Khalaj language

Khalaj, also known as Arghu, is a Turkic language which is spoken in Iran today. Although it contains many archaic Old Turkic elements, it became widely Persianized.[3][4]

Khalaj
Arghu
Native toIran
RegionParts of Kerman; Parts of Fars Province and Northeast of Arak in Markazi Province of Iran
EthnicityKhalaj
Native speakers
19,000 (2019)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3klj
Glottologturk1303[2]

Classification

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples.[5]

While initially thought to be closely related to Azerbaijani, linguistic study, particularly that done by Gerhard Doerfer, led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-Oghuz branch of Turkic language.[6] Evidence for this includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts of Proto-Turkic (PT),[7] word-initial *h, and the lack of the sound change *d → y characteristic of Oghuz languages.

The preservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties; for example, in Khalaj, the word for "foot" is hadaq, while the cognate word in nearby Oghuz languages is ayaq (compare Turkish ayak). Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj are the descendants of the Arghu Turks. Some Turkish scholars consider Khalaj to be one of the "last examples" of Old Turkic.[4]

Ethnologue and ISO formerly listed a Northwestern Iranian language named "Khalaj" with the same population figure as the Turkic language.[8] The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.[9][10]

Geographical distribution
Further information: List of endangered languages in Asia § Iran

Khalaj is spoken mainly in Markazi Province in Iran. Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968; Ethnologue reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000.[11]

Dialects

The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. Within these dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns.

Phonology

Consonants
Consonant phonemes[12]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop/Affricate voiceless p t t͡ʃ k q
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ ɢ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced v z ʒ ɣ
Approximant l j
Rhotic r

Vowels
Vowel phonemes[12]
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i [i] ī [iː] ü [y] üː[yː] ï [ɨ] ïː[ɨː] u [u] uː[uː]
Mid e [e] eː [eː] ö [ø] öː [øː] o [o] oː [oː]
Open ä [æ] äː[æː] a [a] aa [aː]

Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. [qaːn] 'blood'), half-long (e.g. [baˑʃ] 'head'), and short (e.g. [hat] 'horse').[13][14] However, Alexis Manaster Ramer challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had this three-way contrast.[15] Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling diphthongs, as in [quo̯l] ('arm').

Grammar

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns in Khalaj may receive a plural marker or possessive marker. Cases in Khalaj include genitive, accusative, dative, locative, ablative, instrumental, and equative.

Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. A table of basic case endings is provided below:

CaseSuffix
Nominative-
Dative-A, -KA
Accusative-I, -NI
Locative-čA
Ablative-dA
Instrumental-lAn, -lA, -nA
Equative-vāra

Verbs

Verbs in Khalaj are inflected for voice, tense, aspect, and negation. Verbs consist of long strings of morphemes in the following array:

Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense/Aspect + Agreement

Syntax

Khalaj employs subject–object–verb word order. Adjectives precede nouns.

Vocabulary

The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from Persian. Words from neighboring Turkic dialects, namely Azerbaijani, have also made their way into Khalaj.

Numbers

Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for "80" and "90" with Persian terms:

  • 1 - [biː]
  • 2 - [æk.ki]
  • 3 - [yʃ]
  • 4 - [tœœɾt]
  • 5 - [bieʃ]
  • 6 - [al.ta]
  • 7 - [jæt.ti]
  • 8 - [sæk.kiz]
  • 9 - [toq.quz]
  • 10 - [uon]
  • 20 - [ji.giɾ.mi]
  • 30 - [hot.tuz]
  • 40 - [qiɾq]
  • 50 - [æl.li]
  • 60 - [alt.miʃ]
  • 70 - [yæt.miʃ]
  • 80 - [saj.san] (Turkic), [haʃ.tad] (Persian)
  • 90 - [toqx.san] (Turkic), [na.vad] (Persian)
  • 100 - [jyːz]
  • 1000 - [min], [miŋk]

Examples

Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994:[16]

Translation IPA In Latin alphabet
Once, Mullah Nasreddin had a son. biː ki.niː mol.laː nas.ɾæd.diː.niːn oɣ.lu vaːɾ-aɾ.ti Bî kinî mollâ nasrəddînîn oğlu vâr-arti.
He said, "Oh Father, I want a wife." hay.dɨ ki "æj baː.ba, mæŋ ki.ʃi ʃæj.jo.ɾum" Haüdı ki "Əy bâba, mən kişi şəyyorum."
He said, "My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. Come with the proceeds, we will buy you a wife!" hay.dɨ ki "bɒː.ba bi.zym biː sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ.myz vaːɾ, je.tip bo sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ saː.tɨ, naɣd ʃæj.i puˑ.lĩn, jæk biz sæ̃ ki.ʃi al.duq" Haüdı ki "Bâba bizüm bî sığırımüz vâr, yetip bo sığırı sâtı. Nağd şəyi pûlîn, yək biz sə̃ kişi alduq!"
gollark: Can you breed them with garlands?
gollark: Where are you planning these anyway?
gollark: The tan ridgewings seem too reddish there.
gollark: How about tan ridgewings?
gollark: ... maybe it depends on the settings of whoever dumped it?

References
  1. زبان خلجی در حال انقراض. Hamshahri (in Persian). 2019-08-06. Archived from the original on 2020-01-02. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Turkic Khalaj". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Knüppel 2009.
  4. Ölmez, Mehmet (February 1995). "Halaçlar ve Halaçça" (PDF). Çağdaş Türk Dili (in Turkish). 7 (84): 15–22. ISSN 1300-1345. OCLC 222016380. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  5. Dybo 2006, p. 766.
  6. Kıral 2000, p. 89.
  7. Cheung & Aydemir 2015, p. 80.
  8. "Khalaj". Ethnologue (17th ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2020-03-18. Different from Turkic Khalaj [klj] in Iran.CS1 maint: unfit url (link)
  9. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  10. "Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. 2019-03-12. Retrieved 2020-03-18.
  11. Khalaj language at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  12. Shcherbak 1997, p. 472.
  13. Doerfer 1971.
  14. Doerfer & Tezcan 1980.
  15. Manaster Ramer 1995, pp. 187–88.
  16. Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, pp. 158–159.

Sources

English-language sources
  • Cheung, Johnny; Aydemir, Hakan (2015). "Turco-Afghanica: On East Iranian *amarnā and Turkic alma, alïmla, almïla 'apple'". In Pelevin, Mikhail (ed.). "На Пастбище Мысли Благой". Сборник статей к юбилею И. М. Стеблин-Каменского ["On the Pasture of Good Thoughts": Collected Articles for the Anniversary of I. M. Steblin-Kamensky] (in Russian and English). Saint Petersburg: Kontrast. pp. 73–94. ISBN 9785438001256. OCLC 1038607183.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Doerfer, Gerhard (1971). Khalaj Materials. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications. ISBN 9780877501503. OCLC 240052.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kıral, Filiz (2000). "Reflections on –miš in Khalaj". In Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo (eds.). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. The Hague: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 89–102. ISBN 9783110805284. OCLC 868974004.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Knüppel, Michael (2009). "ḴALAJ ii. Ḵalaji Language". Encyclopædia Iranica. XV/4. pp. 364–365. Archived from the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2020-03-18.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Manaster Ramer, Alexis (1995). "Khalaj (and Turkic) vowel lengths revisited". Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. 85: 187–197. JSTOR 23866156.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Non-English-language sources
  • Doerfer, Gerhard; Tezcan, Semih (1980). Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj Dictionary (Charrab Dialect)]. Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica (in German and Khalaj). 26. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 9789630518420. OCLC 8095415.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Doerfer, Gerhard; Tezcan, Semih (1994). Folklore-Texte der Chaladsch [Folklore Texts of the Khalaj] (in German and Khalaj). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447034845. OCLC 32612731.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Dybo, Anna (2006). Хронология тюркских языков и лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков [Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks] (PDF). In Tenišev, E. R.; Dybo, A. V. (eds.). Пратюркский язык-основа. Картина мира пратюркского этноса по данным языка [Proto-Turkic Base Language: A Picture of the World of the Proto-Turks According to Their Language]. Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков [Comparative-Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages] (in Russian). 6. Moscow: Nauka. pp. 766–817. ISBN 9785020327108. OCLC 13008487. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2020-03-18.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Shcherbak, A. M. (1997). Xaлaджcкий язык [Khalaj language]. In Tenišev, E. R. (ed.). Тюркские языки [Turkic Languages]. Языки мира [Languages of the World] (in Russian). 2. Moscow: Indrik. pp. 470–476. ISBN 9785857590614. OCLC 68040217.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Bosnalı, Soneli (2012), "Dil Edimi Açisindan Halaççanin Konumu" [Position of Khalaj Language in Terms of Acquisition] (PDF), Karadeniz Araştırmaları [Journal of Black Sea Studies] (in Turkish), 9 (32): 45–67, archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-24
  • Bosworth, C. E.; Doerfer, G. (2012). "K̲h̲alad̲j̲". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam (2nd ed.). Brill. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0485.
  • Doerfer, Gerhard (1988). Grammatik des Chaladsch [Grammar of Khalaj]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447028653. OCLC 21035642.
  • Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415082006. OCLC 40980286.
  • Kabak, Barış (2004), "Acquiring phonology is not acquiring inventories but contrasts: The loss of Turkic and Korean primary long vowels", Linguistic Typology, 8 (3): 351–368, doi:10.1515/lity.2004.8.3.351
  • Minorsky, V. (1940), "The Turkish Dialect of the Khalaj", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 10: 417–437, JSTOR 608400
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