Lebanese Australians

Lebanese Australians
Total population
	230,869 (Lebanese ancestry, 2016)[1]; 76,450 (Lebanese-born, 2016)[2];
Regions with significant populations
	Greater Sydney (55,979 L-born 2016)[3] and Melbourne (16,394 L-born, 2016)[4]
Languages
	Australian English, Lebanese Arabic, Standard Arabic, French, Armenian
Religion
	Majority: Christian: Maronite Catholic, Orthodox, Melkite Catholic, Protestant (55%), Minority: Islam: Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, Alawite (37%),[5] Jewish and Druze (8%) No Religion, Atheism Agnosticism, Deist
Related ethnic groups
	Lebanese British, Lebanese Americans, Lebanese Canadians

Lebanese Australians refers to citizens or permanent residents of Australia of Lebanese ancestry. The population is diverse, having a large Christian religious base, being mostly Maronite Catholics and Greek Orthodox, while also having a large Muslim group of both the Shia and Sunni branches of Islam, which also includes a large non-religious minority. (Christians are in the majority in the diaspora of Lebanese people worldwide, which is estimated as 8–14 million people, and much larger than the total population of Lebanon itself.)

Lebanon, in both its modern-day form as the Lebanese state (declared 1920; independent 1943), and its historical form as the region of the Lebanon, has been a source of migrants to Australia since the 1870s. 230,880 Australians (about 1% of the total population) claimed some Lebanese ancestry in 2016. The 2016 census reported 76,450 Lebanese-born people in Australia, with nearly 66,000 of those resident in Greater Sydney.

The term Leb or Lebo, is (sometimes derogatorily) used to refer to people of Lebanese ethnicity, or more broadly, anyone of Middle-Eastern appearance, especially in the Sydney area.

Diaspora history

19th century migration

As part of a large scale emigration in the 1870s, numerous Lebanese (specifically Lebanese Christians fleeing Ottoman persecution) migrated in great numbers out of Lebanon to various destinations. Most emigrated to The United Kingdom, Brazil, Argentina and other Latin American nations, particularly Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. Many also went to the United States, Canada, and others to Australia, primarily to the eastern states, and most to New South Wales in particular.[6][7]

In the 1890s, there were increasing numbers of Lebanese immigrants to Australia, part of the mass emigration from the area of the Lebanon that would become the modern Lebanese state, and also from the Anti-Lebanon mountains region of what would become Syria.[8]

White Australia policy

Under the White Australia policy of the late nineteenth century (and with Lebanon being located in the Middle East, geographically known as South West Asia) Lebanese migrants were classified as Asians and came within the scope of the so-called White Australia policy, which intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia. Lebanese migrants, like others deemed non-white by various colony laws from 1875–1888, were excluded from citizenship, the right to vote and employment, and were treated as enemy aliens during World War I and World War II.[6] In 1897 Lebanese store keepers and businesses were accused of fraud by state border Customs officers during Queensland customs prosecution cases.[8]

Prior to 1918, Lebanese immigrants to Australia were not habitually distinguished from Turks because the area of modern Lebanon was a province of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. Administration then passed to the French Mandate for several decades, which ruled it together with what would become Syria, its neighbour. Hence, for that period, the Lebanese were not distinguished from Syrians.[9]

People with Lebanese ancestry as a percentage of the population in Sydney divided geographically by postal area, as of the 2011 census

One dot denotes 100 Lebanese-born Melbourne residents

From 1920, people from Lebanon (and Syria) were granted access to Australian citizenship as the Nationality Act 1920 removed the racial disqualification from the naturalisation laws.[8]

By 1947, there were 2000 Lebanese-born in Australia,[10] almost all Christian.

Second wave of migration

The Lebanese-born population numbered 5000 in 1971. Following the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975-1990, this wave of migrants were often poor and for the first time, over half of them were Muslim.[10] This influx of new migrants changed the character of the established Lebanese community in Australia significantly, especially in Sydney where 70% of the Lebanese-born population were concentrated.[10]

Christian Maronite and Orthodox Lebanese Christians that settled in Australia over the last two centuries were able to gain some influence within Australian politics. In late 1975, unrest in Lebanon caused a group of influential Maronite Australians to approach Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and his immigration minister, Michael MacKellar regarding the resettling of Lebanese civilians with their Australian relatives. Immediate access to Australia could not be granted under normal immigration categories, thus the Lebanese people were categorised as refugees. This was not in the traditional sense as the Lebanese people were not fleeing from persecution but escaping from internal conflict between Muslim and Christian groups. This action was known as the "Lebanon Concession".[11]

Between 1975-1990, more than 30,000 civil war refugees arrived in Australia.[10] Most immigrants were Muslim Lebanese from deprived rural areas who learned of Australia's Lebanon Concession and decided to seek a better life. They were Sunnis from northern Lebanon and Shias from southern Lebanon as Christian and Muslim Lebanese were unwilling to leave the capital city, Beirut. Immigrants of the Lebanese Concession primarily settled in south-west Sydney; Sunnis in Lakemba and Shias in Arncliffe.[11]

21st century

Following the trials for a series of gang rape attacks in Sydney in 2000 by a group of Lebanese Muslims, the Lebanese Muslim Australian community came under significant scrutiny by the tabloid media and "Shock jocks", in addition to a more general anti-Muslim backlash after the 11 September attacks in 2001.[12] Community concern and divisiveness continued in the wake of the 2005 Cronulla riots in Sydney, in which an altercation between some youths of Middle Eastern appearance and local surf livesavers blew up into a full-blown racially-motivated riot the following weekend, helped along by tabloid journalism and shock jocks.[13]

In November 2016, Immigration Minister, Peter Dutton said that it was a mistake of a previous Liberal administration to have brought out Lebanese Muslim immigrants.[14] Foreign Minister, Julie Bishop said Dutton was making a specific point about those charged with terrorism offences,[15] but Dutton was criticised for his comments in the media by politicians, terrorism experts and others.[16]

Return migration

Lebanese Australians have a moderate rate of return migration to Lebanon. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 30,000 Australian citizen residents in Lebanon.[17] During the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, the Australian Government organised mass evacuations of Australians resident in Lebanon.[18]

Demographics

Worldwide, most people of Lebanese ancestry today live outside Lebanon, and are known as the Lebanese diaspora which numbers from 8[19] to possibly 14 million.[20]

Locations

In New South Wales, most Lebanese Australians were reported to reside in the Western Sydney council areas of City of Bankstown, with City of Holroyd, City of Canterbury and City of Parramatta (all pre-2016 council areas). The area included suburbs such as Lakemba, Greenacre and Punchbowl.[21]

In Victoria, like most Middle-Easterners, Lebanese Australians are mostly found in the Northern Melbourne council areas such as the City of Moreland and the City of Hume, particularly in neighbourhoods such as Broadmeadows, Coburg, and Brunswick.[22]

Religious diversity

All main Lebanese religious groups – Christians, including Maronites, Melkites, Greek Orthodox, Protestants, Muslims, including Shia, Sunnis and Druze were represented in Australia in 2006.[23]

According to the 2016 census, 48.81% of Australians with Lebanese ancestry were Christians, 39.88% were Muslims, and 6.00% followed secular or no religious beliefs.[24]

Business

Lebanese in Sydney have followed a distinctive occupational pattern characterised by high levels of self-employment, particularly in petty commercial activities such as hawking and shopkeeping. In 1901, '80 per cent of Lebanese in NSW were concentrated in commercial occupations' – in 1947, little had changed, as 60 per cent of Lebanese were 'either employers or self-employed'. Even in the 1991 census, Lebanese men and women were 'noticeably over-represented as self-employed'. The Lebanese in Melbourne have opened restaurants and groceries and Middle Eastern shops and Lebanese bars on Sydney Road which is sometimes called "Little Lebanon".[25]

The peak business body is the Australian Lebanese Chamber of Commerce, with associations in both Sydney and Melbourne.

Arts, culture, terminology

In 2014, a series of documentaries on Lebanese Australians was presented by SBS under the title Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl.[26]

The Lebanese Film Festival was launched in Sydney in 2012. Every year since then, it has showcases films which are either filmed or based in Lebanon, or made by Lebanese film makers throughout the world. The organisation is based in Bankstown, but the film festival travels to cinemas in Newcastle and Bowral in NSW, as well as Adelaide, Canberra, Melbourne and Brisbane from August to November each year.[27]

In 2017–8, two seasons of the sitcom Here Come the Habibs, featuring a Lebanese Australian family who win the lottery and move to the posh eastern suburbs of Sydney, aired on Channel 9.[28]

Michael Mohammed Ahmad's 2018 comic novel The Lebs was shortlisted for the 2019 Miles Franklin Award. He had previously written an essay entitled "Lebs and Punchbowl Prison", the prison referring to his alma mater, Punchbowl Boys' High School. At his school, the term "Lebs" did not refer just to boys from Lebanese family, but to anyone whose family came from the Middle East, and even included boys with African and Indonesian backgrounds.[29]

The term "Leb" or "Lebo" has been used as a derogatory term, mostly in Sydney, and gained more widespread use after the 2005 Cronulla Riots. It is listed in the Collins English Dictionary as "Australian (offensive, slang), a person from Lebanon or of Lebanese origin".[30] Ahmad wishes to help reclaim the word through his writing.[31][32]

Notable Lebanese Australians

gollark: Laser bread slicer time! SOMEHOW!Okay, so it might just set the bread on fire, but oh well.

gollark: oh nothe UK's only weakness

gollark: If it's "guess a random number", there's probably an optimal ordering due to humans being awful at random number choosing.

gollark: It's easy.

gollark: Generally, binary search, if it's higher or lower.

References

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"B09 Country of Birth of Person by Sex". Australian Bureau of Statistics. ABS Stat Beta. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
"Greater Sydney: Birthplace". id.community. AustraliaCommunity profile. Retrieved 15 July 2019.}
"Greater Melbourne: Birthplace". id.community. AustraliaCommunity profile. Retrieved 15 July 2019.}
"3416.0 - Perspectives on Migrants, 2007: Birthplace and Religion". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
"El Australie - a history of Lebanese migration to Australia". Hindsight - ABC Radio National. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019.
"History of immigration from Lebanon". Origins:Immigrant Communities in Victoria. Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
Monsour, Anne (2005). "Chapter 10. Religion Matters: The experience of Syrian/Lebanese Christians in Australia from the 1880s to 1947". Humanities Research Journal (Online Version). Australian National University E Press. XII (1, 2005: Bigotry and Religion in Australia, 1865–1950). ISSN 1834-8491. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
This was a common enough practice in Australian immigration information – for example, the UK and Ireland were not statistically separated until as late as 1996).
Humphrey, Michael (2004). "Lebanese identities: between cities, nations and trans-nations". Arab Studies Quarterly. Association of Arab-American University Graduates (Winter): 8. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/community-under-siege/1970s-lebanese-commission-led-to-an-immigration-debacle/news-story/0d504285023bc42b79c70b3b70f93c2e
"... For Being Lebanese". Four Corners (TV program). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 September 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
jackson, Liz (13 March 2006). "Riot and Revenge (Program transcript)". Four Corners (TV program). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
Davidson, Helen (18 November 2016). "Australia is paying for Malcolm Fraser's immigration mistakes, says Peter Dutton". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
"Julie Bishop defends Peter Dutton's comments on Lebanese immigration". Nine.com.au. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Hunter, Fergus; McIlroy, Tom (24 November 2014). "Peter Dutton blames Bill Shorten for whipping up hysteria over Lebanese-Muslim comments". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
"Estimates of Australian Citizens Living Overseas as at December 2001" (PDF). Southern Cross Group (DFAT data). 14 February 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
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Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates
"Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
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"Census 2016, Ancestry by Birthplace of Parents (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
"Australian Communities: Lebanese Australians". racismnoway.com.au. 19 January 2006. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
Data Source: Census of Population and Housing, 2016, TableBuilder
"Little Lebanon in Melbourne". reviewstream.com. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
Once Upon a Time in Punchbowl at SBS On Demand, 3 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014
"About us". Lebanese Film Festival. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Cronin, Seanna (8 June 2017). "Here Come the Habibs star to keep pushing boundaries". Sunshine Coast Daily. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Ley, James (25 May 2018). "I'm with stupid: The Lebs by Michael Mohammed Ahmad". Sydney Review of Books. Retrieved 15 July 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
"Leb". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Dumas, Daisy (20 February 2018). "What it means to be a 'Leb' in Australian culture". SBS. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
Nicholls, Claire. "Miles Franklin shortlist – The Lebs by Michael Mohammed Ahmad" (Audio + text). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. RN: The Bookshow. Retrieved 15 July 2019.