Network SouthEast

Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of the three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982. NSE mainly operated commuter rail trains within Greater London and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England, although the network went as far west as Exeter. Before 1986, the sector was originally known as London & South Eastern.

Network SouthEast
Franchise(s)Not subject to franchising
Main region(s)London, South East
Other region(s)East of England, South West, West Midlands, East Midlands, Thames Valley
Fleet sizeCarriages: 6,700 (1986)
Stations called at930 (1986)
Parent companyBritish Rail

During the privatisation of British Rail, it was gradually divided into a number of franchises.

History
Two Class 309 (AM9) units; one in NSE livery, the other in Jaffa Cake livery
Class 411 (4CEP) in modified NSE livery with rounded corners
Transitional scene from BR Blue (the train) to NSE (the signage, train label) at Farnborough North station

Before the sectorisation of British Rail (BR) in 1982 the system was split into largely autonomous regional operations: those operating around London were the London Midland Region, Southern Region, Western Region and Eastern Region. Sectorisation of BR changed this setup by instead organising by the traffic type: commuter services in the south-east of England, long distance intercity services, local services in the UK regions, parcels and freight. The aim was to introduce greater budgetary efficiency and managerial accountability by building a more market-focused and responsive business, rather than privatising BR completely. It was expected that the London and South East sector would cover most of its operating costs from revenues, in contrast to heavily subsidised rural services.[1]

Upon sectorisation, the London & South Eastern sector took over responsibility for passenger services in the south-east of England,[2] working with the existing BR business units of Regions and Functions to deliver the overall service. Day-to-day operation, staffing and timetabling continued to be delivered by the Regions – and the sector came into existence with barely thirty staff based at Waterloo.[3]

On 10 June 1986, L&SE was relaunched as Network SouthEast, along with a new red, white and blue livery.[2][4][5] The relaunch was intended to be more than a superficial rebranding and was underpinned by considerable investment in the presentation of stations and trains, as well as efforts to improve service standards.[3] This approach was largely brought about by a new director, Chris Green, who had presided over similar transformation and rebranding of ScotRail.

Although NSE did not originally own or maintain infrastructure, it exercised control over almost all carrier core functions. NSE set its own goals and service standards in consultation with BR, and created its own management structure and oversight. BR allowed NSE to decide about scheduling, marketing, infrastructure enhancements, and rolling stock specifications on NSE-assigned lines and services.

In April 1990, British Rail Chairman Bob Reid announced that sectorisation would be made complete, with regions disbanded by 1991/92 and the individual sectors becoming directly responsible for all operations other than a few core long-term planning and standards functions. Network SouthEast thus went from a business unit of around 300 staff to a major business operation with 38,000 staff and a £4.7bn asset value – large enough to be ranked as the 15th-biggest business in the UK.[3]

Network SouthEast, like each other sector, was given primary responsibility for various assets (rolling stock, tracks, stations), and control resided with the primary user. Other sectors could negotiate access rights and rent facilities, using their own resources. NSE was able to exert much greater control and accountability over both its operating budget and service quality than BR could under its Regions. Relations were generally good between NSE and other sectors, although operating pressures sometimes forced staff to use equipment and assets belonging to other sectors to meet immediate needs.

On 1 April 1994, Network SouthEast was disbanded with its operations transferred to train operating units ready for privatisation.

Network Railcard
Main article: Network Railcard

Although NSE ceased to exist in 1994, the grouping of services that it defined before privatisation remain grouped by the Network Railcard,[6] which can be bought for £30 and which offers a 34% discount for adults and 60% discount for accompanying children after 10:00 on weekdays and all day at weekends (subject to a minimum weekday fare of £13). Holders of annual season tickets for journeys within the Network area, including on London Underground, are issued with a "Gold Card" which gives them similar privileges to the Network Railcard.

Farringdon station with a Class 319 on a Thameslink service.
Class 487 at Waterloo with a Waterloo & City line service.

Rolling stock
ClassImageNumberPowerCarriagesNotes
03*2Diesel ShunterN/AShunters at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight.
05*1Shunter at Ryde depot on the Isle of Wight, where it earned the nickname "Nuclear Fred". Replaced by two Class 03s, currently owned by the Isle of Wight Steam Railway.
08*Examples include:
  • 08 600 'Ivor' (97800)
  • 08 631 'Eagle'
  • 08 641 'Dartmoor'
33Diesel Locomotive
47
50
73 6Electro-Diesel Locomotive
86AC Electric Locomotive
97Departmental Locomotives and ShuntersHad ex-members of starred classes and worked across the NSE network.
101DMU2, 3 or 4
104
108
1154
1173
119
121211Worked the branches of the Thames valley.
159303
165762 or 3
166213
203 DEMU6
205 343 or 4
207 193
302 AC EMU 4 Worked the GE lines out of Liverpool Street and Fenchurch Street
3063
31364Dual Voltage EMU3
31561AC EMU4
3161Converted to class 457.
317
72
31986Dual Voltage EMU
321114AC EMU
3225
341, 342 Never builtNever builtThese classes were proposed for the rolling stock of the original Crossrail project.
365
414
371, 381, 471 Never builtDual Voltage and DC EMUNever built
411135DC EMU4
413 29
414 2092
415 Unknown4
4161282
419 10DC Motor Luggage Van1
421166DC EMU4
423196
43215
43834
442245
4551374
456242
45714
465147
466 432
48210DC Tube TrainWaterloo & City line 1992 stock, transferred to London Underground in 1994.
48310Works on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Following the retirement of the Classes 485 and 486, the class became the oldest to operate on the mainline.
485, 486123 or 4Worked on the Island line on the Isle of Wight. Replaced by Class 483s from 1989 onwards.
487282Worked on the Waterloo & City line before being replaced by Class 482 in 1993.

Subdivisions

NSE was broken down into various sub-divisions.

Subdivision Main Route(s) Route Description
Chiltern Chiltern Main Line, London to Aylesbury Line London Marylebone-Aylesbury/Banbury
Great Eastern Great Eastern Main Line London Liverpool Street-Ipswich/Harwich/Clacton-on-Sea/Walton-on-the-Naze/Southend Victoria
Great Northern East Coast Main Line, Hitchin-Cambridge Line London King's Cross-Peterborough/Cambridge (and subsequently London King's Cross-Cambridge-King's Lynn)
Island Line Island Line Ryde Pier Head-Shanklin
Kent Link North Kent Line, Bexleyheath Line, Dartford Loop Line, Mid-Kent Line, Catford Loop Line, Hayes Line London Victoria/Charing Cross-Dartford/Gravesend/Gillingham/Orpington/Sevenoaks/Hayes
Kent Coast Chatham Main Line, Hastings Line, Sheerness Line, South East Main Line London Victoria/Charing Cross-Margate/Dover/Folkestone/Ashford/Tunbridge Wells/Hastings (and subsequently North Downs services as far as Redhill/Three Bridges)
London, Tilbury and Southend LTS Line London Fenchurch Street - Tilbury - Southend Central - Shoeburyness
North Downs North Downs Line Reading-Guildford-Reigate-Gatwick Airport-Tonbridge
Northampton Line/North London Lines West Coast Main Line, Marston Vale Line, North London Line London Euston/Broad Street-Watford-Milton Keynes-Northampton-Birmingham, Bedford-Bletchley
Solent and Wessex Portsmouth Direct Line, South Western Main Line London Waterloo-Guildford-Portsmouth, London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Southampton-Bournemouth-Weymouth
South London Lines South London Lines, Oxted Line, Sutton & Mole Valley Lines London Victoria & London Bridge to Croydon

London Victoria-East Grinstead/Uckfield/Sutton/Epsom Downs/Dorking/Horsham

South Western Lines Alton Line, Waterloo-Reading Line South West London Suburban services via Wimbledon or Richmond to Chessington South/Epsom/Dorking/Effingham Junction/Guildford/Hampton Court/Woking/Weybridge/Hounslow loop/Windsor/Shepperton/Kingston loop. London Waterloo-Alton/Reading/Windsor/Guildford/Epsom/Chessington South/Dorking/Hampton Court/Kingston Circle/Shepperton/Hounslow Circle/Weybridge
Sussex Coast Brighton Main Line, Arun Valley Line, East Coastway Line, West Coastway Line London Victoria/London Bridge-Gatwick Airport-Brighton/Eastbourne/Littlehampton, Brighton-Hastings, Brighton-Portsmouth-Southampton
Thames Great Western Main Line, Cotswold Line Windsor branch London Paddington-Slough- (-Windsor-) Reading-Oxford-Worcester/Banbury
Thameslink Thameslink Bedford-Luton-London-Gatwick Airport-Brighton
Waterloo & City Waterloo & City line Waterloo-Bank
West Anglia Fen Line, Lea Valley Line London Liverpool Street-Harlow-Cambridge-King's Lynn (express services to Cambridge, and almost all services to King's Lynn, were subsequently transferred to the Great Northern route from London King's Cross); London Liverpool Street-Stansted Airport, and local services: Liverpool Street-Chingford, Liverpool Street-Enfield Town, Liverpool Street-Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters), and Liverpool Street-Hertford East/Broxbourne (via Tottenham Hale).
West of England West of England Main Line London Waterloo-Basingstoke-Salisbury-Exeter

Modernisation

Soon after conception, Network SouthEast started to modernise parts of the network, which had become run down after years of under-investment. The most extreme example was the Chiltern Lines.

Chiltern Lines

The Chiltern Line ran on two railway lines (Chiltern Main Line and London to Aylesbury Line) from London Marylebone to Aylesbury and Banbury. These lines were former GWR and GCR intercity lines to Wolverhampton and Nottingham respectively. After the Beeching Axe in the 1960s, these lines became seriously run down with a lack of investment and a reduction of services.

By the late 1980s, the 25-year-old Class 115s needed replacement; the lines had low speed limits and were still controlled by semaphore signalling from the early 1900s; and Marylebone was served only by infrequent local trains to and from High Wycombe and Aylesbury.

Marylebone still with the red NSE livery for stations, around 30 years later in 2015. Marylebone was one of the stations given a facelift in the late 1980s.

NSE realised that something needed to be done to these lines quickly. Numerous plans for the lines were proposed. One serious plan was to close the line between Marylebone and South Ruislip/Harrow-on-the-Hill, and convert Marylebone into a coach station. Metropolitan line trains would be extended to Aylesbury and BR services from Aylesbury would be routed to London Paddington via High Wycombe. Also the line north of Princes Risborough would close. However, this did not happen as Baker Street and London Paddington would not have been able to cope with the extra trains and passengers.

What did happen was total route modernisation. This was an ambitious plan to bring the lines into the modern era of rail travel. Class 115s were replaced by new Class 165s. Semaphore signals were replaced by standard colour light signals and ATP was fitted on the line and trains. Speed limits were increased to 75 mph (only 75 due to running on London Underground track between Harrow and Amersham), all remaining fast loops at stations were removed and the line between Bicester North and Aynho Junction was singled. Stations were refurbished and even reconstructed (£10 million spent on stations alone), and signal boxes and the freight depots/sidings were demolished. Regular services to Banbury, and a few specials to Birmingham were introduced and a new maintenance depot was built at Aylesbury. This was a massive undertaking and work began in 1988 and by 1992, the route had been completely modernised, demand for the service had grown considerably and the route had become profitable.

Since modernisation the route has seen further improvements (see Chiltern Main Line).

Electrification was considered but was deemed to be too expensive as the Thames Line sector would then have to be electrified as well. Another reason electrification did not take place was that some part of the line ran on underground lines, which were electrified as 4-rail 660 V DC, while British Rail preferred 25 kV AC overhead traction for lines north of London.

Success of the modernisation implemented by NSE has made it possible for the Chiltern Main Line to compete with the West Coast Main Line between London and Birmingham, and there are now plans to increase speeds and quadruple sections of the line,[7] returning the line to the state it was before the Beeching Axe.

New trains
See also: Rolling stock of Network SouthEast
The later style of the Network SouthEast livery

Network SouthEast started a programme of replacing old rolling stock up to privatisation.

Privatisation

During the privatisation of British Rail, NSE was divided up into several franchises:

Original franchiseRoute(s)Currently
LTS RailLondon, Tilbury & SouthendRebranded c2c
Chiltern RailwaysChiltern Main Line, London to Aylesbury Line, Princes Risborough to Aylesbury Line, Leamington to Stratford Line and the Oxford to Bicester LineUnchanged
Great Eastern RailwayGreat EasternRebranded as First Great Eastern, then merged into larger franchise operated by National Express East Anglia, then passed on to Abellio Greater Anglia in 2012
Thames TrainsThames
North Downs (Gatwick/Redhill - Dorking/Guildford/Reading section)		Franchise passed to First Great Western Link, later merged into larger franchise operated by First Great Western (later Great Western Railway)
Island LineIsland LineOperated by Stagecoach from 1996 until 2017 retaining Island Trains brand, now operated by South Western Railway
North London RailwaysNorthampton Line
North London Line		Rebranded as Silverlink, later split up into two franchises operated by London Midland (Northampton) and London Overground (North London)
South EasternKent Coast, Kent Link, North Downs (Tonbridge- Redhill section)Rebranded as Connex South Eastern, then passed to South Eastern Trains, then to Southeastern
Network SouthCentralSouth London Line
Sussex Coast		Rebranded as Connex South Central, then passed to Southern
ThameslinkThameslinkMerged into larger franchise operated by First Capital Connect, became part of Govia Thameslink Railway in 2014
West Anglia Great NorthernGreat Northern
West Anglia		Split with GN merged into First Capital Connect, now part of Govia Thameslink Railway) and WA merged into National Express East Anglia, then passed on to Abellio Greater Anglia in 2012. Some of the Abellio Greater Anglia lines were transferred to TfL Rail, as part of Crossrail, and London Overground in 2015.
South West TrainsSolent & Wessex
South Western Line
West of England Line		Operated by Stagecoach from 1996 until 2017, but retained South West Trains branding, now operated by South Western Railway

One element of NSE that remained in public ownership was the Waterloo & City Line; too small to be operated as a self-contained franchise, it was not incorporated with the rest of NSE services from Waterloo into the South West Trains operation, and was instead transferred to London Underground.[8]

Legacy
NSE-era signage at Old Street station in September 2008
NSE's logo in a plaque at Kew Gardens station

Although NSE ceased to exist in 1994, its logos, livery and signage would linger well into the following decades. Southeastern, Southern and First Capital Connect trains continued to run in NSE livery until as late as 2007.[9]

Underground stations on the Moorgate branch of the Great Northern route (Highbury & Islington, Essex Road, Old Street and Moorgate) used to have the NSE era colour schemes after going through 3 privatised operators (WAGN, First Capital Connect and Great Northern) until late-2018. [10]

NSE signage and logos can be found across the Island Line, Isle of Wight, with particularly well-maintained examples existing at the Ryde Pier Head and Shanklin ticket offices. Kew Gardens station in London still has the NSE logo on a plaque in the booking hall marking the station's reopening by Michael Portillo in 1989.

The last train still in NSE livery was withdrawn on 15 September 2007 when 465193, was sent for revinyling.[11]

In 2002 The Network SouthEast Railway Society.[12] was formed to keep the memeories of NSE alive by re-promoting through merchandise that they make to raise money for their 4-CIG EMU No.1753 which was named 'Chirs Green' at the NSE 30 event at Finmere, Oxfordshire by the ex-NSE boss himself, and on 28 August 2015, the Network SouthEast Railway Society, obtained the trademark of Network SouthEast's brandname, logo and typeface.[13] The group wanted to obtain the trademark to help Network SouthEast's name and legacy live on following its demise and educate about NSE.[14]

In 2017, the Railway Heritage Trust collaborated with train operator Govia Thameslink Railway to recreate the Network SouthEast image at Downham Market station as a commemorative measure. The station has been equipped with paintwork and signage that mimic the Network SouthEast branding of the late 1980s.[15]

gollark: Isn't MineOS... bad?
gollark: Web emulators?
gollark: https://copy-cat.squiddev.cc/Does OC have that?(`pastebin run rm13ugfa`)
gollark: You can actually try out potatOS in a web emulator.
gollark: The various sandboxing issues I know of in potatOS have *m*ostly been patched.

References
  1. Mark Lawrence: Network SouthEast - From Sectorization to Privatisation. Sparkford, Oxford Publishing Co. 1994
  2. Thomas, David St John; Whitehouse, Patrick (1990). BR in the Eighties. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-9854-7.
  3. Green, Chris; Vincent, Mike (2014). The Network SouthEast Story. Oxford Publishing Co. ISBN 9780860936534.
  4. "Network SouthEast". Jane's Railway Year. 6: 4–11.
  5. "How the Network SouthEast was won" Rail Magazine issue 747 30 April 2014 page 72
  6. "Network Railcard". Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  7. "Network Rail route plan for Chilterns November 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2011.
  8. "Waterloo & City Line". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Clive Feather. 14 December 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  9. https://youtube.com/watch?v=M5eJ9Jv1XwQ
  10. https://youtube.com/watch?v=VLUBW4XhU2c&t=66s
  11. "After 21 years, no more NSE" Rail Magazine issue 575 26 September 2007 page 9
  12. "NSERS Website". Network SouthEast Railway Society.
  13. Intellectual Property Office (28 August 2015). "Trade mark number - UK00003110943". trademarks.ipo.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  14. Shepherd, John (6 October 2016). "Network SouthEast TRADEMARK INFORMATION". Network SouthEast Railway Society. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  15. Heritage makeover unveiled at Downham Market railway station Archived 23 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Lynn News 4 May 2017

Further reading
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