Arab sword
The Arab sword, sometimes called a Saif (سيف) or a Shamshir depending on the era, has its origins in Arabia prior to the 7th century. Not much is known about this particular weapon, other than what Al-Kindi wrote in his treatise On Swords in the 9th century.
Description
In the article, "Introduction to the Study of Islamic Arms and Armour" by Dr. A. Rahman Zaky, he writes about the Saif as "An Arab sword, [with] a rather broad-blade and sometimes with a peculiarly hooked pommel. The size varies greatly. It is found in most countries in which the Arabs have lived, and each has its own variety. Early Arab chroniclers used to mention two kinds of swords: Saif Anith, which was made of iron, and Saif Fulath or Muzakka, which was made of steel."[1]
Etymology
The term Xiphos, which is Greek for double-edged straight sword, can have a certain connection to the term saif. Mostly the word "Saif" is an Arab common word for a sword, and it does not refer to a certain type.
Anatomy
The handle is referred to as maqbid. The pommel is called the halq and the quillon is the haris. The blade is composed of the false edge and the true edge, which are known as the zafiya or hafat zafiya and the haqiqia, respectively. The sword's point is referred to as the nuqtat. Some Arab swords may contain a fuller, which is called an 'akmal, but others do not. Therefore the area where the fuller would be is completely flat.
History
The production of the Arab sword has four distinct periods: Pre-Islamic (Ancient swords before the 7th century), Early Islamic (Old swords 7th to 8th centuries), Islamic Golden Age (Swords of the 9th to early-13th centuries) and the Abandonment (Late swords of the late-13th to 16th centuries). Most information on Arab swords come from literature.
Pre-Islamic
Prior to the rise of Islam in the 630s, the settled communities in the Arabian peninsula developed into distinctive civilizations, and are limited to archaeological evidence. Accounts written outside of Arabia and Arab oral traditions were later recorded by Islamic scholars. Among the most prominent civilizations were the Dilmun which arose around the end of the fourth millennium BCE and lasted to about 600CE and the Thamud which arose around 3000BCE and lasted to about 300CE. Additionally, from the beginning of the first millennium BCE, Southern Arabia was the home to a number of kingdoms such as the Sabaeans and the coastal areas of Eastern Arabia were controlled by the Iranian Parthians and Sassanians from 300BCE. The Arabs of the peninsula, thus, had their own local system of warfare, that was not of big armies, but of small battles and skirmishes among tribes.[2]
Early Islamic
Swords in Mu'tah, called Mashrafiya swords, were so highly regarded, that Muhammad ordered in 629 a raid on the city to capture it. In the case of other captured weapons we can be less sure about where they were produced. This is true of the weapons taken from the Jewish tribe known as the Banu Qaynuqa. In his sira the Prophet's biographer Ibn Ishaq, recounts that during the Prophet's life-time this tribe was noted as arms manufacturers, or as possessing large stocks of arms in Medina; it is possible that some of their arms were produced there.[3]
Islamic Golden Age
By the years of the Islamic golden age, the sabers and double-edged swords of the Middle East co-existed.
Abandonment
In the later years of the Arab sword, of the seven listed places by Al-Kindi where it was manufactured, four remained by the later half of the 13th century. With Khorasan and Damascus razed by the Mongols and Byzantium conquered by the Crusaders in the Fourth Crusade, the Arab sword took a strong decline. Its final end came in the 16th century, when the Ottomans seized Egypt in 1517 and Yemen in 1552–60, thus marking the end of the Arab sword. Neither the Mongols, Crusaders nor Ottomans had shown an interest in the Arab sword. These groups had their own traditions, and thus displaced it. The last two places, Sri Lanka and Kedah, had slowly grown influenced by neighboring traditions and thus ceased to make it altogether.
In c. 1350, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya wrote a treatise on Arab arms called "Al-Furusiyya".[4] In this text, he proclaims that aside from horsemanship, lance and archery, swordsmanship was a fourth discipline of Furusiyya.[5]
Manufacturing
Al-Kindi lists seven places from which Arab swords were forged. Starting with the best; Yemen, Khorasan, Damascus, Egypt, Rum (meaning Byzantium), Sri Lanka and Qalah (possibly Kedah).
Use
During the early Islamic years, the Arabs sheathed their weapons in baldrics. The use of sword and baldric was consciously abandoned by the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil (847-861) in favor of the saber and belt. But the use of sword and baldric seems to have retained a ceremonial and religious significance. For example, the Zangid ruler Nur ad-Din (1146–74) was anxious to demonstrate that he was a pious traditionalist, searching out the old methods preferred by the Prophet. Consequently, among his reforms he re-adopted the custom of wearing a sword suspended from a baldric. His successor Salah ad-Din (1138-1193), known in the west as Saladin, did the same and it is noteworthy that he was buried with his sword, «he took it with him to Paradise.»[6]
According to David Nicolle, the Arab sword was used mainly for cutting.[7] He cites Usama ibn Munqidh's memoir as evidence, that when Usama was being attacked by a Hashshashin, Usama struck the assassin down.[8] Other stories by Usama add credence to David Nicolle's theory.
During the Mamluk period the saber seems to have been the preferred weapon of the warrior elite but the most finely decorated edged weapons were swords. Swords were used in the most important ceremonial events in the Mamluk period, that is, in the investiture of Mamluk sultans and caliphs of the restored Abbasid dynasty where the ruler was «girded» with the «Bedouin sword» saif badawi. There are no surviving descriptions of such swords but it can be suggested as a hypothesis that the exquisitely decorated Mamluk sword blades now preserved in Istanbul are in fact saif badawi.[9]
Gallery
References
- Zaky 1961, pp. 21
- Zaky 1965, pp. 107
- Alexander 2001, pp. 200
- ed. Nizam al-Din al-Fatih, Madinah al Munawara: Maktaba Dar al-Turath, 1990.
- "Arab epic heroes and horses". Halle an der Saale: 29. Deutscher Orientalistentag. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
Furusiyya covers four disciplines: the tactics of attack and withdrawal (al-karr wa-l-farr); archery; jousts with spears; duels with swords. [...] Only the Muslim conquerors and the knights of the faith have fully mastered these four arts.
- Alexander 2001, pp. 204-205
- Nicolle 1994, pp. 13-14
- Cobb 2008, pp. 129
- Alexander 2001, pp. 204-205
Bibliography
- Alexander, David (2001). Swords and Sabers during the Early Islamic Period. Gladius XXI. http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/viewFile/86/86
- Cobb, Paul M. (2008). The Book of Contemplation: Islam and the Crusades (Penguin Classics). Penguin Classics. ISBN 0140455132.
- Hitti, Phillip K. (2000). An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231121253.
- Hoyland, Robert G. (2006). Medieval Islamic Swords and Swordmaking. Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 0906094526.
- Nicolle, David (1994). Saracen Faris AD 1050-1250. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-453-4.
- Scanlon, George T. (1961). A Muslim Manual of War. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-1-61797-111-2.
- Zaky, A. Rahman (1965). A Preliminary Bibliography of Medieval Arabic Military Literature. Gladius IV. http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/viewFile/191/193
- Zaky, A. Rahman (1961). Introduction to the Study of Islamic Swords and Armour. Gladius I. http://gladius.revistas.csic.es/index.php/gladius/article/viewFile/211/213