Karluk languages

The Karluk languages (also known as the Qarluq or Southeastern Common Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks.[3]

Karluk (Qarluq)
Southeastern Turkic
Geographic
distribution		Central Asia
Linguistic classificationTurkic
Early form
Subdivisions
  • Western Turki
  • Eastern Turki
GlottologNone
uygh1240  (Eastern Karluk (Uyghur))[1]
uzbe1247  (Western Karluk (Uzbek))[2]
  Western Karluk     Eastern Karluk

Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language.

Karluk Turkic was spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara, Khanate of Khiva and Khanate of Kokand.

Classification

Languages
  • Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 27 million speakers
  • Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 10 million speakers
  • Äynu – spoken by the Äynu; approximately 6,600 speakers (2000)
  • Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turkis, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980)
  • Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the early 20th century.
  • Karakhanid – literary language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate that is considered a standard form of Middle Turkic.
Proto-Turkic Common Turkic Karluk Western
Eastern

Number of native speakers
Further information: Lists of endangered languages, List of endangered languages in Russia, and List of endangered languages in China

The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [4] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[5][6]

NumberNameStatusNative speakersCountry
1 UzbekNormal27,000,000 Uzbekistan
2 UyghurNormal11,000,000 China
3 ÄynuCritically endangered6,000 China
4 Ili TurkiSeverely endangered100 China
Total Karluk languagesNormal38,000,000
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References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Modern Uyghur-Uzbek". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Uzbek". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. Austin, Peter (2008). One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-25560-9.
  4. Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) (In Russian)
  5. https://www.ethnologue.com/
  6. https://glottolog.org/


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