King's Lynn railway station

King's Lynn railway station is the northern terminus of the Fen line in the east of England, serving the town of King's Lynn, Norfolk. It is 41 miles 47 chains (66.9 km) from Cambridge and 96 miles 75 chains (156.0 km) measured from London Liverpool Street.

King's Lynn
The station building from the outside
Location
PlaceKing's Lynn
Local authorityKing's Lynn and West Norfolk
Coordinates52.75385°N 0.403251°E / 52.75385; 0.403251
Grid referenceTF623200
Operations
Station codeKLN
Managed byGreat Northern
Owned byNetwork Rail
Number of platforms3 (2 in use)[1]
DfT categoryD
Live arrivals/departures, station information and onward connections
from National Rail Enquiries
Annual rail passenger usage*
2014/15 0.971 million
2015/16 0.974 million
2016/17 0.998 million
2017/18 0.988 million
2018/19 0.991 million
– Interchange  131
History
27 October 1846Opened
1846-1848Dereham line opens
1862Hunstanton line opens
1865South Lynn station opens
1871Current station built
1959South Lynn station and M&GN closes
1968Dereham branch closes, services to Wisbech end
1969Hunstanton branch closes
1992Line electrified, station refurbished
Listed status
Listed featureKings Lynn Railway Station
Listing gradeGrade II listed
Entry number1389399[2]
Added to list24 August 2001
National Rail – UK railway stations
* Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at King's Lynn from Office of Rail and Road statistics. Methodology may vary year on year.
Bank holiday excursion train in 1956

The station and most trains calling are operated by Great Northern (with service to and from London King's Cross), with some additional peak services being operated by Greater Anglia (to and from London Liverpool Street).

It has been the only station in the town since the closure of South Lynn railway station in 1959.

Early growth

The Bill for the Lynn and Ely Railway received Royal Assent on 30 June 1845. Work started on the line in 1846 and so the railway arrived at Lynn on 27 October 1846. The original line ran South to Downham with the first station after Lynn being St Germain's. It took another two years to reach Ely. Great Eastern Railway.[3][4] Lynn, when opened was a Joint station (Lynn & Ely and Lynn & Dereham). However, on 22 July 1847 the Lynn & Ely and Lynn & Dereham were amalgamated to form the East Anglian Railway. A spur connecting the harbour was opened in 1849, and at one point was a complicated network of lines, boasting two swing bridges, serving premises on and around the town's South Quay.[5] Another short branch, about three-quarters of a mile (1200 m) long, connecting the docks was opened in 1862 by the King's Lynn Docks & Railway Company.[6][7] The railway was initially not welcomed by the port authorities in King's Lynn; they predicted that sea-bound trade would decline, and were later proved correct when through-trains to London ended up carrying the majority of freight to the capital.[8]

Lynn opened as a junction station. The Lynn & Dereham Railway Act of 21 July 1845,[9] authorised a line which weaved a 26-mile (42 km) route to Dereham. The line opened to Narborough, on 27 October 1846, the same day the Lynn & Ely opened to Downham. The line was extended to Swaffham, on 10 August 1847, opening in stages between 1846 and 1848. The line ran out of Lynn in a South-Easterly direction with Middleton being the first station after Lynn.[10] this later became part of the Great Eastern Railway.

Expansion followed with the opening of several branches. A line running north to the seaside resort of Hunstanton was opened in 1862,[8][11] a journey celebrated by former Poet Laureate John Betjeman in a short BBC film about the line.[12]

The Hunstanton line included Wolferton station, which served the Royal Family's Sandringham House, and so became the route of hundreds of Royal Trains.[13] Since Royal services to London had to first pass through King's Lynn before heading south to King's Cross,[14] crowds on King's Lynn station cheering the Royal Train became one of the town's cherished and memorable traditions.[15]

King's Lynn also received services from the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway system, whose main station serving the town was in nearby South Lynn; a short shuttle service ran from King's Lynn to South Lynn as often as twenty times a day.[16] The station opened in 1886, serving Sutton Bridge and Spalding to the west.[17] Prior to the opening of South Lynn station, there had been a simple single platform station serving West Lynn, on the west bank of the River Ouse. An early constituent of the M&GN, the Lynn & Fakenham Railway, had used King's Lynn station, but ran into it from the north, via Gaywood Junction. This line was abandoned on the opening of the station at South Lynn. The "Lynn Avoiding" line was the last link in the chain which brought the eastern lines, which had reached Norwich in 1882, and Cromer in 1887, in direct contact with the lines west of Lynn.

King's Lynn's original station building was replaced by the current building by the builder Robert Skipper of Dereham in 1871–72,[2] and was significantly extended in 1910; the original of 1846 was a somewhat rudimentary timber building on the site of the goods yards of the time.[18]

Restoration work began in April 2013 as a station rewire which quickly grew into a heritage inspired project. The view taken was to restore the station to a 1949 state with British Rail branding and reminisces of the GER and LNER railways. The paint scheme was based upon a GER steam unit which had blue red and gold. GER cast iron benches were made locally by East Coast Castings in Wotton and BR style totems were hand-made alongside LNER station clocks. Platforms were resurfaced and LED lighting installed throughout public areas along with new CCTV. A Norfolk county flagpole was installed to replace the old one and canopies and roof restored and or replaced. The overall cost was under £1.1million. The project was jointly funded by First Capital Connect and Network Rail. The project's completion was marked with Michael Portillo unveiling a plaque in the booking hall area on 22 July 2014.[19][20]

Closures
King's Lynn's freight routes and its once-extensive connections to passenger lines were cut back from the late 1950s onwards.

At their peak, the railways in and around King's Lynn employed hundreds of people,[21] but Britain's extensive railway cutbacks in the late 1950s and the following decades badly affected King's Lynn's railway services. The 1959 closure of the former M&GN's lines resulted in the closure of South Lynn railway station on 28 February that year, depriving King's Lynn of services to Norwich and Spalding.[17][22] The dubious safety of a bridge over the Ouse, a very short way north-west of South Lynn station, was allegedly a significant factor in the closure of the whole route,[22] and was demolished later that year. A section of this line about half a mile (800 m) long[23] was left open for freight into the 1990s, transporting materials like oil and limestone to the sugar beet factory (since closed).[24]

Other services suffered a similar fate in the following years. Passenger services to Hunstanton were discontinued in 1969,[25] services to Wisbech (via Magdalen Road) ended in 1968,[26] and the line to Dereham was closed in the same year, save for a three-mile[27] section for sand freight from King's Lynn to Middleton.[28][29] The closure of these services left only one passenger route in operation—services to Ely and Cambridge on the Fen Line.

Freight services to King's Lynn were less swiftly, but even more extensively, affected by cutbacks. Campbell's made heavy use of rail transport after opening its factory in Lynn in 1959, its curtain-sided wagons being one of the more distinctive sights on the Fen Line; but with the withdrawal of Speedlink services in the early 1990s, this traffic was lost to road transport.[30] The branch to the harbour was progressively shortened before its final closure at around the same time,[5] and the line to the docks closed as well (except for a short stub allowing the aforementioned freight trains from Middleton to change direction), the last train passing over the line in June 1994. The station's once-extensive goods yard suffered the same fate, the site being taken over by the station's car park and two large shops.

As of late 2013 the main station entrance and booking hall were closed due to extensive repairs being required to the ticket office floor and the replacement of the station's glazed roof. This enabled a Georgian wire glass to be put back in place and various lime mortar repairs and the flagpole being replaced with one of GRP and stainless steel.

To the present
The branch to South Lynn, which this bridge once served, today stands abandoned and overgrown, but the trackbed here, and on other routes, has been safeguarded from development that might obstruct their use as future transport routes.[31]
Great Northern Class 387 at King's Lynn

Before electrification in 1992, InterCity (latterly Network SouthEast) locomotives operated most services, normally hauling British Rail Mark 2b coaches. Many of these services featured full-service restaurant cars. The locomotives were usually Class 37 diesel-electrics,[32] Freight services were operated by a similar array of diesel locomotives,[33] as well as Class 20s, Class 31s, and the occasional Class 08 shunter.[34] Off-peak links were often provided by Metro-Cammell diesel multiple units, such as the Class 101.[35]

For many years after electrification, and the consequent removal of diesel locomotives from passenger services, Class 317 electrical multiple units operated all services out of King's Lynn. While they were not as comfortable as the previous fleet of locomotive-hauled coaches, they quickly developed a reputation for reliability.[36] Today's services are mostly operated by Class 387s. Greater Anglia operate weekday peak-hour services between King's Lynn and London Liverpool Street using Class 379s.

The only freight activity around King's Lynn today is the sand trains which run from the Middleton Towers branch to either Goole, Barnsley or Doncaster.[37] These are usually operated by GB Railfreight,[37] using Class 66 locomotives. Occasionally, enthusiast railtours operate on this branch as well.[38]

The station is primarily served by Great Northern as part of its service from King's Cross. Outside peak hours, services run non-stop between London and Cambridge as part of a half-hourly Cambridge service; one train per hour then continues beyond Cambridge, stopping at all stations on the Fen Line to King's Lynn. A small number of services, operated by Greater Anglia during weekday peak hours, travel to Liverpool Street instead. In the past, through-trains from London always started from Liverpool Street, but services were shifted to King's Cross in the 1990s.

On 9 November 2010, the Railway Cafe celebrated the centenary of its opening.[39]

Ticket barriers were installed in 2012.

It was originally intended that King's Lynn would be included in the Thameslink Programme, so that most trains for London from King's Lynn would be diverted on to the Thameslink route and on to St Pancras, Farringdon rather than terminating at King's Cross.[40] However, this did not occur and King's Lynn trains continue to provide the fast service from Cambridge to Kings Cross.[41]

Preceding station National Rail Following station
Watlington or Downham Market   Great Northern
King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn		   Terminus
  Greater Anglia
Liverpool Street - King's Lynn
(peak hours only)		  
  Historical railways  
St Germain's
Line open, station closed		   Great Eastern Railway
Lynn and Ely Railway		   Terminus
Disused railways
Terminus   Great Eastern Railway
Lynn and Dereham Railway		   Middleton Towers
Line and station closed
Terminus   Midland and Great Northern
Connection to M&GN Main Line		   South Lynn
Line and station closed
Terminus   Great Eastern Railway
Hunstanton branch		   North Wootton
Line and station closed
gollark: You can just continue using memes or whatever regardless of them somehow being related to people you disagree with.
gollark: There may be context I didn't actually bother to check.
gollark: I mean, possibly.
gollark: How unreasonable of them.
gollark: But you also complained about synthetic fingers without that.

See also

References
  1. http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/KLN/details.html
  2. Historic England, "Kings Lynn Railway Station (1389399)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 12 July 2019
  3. Oppitz, Leslie (2002). Lost Railways of East Anglia. Countryside Books. p. 15. ISBN 1-85306-595-1.
  4. Adderson, Richard; Kenworthy, Graham (2002). Ely to Kings Lynn, including the Stoke Ferry Branch. ISBN 1-901706-53-2.
  5. Adderson & Kenworthy, map XXVI, and preface to ch. 4.
  6. Adderson & Kenworthy, preface to ch. 4.
  7. "William Burkitt's Life and Career". The Colonel Stephens Railway Museum. Archived from the original on 25 April 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
  8. Oppitz 2002, p. 15.
  9. Tuck, Henry (1847). The Railway Shareholder's Manual; or, Practical Guide to all the Railways in the World. Effingham Wilson. p. 130.
  10. Oppitz 2002, p. 17.
  11. "Royal Insight Mailbox". Insight Magazine. January 2005. Retrieved 2 September 2007. [Wolferton Station's] origins go back to the opening of the Kings Lynn to Hunstanton branch railway line in 1862[.]
  12. Betjeman, John (Narrator); Freegard, Malcolm (Producer) (1962). John Betjeman Goes By Train. British Transport Films/BBC TV East Anglia.
  13. According to Insight (2005), 645 in just 27 years.
  14. Not, as was the norm for passenger services at the time, Liverpool Street; the reigning monarch is not permitted to enter the City of London, in whose boundaries Liverpool Street station lies, without the permission of the Lord Mayor.
  15. Wilson, Anne (29 June 1986). "NEW TONE FOR AN OLD PORT". The New York Times.
  16. Adderson & Kenworthy, slide 106.
  17. Oppitz 2002, pp. 26-28.
  18. Adderson & Kenworthy, notes to map XXVIII and slide 114.
  19. Baker, Emma (22 November 2013). "A station fit for a queen: How King's Lynn is taking a step back in time". ITV News Anglia. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  20. "Michael Portillo officially opens King's Lynn station refurbishment". ITV News Anglia. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  21. "King's Lynn celebrates its century". The ASLEF Journal: 15. March 2007.
  22. "DETONATORS CRACKLE KNELL OF M&GN". Lynn News & Advertiser. 3 March 1959. p. 1. [A] crackle of detonators greeted [the final train's] crossing of the Clenchwarton bridge—the bridge whose safety and expensive replacement has been a strong point in the British Transport Commission's unflinching determination to close the “Joint”.
  23. North West Norfolk (Sheet 132) (Map). 1:50000. Ordnance Survey. 1974. § 6117 to 6218.
  24. Adderson & Kenworthy, slide 107.
  25. Oppitz 2002, pp. 14-15.
  26. Oppitz 2002, p. 19.
  27. To be precise, 2.9 miles (4.7 km). See Griffiths, Tim (Office of Rail Regulation). "Consultation on Caps for Freight Track Access Charges December 2006" (PDF). p. 54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007.
  28. Oppitz 2002, p. 18.
  29. Norfolk County Council. "Norfolk Heritage Explorer Record 13600 (Lynn and Dereham Railway)". Norfolk Explorer. Retrieved 4 September 2007.
  30. Adderson & Kenworthy, slide 91.
  31. Borough Council of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. "4. Conserving Environmental Resources". Written Statement. Retrieved 5 September 2009.
  32. Adderson & Kenworthy, slide 90.
  33. Adderson & Kenworthy, slides 70, 80.
  34. Adderson & Kenworthy, slides 63, 92, 107.
  35. Adderson & Kenworthy, slides 32, 80, 109.
  36. Adderson & Kenworthy, slide 119.
  37. "GBRf's Sand Trains from Kings Lynn". brakingcurve.wordpress.com. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  38. "Notable Workings - Saturday 21st October 2006". TheRailwayCentre.com. 21 October 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2007.
  39. Bishop, Chris (10 November 2010). "A Norfolk station cafe used by Stephen Fry celebrates 100 years". Eastern Daily Press. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
  40. "Thameslink Programme (Thameslink 2000)". alwaystouchout.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
  41. "Norfolk's Fen line - the next transport battle?". 4 February 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
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