Lebanese diaspora

Lebanese diaspora refers to Lebanese migrants and their descendants who, whether by choice or coercion, emigrated from Lebanon and now reside in other countries. There are more Lebanese living outside Lebanon (4 to 8 million), than within the country (4 million). Most the diaspora population consists of Lebanese Christians; ll, but some of it is Muslim, Druze, or Jewish. The Christians trace their origin to several waves of emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria.

Lebanese diaspora

Total population
From 4[1][2] to possibly 14 million[2][3]
Languages
Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish, French, English, Lebanese Arabic, Armenian
Religion
Christianity (mainly Maronite, as well as Eastern Orthodox, Melkite, Roman Catholic, Protestant, and non-native to Lebanon such as Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, Syriac Orthodox, Syriac Catholic), Islam (mainly Shia, Sunni, in addition to Alawite), Druze, and Jews

Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right to return to Lebanon. Varying degrees of assimilation and a high degree of interethnic marriages in the Lebanese diaspora communities, regardless of religious affiliation caused most diaspora Lebanese not to have passed Arabic to their children although they still maintain a Lebanese ethnic identity.

The largest diaspora by far resides in Brazil, with between 2 and 5 million, followed by Argentina and Colombia, with about a million each.

Demographics

Although there are no reliable figures, the diaspora is estimated to be around 8 to 10 million people, far more than the internal population of Lebanon of around 4 million citizens.[3][4] According to other estimates, the number of Lebanese living outside the country is thought to at least double the number of citizens living inside,[1] which means at least 8 million people. Of the diaspora, 1.2 million are Lebanese citizens.[5]

History

The Lebanese diaspora, while historically trade-related, has more recently been linked to the Lebanese Civil War, with many Lebanese emigrating to Western countries. Because of the economic opportunities, many Lebanese have also worked in the Arab World, most notably Arab states of the Persian Gulf like Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Currently around 50% of Lebanese citizens resident in Lebanon are Muslim and around 50% are Christian.[6]

The Americas have long been a destination for Lebanese migration, with Lebanese arriving in some countries at least as early as the nineteenth century. The largest concentration of Lebanese outside the Middle East is in Brazil, which has, according to some sources, at least 6 million Brazilians of Lebanese ancestry, making Brazil's population of Lebanese more than twice that of the entire population of Lebanon. The population of Brazil of either full or partial Lebanese descent is estimated at 7 [7] million people by Arab-Brazilian organizations. According to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East [8]

There are also other large Lebanese communities in Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Venezuela, Haiti and Dominican Republic. Many Lebanese have also been settled for quite some time in the United States, Canada, Australia, The United Kingdom, South Africa and in the European Union member states. There are also sizable populations in The United Arab Emirates, Singapore as well as francophone West Africa, particularly Ivory Coast and Ghana.

A law passed in 2008 permitted Lebanese abroad to vote in Lebanese elections starting in 2013.[9]

Business networks and economic impacts

Many Lebanese entrepreneurs and business people worldwide have proved very successful, in all kinds of sectors and contexts. Therefore, Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential."[10] Remittances from Lebanese abroad to family members within the country were estimated at $8.9 billion in 2014 and accounted for 18% of the country's economy.[11] However, there remains a great untapped potential for further collaboration and cooperation between the diaspora and the Lebanese in their home-country. Foreign direct investment is below 7% of the GDP, and almost half the Lebanese population is in tertiary education.

Throughout its history, the Lebanese diaspora used the Lebanese identity to create strong networks to help its members out. That helped develop a productive and profitable activity. Over the course of time, immigration has indeed yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[12]

Lebanese populations in the diaspora

Number of Lebanese people (including descendants) per country.

  Lebanon

  + 1,000,000

  + 100,000

  + 10,000

Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

The list below contains approximate figures for people of full or partial Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map.[13] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The Figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

Country	Estimate	Upper Estimate	Region	Country article in English Wikipedia	List of personalities of Lebanese origin
Brazil	2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[8]	5,800,000[13]-7,000,000[14] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments)[15]	Latin America	Lebanese Brazilian	Brazil
Argentina	1,200,000[13][16]	3,500,000[16]	Latin America	Lebanese Argentine	Argentina
Colombia	1,000,000[13]	3,400,000[17]	Latin America	Lebanese Colombian	Colombia
United States	500,000[18]	900,000[19]	North America	Lebanese American	United States
Venezuela	341,000[13]	500,000[20]	Latin America	Lebanese Venezuelan	Venezuela
Australia	271,000[21][22]	350,000[23]	Oceania	Lebanese Australian	Australia
France	250,000[24][25][26]	250,000[13] - 300,000[24][27]	European Union	Lebanese French	France
Mexico	240,000[13]	400,000[28] - 505,000	North America	Lebanese Mexican	Mexico
Canada	190,275[29]	250,000[30] - 270,000[13]	North America	Lebanese Canadian	Canada
Saudi Arabia	120,000[13]	299,000	Arab World	Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabia
Syria	114,000		Arab World	Lebanese people in Syria	Syria
Ecuador	98,000[13]	250,000	Latin America	Lebanese Ecuadorian	Ecuador
Dominican Republic	80,000[31]		Latin America	Lebanese Dominican
United Arab Emirates	80,000[4]	156,000	Arab World	Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates
Nigeria	75,000	75,000[32]	Africa
Uruguay	53,000[13]	70,000[33]	Latin America	Lebanese Uruguayan	Uruguay
Ivory Coast	50,000[34]	300,000[35][36]	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
New Zealand	8,500[13]		Oceania	Lebanese New Zealander
Sierra Leone	44,000[37]	150,000[38]	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese people in Sierra Leone
Kuwait	41,775[39]	106,000[40]	Arab World	Lebanese people in Kuwait
Senegal	30,000[41][42]		Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese Senegalese
Sweden	26,906[43]		European Union	Lebanese people in Sweden	Sweden
Denmark	26,705[44]		European Union	Lebanese people in Denmark	Denmark
Qatar	25,000[45]	191,000	Arab World	Lebanese people in Qatar
Spain	11,820[13]		European Union	Lebanese Spanish	Spain
South Africa	5,100	20,000[46]	Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese people in South Africa	South Africa
Belgium	2,400	5,000	European Union	Lebanese people in Belgium	Belgium
Israel	unknown	2,700[47]	Middle East
Germany	unknown		European Union	Lebanese German	Germany
Caribbean[note 1]	545,200[13]		Latin America	Lebanese Jamaican	Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean[note 2]	181,800[13]		Latin America	Lebanese Chileans	Chile  · Guatemala  · Dutch Antilles
Scandinavia	108,220[13]		European Union	Lebanese Swedish	Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of GCC[note 3]	105,000[13]		Arab World
Rest of European Union[note 4]	96,780[13]		European Union	Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian** · Lebanese Greek	Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa[note 5]	42,510[13]		Sub-Saharan Africa	Lebanese Sierra Leonean	Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa[note 6]	14,000[13]		North Africa	Lebanese Egyptian	Egypt
Asia[note 7]	2,600[13]		Asia

Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Outreach to the Lebanese diaspora by the Lebanese government

The Lebanese government increasingly sees the diaspora as a critical resource for investment and new immigrants. A 2016 television ad tried to entice Lebanese in the United States to move to Lebanon to help improve the standard of living.[48]

The Lebanese government launched the DiasporaID program in August 2017 to better connect Lebanese abroad to Lebanon itself. Funding for the project was provided by USAID with an objective of improving foreign investment in Lebanon.[49]

On August 8, 2017, Lebanese President Michel Aoun advocated children of Lebanese in the diaspora take on Lebanese citizenship during a speech to the Maronite Diaspora Institution at Baabda Palace.[50]

Notable persons of Lebanese Christian descent

Prominent Lebanese Figures
وجوه من لبنان

Top row (left to right) Some of the figures are of Lebanese Descent, while others are Lebanese Citizens John Maron • Charbel Makhluf • Estephan El Douaihy • Elias Peter Hoayek • Youssef Bey Karam[51] • Former Lebanese President Camille Chamoun • Fairuz • Khalil Gibran • Former Lebanese President Bachir Gemayel • Carlos Slim • Sabah • Carlos Ghosn • Elie Saab • Charles Elachi • John Abizaid • John Abizaid • Elissa • Etienne Saqr • Donna Shalala • Ray LaHood • Michel Temer • U.S. Presidency Candidate Ralph Nader • Miss USA 2010 Rima Fakih • Amal Clooney • Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir • Bechara Boutros al-Rahi • Lebanese President Michel Suleiman

Famous scientists of Lebanese descent include: Peter Medawar (Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine), Elias Corey (Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Michael Atiyah (Fields Medalist, Mathematics), Michael DeBakey (medical innovator), Mona Nemer (Canada's Chief Science Advisor) and geneticist Huda Zoghbi . Famous writers include William Peter Blatty, film director Alex Garland, Nassim Nicholas Taleb and screenwriter and film producer Geoff Johns.

Prominent members of the Lebanese diaspora include Presidents and Vice-Presidents, e.g. Michel Temer (Brazil), Julio Teodoro Salem, Abdalá Bucaram, Alberto Dahik, Jamil Mahuad (all in Ecuador), Jacobo Majluta Azar, Luis Abinader (Dominican Republic), Julio Cesar Turbay (Colombia), Alberto Abdala (Uruguay) and Mario Abdo (current president of Paraguay). Other famous politicians include Ralph Nader, 2000, 2004 and 2008 US presidential candidate, Alex Azar current United States Secretary of Health, Spencer Abraham former United States Secretary of Energy, John Sununu former White House Chief of Staff, Darrell Issa US politician, George J. Mitchell US Politician and Peace Envoy, Philip Habib US Politician and Peace Envoy, politician and author Jeanine Pirro, US Representative Donna Shalala, and Edward Seaga Prime Minister of Jamaica.

Notable military and astronauts include US army general John Abizaid, Navy Seal and Medal of Honor recipient Michael Mansoor as well as astronaut and Congressional Space Medal of Honor recipient Christa McAuliffe.

Famous businessmen of Lebanese descent include Carlos Slim Helú, Carlos Ghosn, Nicolas Hayek, John J. Mack, Jacques Nasser, Debra Cafaro, Joseph J Jacobs, Lucie Salhany, Kevin O' Leary, Marcus Lemonis and famous names in entertainment like Danny Thomas, Marlo Thomas, Salma Hayek, Shakira, Jenna Dewan, Terrence Malick, Tom Shadyac, Tony Shalhoub, Tiffany, Jim Backus, Jane Wiedlin, Kristy McNichol, Zoe Saldana, James Stacy, Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Amy Yasbeck, Khrystyne Haje, Skandar Keynes, Barbara Mori, John Leguizamo, Omar Shariff, Paul Anka, Emilio Stefan, Drake's long time producers and Grammy winners Noah "40" Shebib and Oliver El-Khatib, Ricardo Darin,Oscar-winning composer Gabriel Yared, guitarists Dick Dale and Tommy Bolin, Xavier Dolan, Damian Bichir, Armand Van Helden, Tyler Joseph, Jack Barakat, Bazzi, Thomas Rhett, Mika, models Yamila Diaz-Rahi and Daniella Sarahyba; and sportsmen like Doug Flutie, Rony Seikaly, Marcos Bagdhatis, Patrick Maroon, Johnny Manziel, surfers Kelly Slater and Maya Gabeira, winner of the Indy 500 Bobby Rahal, FIFA World Cup record holder Mario Zagallo, chess Grandmaster Jennifer Shahade and Olympic medalists Jordyn Wieber, Florencia Habif, Matt Abood and Thaisa Daher.

See also

• Arab diaspora
• Constitution of Lebanon
• Driving licence in Lebanon
• Foreign relations of Lebanon
• History of Lebanon
• Lebanese identity card
• Lebanese passport
• LERC, an organization aimed at bringing together Lebanese youth with Lebanese youth living abroad.
• List of Lebanese people
• Little Syria, Manhattan
• Politics of Lebanon
• Vehicle registration plates of Lebanon
• Visa policy of Lebanon
• Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

Notes

1. Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
2. Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
3. Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
4. Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
5. Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
6. Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
7. Iran, Indonesia, and Philippines

External links

• The Lebanese Demographic Reality Lebanese Information Center, reviewed by Statistics Lebanon. 14 January 2013.
• KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansión del Islam y su llegada a América Latina (Spanish Edition)"
• KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo II: Migración Árabe a América Latina y el caso de México (Spanish Edition)"
• KUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, "ISLAM EN AMÉRICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde América Latina (Spanish Edition)"

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