Kampilan

The kampilan (Baybayin: ᜃᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜎᜈ᜔; Abecedario: Campilan) is a type of single-edged sword, traditionally used by various ethnic groups in the Philippine archipelago. It has a distinct profile, with the tapered blade being much broader and thinner at the point than at its base, sometimes with a protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip. The design of the pommel varies between ethnic groups, but it usually depicts either a bakunawa (dragon), a buaya (crocodile), a kalaw (hornbill), or a kakatua (cockatoo).[1]

Kampilan - Manardas
ᜃᜋ᜔ᜉᜒᜎᜈ᜔
Parts of a Moro kampílan, written in Maguindanao and Maranao languages of Mindanao.
TypeSword
Place of originPhilippines
Service history
In serviceAncient barangays, Rajahnate of Cebu, Madja-as, Tondo, Namayan, Maynila, Rajahnate of Butuan, Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu
Used byKapampangans, Ilocanos, Tagalogs, Visayans, Lumad, Moros (Iranun, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tausug), Bajau
WarsBattle of Mactan
Moro wars
Specifications
Length90-100 cm
Blade typeSingle edge
Hilt typeWood, Horn, Bone, Metal
Scabbard/sheathWood

This weapon was featured in the American bladesmithing competition, Forged in Fire (TV series)'s season 4 episode 16.[2]

Names

"Kampilan" is the term most commonly used for the sword in the Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan languages. It simply means "sword".[3][4][5] It is known by other names in other ethnic groups in the Philippines including Kapampangan talibong or talibon (not to be confused with the Visayan talibon); Maranao kifing; Iranun parang kampilan;[6] and Tboli tok and kafilan.[7]

History

Kampilan are mentioned in ancient Filipino epics, including the Hiligaynon Hinilawod from the Visayas; the Ilocano Biag ni Lam-Ang from Luzon; and the Maranao Darangen of Mindanao.[8][9] The kampilan also plays a central part in the Maranao and Maguindanao traditional war dance of Sagayan, which depicts a scene from the Darangen.[10]

Unlike other common precolonial Filipino bolo weapons which were based on agricultural implements, the kampilan is specifically made for warfare, used either in small skirmishes or large-scale encounters.[11] According to Philippine historical documents, the kampílan was widely used by chieftains and warriors for battle and as a headhunting sword. The most famous probable use of kampilan in warfare was in the Battle of Mactan, where Antonio Pigafetta described Ferdinand Magellan being wounded on the left leg by a warrior bearing "a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger."[12][1][13][11] In traditional societies of the Tagalog people, it is also used as a form of religious adornment in a dambana.[13][11]

Physical description
A kampilan with a crocodile pommel shown with the shorter kalis for comparison. The sheaths are also displayed.

Among Filipino swords, the most distinguishing characteristic of the kampilan is its huge size. At about 36 to 40 inches (90 to 100 cm) long, it is much larger than other Filipino swords,[13] and is thought to be the longest,[11] though smaller versions (sometimes called the "kampilan bolo")[14] exist. A notable exception would be the panabas, another Philippine longsword, of which unusually large examples used for ceremonial execution purposes could measure up to four feet in length.[15]

The blade is narrow near the hilt and it gradually swells in width into an almost trapezoidal profile at the end. The blades are often laminated with various styles of tip. Kampílan blades often have holes near the tip that are sometimes filled with brass. Rarer still are specimens that have tips exhibiting a kris-like fretwork, while others have engravings down the entire blade. Although the kampílan can be used with one hand, it is primarily a two-handed sword.

Blade
The lamination (pattern welding) of the blade of this kampílan is clearly visible. A close-up view of the characteristic spikelet on the blade's tip is also shown.

The laminated steel blade of the kampílan is single-edged, and made from Damascus steel pattern welding process[16][17] and is easily identified by its tapered profile, narrowest near the hilt and gently widening until its truncated point. The blade's spikelet has led to the description of the kampílan in some documents as "dual-tipped" or "double-tipped".[1][13][18][18]

Sheath or scabbard

The scabbard is usually made of cheap wood and is bound with simple rattan or fibre lashings. When the sword needs to be used immediately, the sword bearer will simply strike with the sheathed sword and the blade will cut through the lashings, thereby effecting a quick, tactical strike without the need to unsheathe the sword.

Scabbards are unadorned and are often disposable when going into battle. Some scabbards were also made of bamboo or were made with a handle that allowed half of the scabbard to serve as a small shield.

Hilt
Detail of the hilts of Moro kampílan, which typically have kalaw (hornbill) pommel designs

The hilt is quite long in order to counterbalance the weight and length of the blade and is made of hardwood.[1] As with the blade, the design of the hilt's profile is relatively consistent from blade to blade. The hilt is sometimes wrapped with rattan to improve the grip. At times the hilt was bound to the hand by a talismanic piece of cloth to prevent slippage. Sometimes a chain mail covering was attached to prevent the hand from injury. Almost all kampílan originally had large metal staples protruding from the cross guard above the grip.

The complete tang of the kampílan disappears into a crossguard, which is often decoratively carved with geometric or flowing patterns.[1] The guard prevents the enemy's weapon from sliding all the way down the blade onto bearer's hand and also prevents the bearer's hand from sliding onto the blade while thrusting.

A Bagobo kampilan from Mindanao

The most distinctive design element of the hilt is the pommel. The design of the pommel varies between ethnic groups of the Philippines. In the ethnic groups of Visayas and Luzon, the pommel usually depicts a bakunawa (or naga), a horned dragon-like mythological creature.[1][11] Among the Muslim Moro people, the pommel usually depicts either a kalaw (hornbill) or a kakatua (cockatoo). Other animals depicted in kampilan pommels include monitor lizards and crocodiles.[13][19][20] Among the Lumad people of the interiors of Mindanao, kampilan pommels do not typically depict animals, but is instead a simple curving shape that flares out at the end.

Kampilan hilts are typically made from hardwood, but expensive examples that belonged to datu are covered in silver sheet or are entirely manufactured out of expensive materials such as horn or bone. Like the blade, they may possess small holes at the tips and edges which can have attachments like bells, metal chains, or animal or human hair tassels. Some kampilan hilts, especially among the Lumad, can also be made entirely of brass.[1][11][19][21]

Similar swords

Similar weapons to the kampilan in the Philippines include the bangkung, laring, utak, pirah, and the banyal.[22][23][24] Other similar weapons to the kampilan outside of the Philippines include the Dayak mandau of Borneo;[25] the Minahasan santi of northern Sulawesi; and the Sangir pedang bara of the Sangihe Islands.[26]

In Brunei, the officers who bear the royal regalia of the Sultan of Brunei such as the Panglima Agsar who carry the royal weapons of kelasak (shield) and kampilan, whereas the Panglima Raja carry the pemuras (royal gun) and kampilan.[27]

Historical Accounts

"The Mindanaos use a weapon quite distinct from that of the Ternatans. It is a campilan or cutlass of one edge, and heavier than the pointless Turkish weapon. It is a very bloody weapon, but, being so heavy, it is a danger for him who handles it, if he is not adroit with it. It has only two forms of use, namely, to wield it by one edge, and to raise it by the other, in order to deal another stroke, its weight allowing time for the spears of the opponents to enter. They do not gird it on, as that would be too much trouble, but carry it on the shoulders, in the fashion of the camarlengos who carry the rapiers on their shoulders in public ceremonies in front of their princes. Besides that weapon the Mindanao uses lance, kris, and shield, as do the other nations. Both these and those have begun to use firearms too much, having acquired that from intercourse with our enemies. They manage all sorts of artillery excellently, and in their fleets all their craft carry their own pieces, with ladle, culverins, esmerils, and other small weapons."

Fr. Francisco Combes, History of Mindanao, Sulu and Adjacent Islands (1667)

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See also

Publications
  • Whittington, Jeff. "armory:knives". Peoples of the Philippines: Filipino Arts and Crafts. The C.E. Smith Museum of Anthropology. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  • Greaves, Ian; Jose Albovias Jr; Federico Malibago. "Sandata - The Edged Weapons of the Philippines". History of Steel in Eastern Asia. Macao Museum of Art. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  • "kampilan (subheading)". History of Steel in Eastern Asia. Macao Museum of Art. Retrieved February 5, 2008.

References
  1. "Kampilan". Malay World Edged Weapons. Retrieved February 5, 2009.
  2. "The Kampilan". History. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
  3. William Henry Scott (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-9715501354.
  4. "Kampilan". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  5. Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000). Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar: Ilocano-English, English-Ilocano. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824820886.
  6. Mamitua Saber, Dionisio G. Orellana (1977). Comparative Notes On Museum Exhibits In Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Macao, And The Philippines: A Report To The Ford Foundation On Travelling Symposium For Southeast Asia Museum Development, April-May, 1971. Aga Khan Museum, Mindanao State University. ASIN B0007BP4DA.
  7. Casiño, Eric S. (2000). Mindanao Statecraft and Ecology: Moros, Lumads, and Settlers Across the Lowland-highland Continuum. Notre Dame University. p. 226. ISBN 9789715553544.
  8. Milligan, Jeffrey Ayala (2000). "Rethinking the Ideal of the Educated Person: An Alternative from the Maranao-Filipino Oral Epic Darangen". Journal of Thought. 35 (3): 67–79. JSTOR 42589635.
  9. Panalondong, Bulkhia (2018). Kampilan: Cultural and Historical Significance to the Mëranaw (Thesis). Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology.
  10. "Sagayan: The Dance of the Maguindanaoan". ChoosePhilippines. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-01-29. Retrieved 2009-01-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. Antonio Pigafetta. MS. ca. 1525, of events of 1519-1522 (1906). "Primo viaggio intorno al mondo". In Emma Helen Blair & James Alexander Robertson (ed.). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The Arthur H. Clark Co. p. 161.
  13. "Kampilan | Traditional Filipino Weapons".
  14. "Kampilan Bolo | Traditional Filipino Weapons".
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-11. Retrieved 2014-10-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. Maryon, Herbert (February 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 1: Pattern-Welding". Studies in Conservation. 5 (1): 25–37. doi:10.2307/1505063. JSTOR 1505063.
  17. Maryon, Herbert (May 1960). "Pattern-Welding and Damascening of Sword-Blades—Part 2: The Damascene Process". Studies in Conservation. 5 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/1504953. JSTOR 1504953.
  18. Raiders of the Sulu Sea (Documentary). Oakfilms3, History Channel Asia. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
  19. "History of Steel in Eastern Asia". Macao Museum of Art. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  20. "Mindanao Kampilan Machete Sword". Michael Backman Lrd. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  21. "Complete T'Boli Kampilan sword from Mindanao, Southern Philippines". Ashoka Arts. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  22. Cato, Robert (1996). Moro Swords. Graham Brash. p. 98. ISBN 9789812180599. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  23. Atkinson, David J. "Banyal". Atkinson Collection: Swords and Knives. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  24. Lawrence, Marc (2009). "Filipino Weapons from A to Z" (PDF). Filipino Martial Arts Digest. Stephen K. Dowd.
  25. Bernard Dorléans (2006). Orang Indonesia Dan Orang Prancis: Dari Abad XVI Sampai Dengan Abad XX. Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. ISBN 978-979-9100-50-4.
  26. "Pedang Bara Sangihe, Senjata Tradisional Sulawesi Utara". Indonesia Kaya. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  27. Siti Norkhalbi Haji Wahsalfelah (2007). Textiles and Identity in Brunei Darussalam. White Lotus Press. ISBN 978-974-480-094-7.
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