dermatitis, inflammation, redness,[56] conjunctivitis[57] ,sneezing
Semen	Burning, pain and swelling, possibly for days, swelling or blisters, vaginal redness,[58] fever, runny nose, extreme fatigue[59][60][61][62][63]	In a case study in Switzerland, a woman who was allergic to Balsam of Peru was allergic to her boyfriend's semen following intercourse, after he drank large amounts of Coca-Cola.[64]
Latex	Contact dermatitis, hypersensitivity
Water (see note)	Epidermal itching	Strictly aquagenic pruritus or aquagenic urticaria, but cold water may also cause cold urticaria
Cold stimuli	Hives, itching	Known as cold urticaria
House dust mite[65]	Asthma	Home allergen reduction may be recommended
Nickel (nickel sulfate hexahydrate)	Allergic contact dermatitis, dyshidrotic eczema[66][67]
Gold (gold sodium thiosulfate)	Allergic contact dermatitis
Chromium	Allergic contact dermatitis
Cobalt chloride	Allergic contact dermatitis
Formaldehyde	Allergic contact dermatitis
Photographic developers	Allergic contact dermatitis
Fungicide	Allergic contact dermatitis, fever, anaphylaxis

Contact

Many substances can cause an allergic reaction when in contact with the human integumentary system.

Contact allergens

Allergen	Source	Cross reacts with	Clinical presentation
Dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA)	Found within cocamidopropyl betaine in liquid soaps and shampoos		Eyelid dermatitis
Latex[nb 1]		Avocado Banana Chestnut Kiwi Passion fruit Peach Mango Pineapple Fig Cantaloupe Apple Papaya Ethylene-ripened fruits
Paraphenylenediamine (PPD)	Black hair dye Color developer Scuba gear Henna[nb 2]	Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) Azo dyes Sulfonamides Sulfonylureas Thiazides Ester anesthetics
Glyceryl monothioglycolate	Permanent hair waving solutions
Toluenesulfonamide formaldehyde (Toluidine)	Nail polish		Eyelid dermatitis

1. Risk factors for reaction to latex include spina bifida, family history of allergy to latex, or a personal history of allergies, asthma, or eczema
2. Paraphenylenediamine may be added to henna but is not found in pure henna.

See also

• Allergic inflammation
• Elimination diet
• Food intolerance
• Oral allergy syndrome
• List of inclusion bodies that aid in diagnosis of cutaneous conditions
• List of cutaneous conditions
• List of genes mutated in cutaneous conditions
• List of target antigens in pemphigus
• List of specialized glands within the human integumentary system

References

1. "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall | FARRP | Nebraska". farrp.unl.edu. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources FOOD ALLERGY RESEARCH AND RESOURCE PROGRAM. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
2. Sammut D, Dennison P, Venter C, Kurukulaaratchy RJ (November 2011). "Buckwheat allergy: a potential problem in 21st century Britain". BMJ Case Reports. 2011: bcr0920114882. doi:10.1136/bcr.09.2011.4882. PMC 3214221. PMID 22674117.
3. Yanagida N, Sato S, Takahashi K, Nagakura KI, Ogura K, Asaumi T, Ebisawa M (2017). "Reactions of Buckwheat-Hypersensitive Patients during Oral Food Challenge Are Rare, but Often Anaphylactic". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 172 (2): 116–122. doi:10.1159/000456008. PMC 5452282. PMID 28268211.
4. Urisu A, Ebisawa M, Ito K, Aihara Y, Ito S, Mayumi M, et al. (September 2014). "Japanese Guideline for Food Allergy 2014". Allergology International. 63 (3): 399–419. doi:10.2332/allergolint.14-RAI-0770. PMID 25178179.
5. "Buckwheat - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester)". research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
6. Ruethers T, Taki AC, Johnston EB, Nugraha R, Le TT, Kalic T, et al. (August 2018). "Seafood allergy: A comprehensive review of fish and shellfish allergens". Molecular Immunology. 100: 28–57. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.008. PMID 29858102.
7. Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2010). "Food allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S116-25. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.028. PMID 20042231.
8. "JIACI · Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology". www.jiaci.org. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
9. Tong WS, Yuen AW, Wai CY, Leung NY, Chu KH, Leung PS (2018-10-08). "Diagnosis of fish and shellfish allergies". Journal of Asthma and Allergy. 11: 247–260. doi:10.2147/JAA.S142476. PMC 6181092. PMID 30323632.
10. Schroeder M. "Most common food allergies". USNEWS. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
11. Grob M, Reindl J, Vieths S, Wüthrich B, Ballmer-Weber BK (November 2002). "Heterogeneity of banana allergy: characterization of allergens in banana-allergic patients". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 89 (5): 513–6. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62090-X. PMID 12452211.
12. "Banana - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester)". research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
13. "Tomato - allergy information (InformAll: Communicating about Food Allergies - University of Manchester)". research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
14. Zacharisen MC, Elms NP, Kurup VP (2002). "Severe tomato allergy (Lycopersicon esculentum)". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 23 (2): 149–52. PMID 12001794.
15. Pastorello EA, Ortolani C, Farioli L, Pravettoni V, Ispano M, Borga A, et al. (October 1994). "Allergenic cross-reactivity among peach, apricot, plum, and cherry in patients with oral allergy syndrome: an in vivo and in vitro study". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 94 (4): 699–707. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(94)90177-5. PMID 7930303. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
16. Horn TD (2003). Dermatology. 2. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-323-02578-2.
17. National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics 2005 "Allergy Statistics". National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Archived from the original on 7 February 2006.
18. "Lactose Intolerance or Milk Allergy: What's the Difference?". EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
19. National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics 2005 Archived 2010-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
20. Kelso JM, Cockrell GE, Helm RM, Burks AW (July 1999). "Common allergens in avian meats". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 104 (1): 202–4. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70136-3. PMID 10400862.
21. Hemmer W, Klug C, Swoboda I (2016). "Update on the bird-egg syndrome and genuine poultry meat allergy". Allergo Journal International. 25 (3): 68–75. doi:10.1007/s40629-016-0108-2. PMC 4861744. PMID 27340614.
22. "Lone Star Tick Bite Might Trigger Red Meat Allergy: Study". MedlinePlus. 9 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 November 2012.
23. Moriarty M (18 July 2019). Freedman E (ed.). "UVA Researchers Look to Treat Allergic Reaction to Red Meat Caused by Ticks". WVIR-TV.
24. "Alpha-gal Allergy". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
25. "Rare Meat Allergy Caused By Tick Bites May Be On The Rise". NPR.org. 27 November 2012.
26. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-22. Retrieved 2013-01-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
27. "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall | FARRP | Nebraska".
28. Permaul P, Stutius LM, Sheehan WJ, Rangsithienchai P, Walter JE, Twarog FJ, et al. (2009). "Sesame allergy: role of specific IgE and skin-prick testing in predicting food challenge results". Allergy and Asthma Proceedings. 30 (6): 643–8. doi:10.2500/aap.2009.30.3294. PMC 3131114. PMID 20031010.
29. Presnell A. "SESAME NOW THE NINTH MOST COMMON FOOD ALLERGY IN THE UNITED STATES". aaaai. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
30. United States Public Law C. Food Allergen Labelling And Consumer Protection Act of 2004. Public Law 2004; 108-282:905-11.
31. "Allergenic Foods and their Allergens, with links to Informall | FARRP | Nebraska". farrp.unl.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
32. "List of 14 Allergens | Food Information | Food Legislation | Legislation | The Food Safety Authority of Ireland". www.fsai.ie. Retrieved 2019-12-26.
33. Kattan JD, Cocco RR, Järvinen KM (April 2011). "Milk and soy allergy". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 58 (2): 407–26, x. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2011.02.005. PMC 3070118. PMID 21453810.
34. National Institutes of Health, NIAID Allergy Statistics "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-04-06. Retrieved 2011-12-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
35. Akagawa M, Handoyo T, Ishii T, Kumazawa S, Morita N, Suyama K (August 2007). "Proteomic analysis of wheat flour allergens". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 55 (17): 6863–70. doi:10.1021/jf070843a. PMID 17655322.
36. "Allergy Society of South Africa – Wheat Allergy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
37. "Everything You Should Know About Wheat Allergy Diagnosis and Treatment". Verywell. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
38. Tetracycline – Drugs.com
39. Allergies From Antibiotics |LIVESTRONG.COM
40. Allergies From Antibiotics |LIVESTRONG.COM
41. Dilantin Information from Drugs.com
42. What are the most serious side effects of Dilantin?: Basic |Epilepsy.com Archived 2011-12-25 at the Wayback Machine
43. "Anticonvulsant Drug Therapy: Dilantin: Neurology". UI Health Topics. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009.
44. Trileptal CMI approved 03.12.01
45. Marshall H (2 September 2017). "Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbagen): uses, dosage, side effects, warnings". netdoctor.co.uk.
46. Carbamazepine Archived 2011-11-04 at the Wayback Machine
47. Kelkar PS, Li JT (September 2001). "Cephalosporin allergy". The New England Journal of Medicine. 345 (11): 804–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMra993637. PMID 11556301.
48. "Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Medicines (NSAIDs)". Cleveland Clinic. 25 January 2020.
49. September 1998 CDA Journal – Toxicity and Allergy to Local Anesthesia Archived 2011-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
50. Schmalz G, Bindslev DA (2008). Biocompatibility of Dental Materials. Springer. ISBN 9783540777823. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
51. Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2013). Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323225724. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
52. Dog Allergy at American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. References up to 2011
53. "Mold allergies, Mold allergy symptoms, What is mold allergy". Archived from the original on 2011-11-15. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
54. Kung'u J. "Mold allergies, allergic response, and allergy symptoms". Mould Facts.
55. "Two Types of Cosmetic Allergy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
56. "The Downside To Cosmetics – Cosmetic Allergy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
57. Conjunctivitis – allergic and infectious – information, symptoms and treatment |Bupa UK
58. "Infertility: Sperm and Semen Allergy". Getting Pregnant.
59. "Flu-like symptoms actually semen allergy". Times LIVE. Reuters. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011.
60. Tweed C (17 January 2011). "Semen Allergy Can Cause Flu-like Symptoms in Men". TopNews.
61. Beasley, Gabrielle. "Semen Allergy Can Be Treated, Study Shows". Daily Health Report. Archived from the original on 23 January 2011.
62. Haran C (2005). "Reacting to Semen: An Intimate Allergy". Sex Ed 101.
63. UPDATE 1-Semen allergy suspected in rare post-orgasm illness – AlertNet Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
64. Walker H (1990). Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1989: Staplefoods: Proceedings. Oxford Symposium. ISBN 9780907325444. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
65. Basagaña X, Sunyer J, Kogevinas M, Zock JP, Duran-Tauleria E, Jarvis D, et al. (July 2004). "Socioeconomic status and asthma prevalence in young adults: the European Community Respiratory Health Survey". American Journal of Epidemiology. 160 (2): 178–88. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh186. PMID 15234940.
66. Veien NK, Kaaber K (December 1979). "Nickel, cobalt and chromium sensitivity in patients with pompholyx (dyshidrotic eczema)". Contact Dermatitis. 5 (6): 371–4. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1979.tb04907.x. PMID 160856.
67. Kaaber K, Veien NK, Tjell JC (February 1978). "Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis". The British Journal of Dermatology. 98 (2): 197–201. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb01622.x. PMID 629873.

Further reading

• Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP, Schaffer JV, Callen JP, et al. (2007). Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
• James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG, Andrews GC (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6.
• Resource List on Food Allergies and Intolerances for Consumers (PDF|266 KB), Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library. A collection of resources on the topic of food allergies and intolerances.