Johns Hopkins University

The Johns Hopkins University is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, the university was named for its first benefactor, the American entrepreneur, abolitionist, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins.[4] His $7 million bequest (approximately $147.5 million in today's currency)—of which half financed the establishment of the Johns Hopkins Hospital—was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States up to that time.[5][6] Daniel Coit Gilman, who was inaugurated as the institution's first president on February 22, 1876,[7] led the university to revolutionize higher education in the U.S. by integrating teaching and research.[8] Adopting the concept of a graduate school from Germany's historic Heidelberg University, Johns Hopkins University is considered the first research university in the United States.[9] Over the course of several decades, the university has led all U.S. universities in annual research and development expenditures. In fiscal year 2016, Johns Hopkins spent nearly $2.5 billion on research.[10] The university has additional graduate campuses in Italy, China, and Washington, D.C., in addition to its main campus in Baltimore, Maryland.[11]

"JHU" redirects here. For other uses, see JHU (disambiguation).

The Johns Hopkins University
Seal of The Johns Hopkins University
MottoVeritas vos liberabit (Latin)
Motto in English
The Truth Will Set You Free
TypePrivate
Established1876 (1876)
Academic affiliations
AAU
URA
NAICU
COFHE
ORAU
Endowment$6.28 billion (2019)[1]
PresidentRonald J. Daniels
ProvostSunil Kumar
Students26,402
Undergraduates5,615 (Fall 2018)[2]:33
Postgraduates>20,000[2]:35
Location
Baltimore
,
Maryland
,
United States

39°19′44″N 76°37′13″W
NewspaperThe Johns Hopkins News-Letter (est. 1896)
ColorsHopkins Blue, White, and Black[3]
              ;
Sable and Gold (academic robes)
NicknameBlue Jays
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division III,
Centennial Conference; men’s and women’s lacrosse teams compete in NCAA Division I, Big Ten Conference
MascotBlue Jay
Websitewww.jhu.edu

Johns Hopkins is organized into 10 divisions on campuses in Maryland and Washington, D.C., with international centers in Italy and China.[12] The two undergraduate divisions, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Whiting School of Engineering, are located on the Homewood campus in Baltimore's Charles Village neighborhood.[13] The medical school, nursing school, and Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Children’s Center are located on the Medical Institutions campus in East Baltimore.[14] The university also consists of the Peabody Institute, Applied Physics Laboratory, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, School of Education, Carey Business School, and various other facilities.[15]

Johns Hopkins was a founding member of the American Association of Universities.[16] As of October 2019, 39 Nobel laureates and 1 Fields Medalist have been affiliated with Johns Hopkins.[17] Founded in 1883, the Blue Jays men's lacrosse team has captured 44 national titles[18] and plays in the Big Ten Conference as an affiliate member as of 2014.[19]

History

The philanthropist and the founding
See also: Johns Hopkins' Philanthropy and Legacy
Johns Hopkins
Heidelberg University offered the example after which the new institution modeled itself

On his death in 1873, Johns Hopkins, a Quaker entrepreneur, abolitionist and childless bachelor, bequeathed $7 million (approximately $147.5 million today adjusted for consumer price inflation) to fund a hospital and university in Baltimore, Maryland.[20] At the time, this donation, generated primarily from the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad,[21] was the largest philanthropic gift in the history of the United States,[5] and endowment was then the largest in America.[6]

The first name of philanthropist Johns Hopkins comes from the surname of his great-grandmother, Margaret Johns, who married Gerard Hopkins.[21] They named their son Johns Hopkins, who named his own son Samuel Hopkins. Samuel named one of his sons for his father, and that son became the university's benefactor. Milton Eisenhower, a former university president, once spoke at a convention in Pittsburgh where the master of ceremonies introduced him as "President of John Hopkins." Eisenhower retorted that he was "glad to be here in Pittburgh."[22]

The original board opted for an entirely novel university model dedicated to the discovery of knowledge at an advanced level, extending that of contemporary Germany.[23] Building on the Humboldtian model of higher education, the German education model of Wilhelm von Humboldt, it became dedicated to research. It was especially Heidelberg University and its long academic research history on which the new institution tried to model itself.[23] Johns Hopkins thereby became the model of the modern research university in the United States. Its success eventually shifted higher education in the United States from a focus on teaching revealed and/or applied knowledge to the scientific discovery of new knowledge.[24]

Early years and Daniel Coit Gilman
Daniel Coit Gilman

The trustees worked alongside four notable university presidents – Charles W. Eliot of Harvard, Andrew D. White of Cornell, Noah Porter of Yale College and James B. Angell of Michigan. They each vouched for Daniel Coit Gilman to lead the new University and he became the university's first president.[25] Gilman, a Yale-educated scholar, had been serving as president of the University of California, Berkeley prior to this appointment.[25] In preparation for the university's founding, Gilman visited University of Freiburg and other German universities.

Hopkins Hall circa 1885, on the original downtown Baltimore campus

Gilman launched what many at the time considered an audacious and unprecedented academic experiment to merge teaching and research. He dismissed the idea that the two were mutually exclusive: "The best teachers are usually those who are free, competent and willing to make original researches in the library and the laboratory," he stated.[26] To implement his plan, Gilman recruited internationally known luminaries such as the mathematician James Joseph Sylvester; the biologist H. Newell Martin; the physicist Henry A. Rowland (the first president of the American Physical Society), the classical scholars Basil Gildersleeve and Charles D. Morris;[27] the economist Richard T. Ely; and the chemist Ira Remsen, who became the second president of the university in 1901.[28]

Gilman focused on the expansion of graduate education and support of faculty research. The new university fused advanced scholarship with such professional schools as medicine and engineering. Hopkins became the national trendsetter in doctoral programs and the host for numerous scholarly journals and associations.[29] The Johns Hopkins University Press, founded in 1878, is the oldest American university press in continuous operation.[30]

Johns Hopkins Hospital

With the completion of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889 and the medical school in 1893, the university's research-focused mode of instruction soon began attracting world-renowned faculty members who would become major figures in the emerging field of academic medicine, including William Osler, William Halsted, Howard Kelly, and William Welch.[31] During this period Hopkins made more history by becoming the first medical school to admit women on an equal basis with men and to require a Bachelor's degree, based on the efforts of Mary E. Garrett, who had endowed the school at Gilman's request.[32] The school of medicine was America's first coeducational, graduate-level medical school, and became a prototype for academic medicine that emphasized bedside learning, research projects, and laboratory training.

In his will and in his instructions to the trustees of the university and the hospital, Hopkins requested that both institutions be built upon the vast grounds of his Baltimore estate, Clifton. When Gilman assumed the presidency, he decided that it would be best to use the university's endowment for recruiting faculty and students, deciding to, as it has been paraphrased, "build men, not buildings."[33] In his will Hopkins stipulated that none of his endowment should be used for construction; only interest on the principal could be used for this purpose. Unfortunately, stocks in The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which would have generated most of the interest, became virtually worthless soon after Hopkins's death. The university's first home was thus in Downtown Baltimore delaying plans to site the university in Clifton.[20]

Move to Homewood and early 20th century history
Gilman Hall, flagship building of the Homewood campus

In the early 20th century the university outgrew its buildings and the trustees began to search for a new home. Developing Clifton for the university was too costly, and 30 acres (12 ha) of the estate had to be sold to the city as public park. A solution was achieved by a team of prominent locals who acquired the estate in north Baltimore known as Homewood. On February 22, 1902, this land was formally transferred to the university. The flagship building, Gilman Hall, was completed in 1915. The School of Engineering relocated in Fall of 1914 and the School of Arts and Sciences followed in 1916. These decades saw the ceding of lands by the university for the public Wyman Park and Wyman Park Dell and the Baltimore Museum of Art, coalescing in the contemporary area of 140 acres (57 ha).[20]

Maryland Hall, second home of the Whiting School of Engineering

Prior to becoming the main Johns Hopkins campus, the Homewood estate had initially been the gift of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a Maryland planter and signer of the Declaration of Independence, to his son Charles Carroll Jr. The original structure, the 1801 Homewood House, still stands and serves as an on-campus museum.[34] The brick and marble Federal style of Homewood House became the architectural inspiration for much of the university campus versus the Collegiate Gothic style of other historic American universities.[34]

In 1909, the university was among the first to start adult continuing education programs and in 1916 it founded the US' first school of public health.[35]

Since the 1910s, Johns Hopkins University has famously been a "fertile cradle" to Arthur Lovejoy's history of ideas.[36]

Presidents of the university
NameTerm
Daniel Coit GilmanMay 1875 – August 1901
Ira RemsenSeptember 1901 – January 1913
Frank GoodnowOctober 1914 – June 1929
Joseph Sweetman AmesJuly 1929 – June 1935
Isaiah BowmanJuly 1935 – December 1948
Detlev BronkJanuary 1949 – August 1953
Lowell ReedSeptember 1953 – June 1956
Milton S. EisenhowerJuly 1956 – June 1967
Lincoln GordonJuly 1967 – March 1971
Milton S. EisenhowerMarch 1971 – January 1972
Steven MullerFebruary 1972 – June 1990
William C. RichardsonJuly 1990 – July 1995
Daniel NathansJune 1995 – August 1996
William R. BrodyAugust 1996 – February 2009
Ronald J. DanielsMarch 2009–Present

The post-war era

Since 1942, the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) has served as a major governmental defense contractor. In tandem with on-campus research, Johns Hopkins has every year since 1979 had the highest federal research funding of any American university.[37]

Professional schools of international affairs and music were established in 1950 and 1977, respectively, when the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies[38] in Washington D.C and the Peabody Institute[39] in Baltimore were incorporated into the university.

In the twenty-first century
The Legg Mason Tower, home of the new Carey Business School

The early decades of the 21st century saw expansion across the university's institutions in both physical and population sizes. Notably, a planned 88-acre expansion to the medical campus began in 2013.[40] Completed construction on the Homewood campus has included a new biomedical engineering building in the Johns Hopkins University Department of Biomedical Engineering, a new library, a new biology wing, an extensive renovation of the flagship Gilman Hall, and the reconstruction of the main university entrance.[41]

These years also brought about the rapid development of the university's professional schools of education and business. From 1999 until 2007, these disciplines had been joined together within the School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (SPSBE), itself a reshuffling of several earlier ventures. The 2007 split, combined with new funding and leadership initiatives, has led to the simultaneous emergence of the Johns Hopkins School of Education and the Carey Business School.[42]

On November 18, 2018, it was announced that Michael Bloomberg would make a donation to his alma mater of $1.8 billion, marking the largest private donation in modern history to an institution of higher education and bringing Bloomberg's total contribution to the school in excess of $3.3 billion.[43][44][45][46][47][48] Bloomberg's $1.8 billion gift allows the school to practice need-blind admission and meet the full financial need of admitted students.[49][50]

In late 2019, the university's Coronavirus Research Center began tracking worldwide cases of the COVID-19 pandemic by compiling data from hundreds of sources around the world.[51] This led to the university becoming one of the most cited sources for data about the pandemic.[51] Tatiana Prowell with Johns Hopkins University won a 2020 Webby Special Achievement Award.[52]

In January 2019, the university announced[53] an agreement to purchase the Newseum, located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave., in the heart of Washington, D.C., with plans to locate all of its D.C.-based graduate programs there. In an interview with The Atlantic, the president of Johns Hopkins stated that “the purchase is an opportunity to position the university, literally, to better contribute its expertise to national- and international-policy discussions.”[54]

Civil rights

African-Americans

Hopkins was a prominent abolitionist who supported Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. After his death, reports said his conviction was a decisive factor in enrolling Hopkins' first African-American student, Kelly Miller, a graduate student in physics, astronomy and mathematics.[55] As time passed, the university adopted a "separate but equal" stance more like other Baltimore institutions.[6]

The first black undergraduate entered the school in 1945 and graduate students followed in 1967.[56] James Nabwangu, a British-trained Kenyan, was the first black graduate of the medical school.[57] African-American instructor and laboratory supervisor Vivien Thomas was instrumental in developing and conducting the first successful blue baby operation in 1944.[58] Despite such cases, racial diversity did not become commonplace at Johns Hopkins institutions until the 1960s and 1970s.

Women

Hopkins' most well-known battle for women's rights was the one led by daughters of trustees of the university; Mary E. Garrett, M. Carey Thomas, Mamie Gwinn, Elizabeth King, and Julia Rogers.[59] They donated and raised the funds needed to open the medical school, and required Hopkins' officials to agree to their stipulation that women would be admitted. The nursing school opened in 1889 and accepted women and men as students.[60] Other graduate schools were later opened to women by president Ira Remsen in 1907. Christine Ladd-Franklin was the first woman to earn a PhD at Hopkins, in mathematics in 1882.[61] The trustees denied her the degree for decades and refused to change the policy about admitting women. In 1893, Florence Bascomb became the university's first female PhD.[59] The decision to admit women at undergraduate level was not considered until the late 1960s and was eventually adopted in October 1969. As of 2009–2010, the undergraduate population was 47% female and 53% male.[62]

Freedom of speech

On September 5, 2013 cryptographer and Johns Hopkins university professor Matthew Green posted a blog, entitled "On the NSA", in which he contributed to the ongoing debate regarding the role of NIST and NSA in formulating U.S. cryptography standards. On September 9, 2013 Green received a take-down request for the "On the NSA" blog from interim Dean Andrew Douglas from the Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering.[63] The request cited concerns that the blog had links to sensitive material. The blog linked to already published news articles from The Guardian, The New York Times and ProPublica.org. Douglas subsequently issued a personal on-line apology to Green.[64] The event raised concern over the future of academic freedom of speech within the cryptologic research community.

Privatized policing

Beginning April 3, 2019, protesters sat-in to protest the university's formation of a private campus police force. The protesters were arrested after a month long standoff, but the university chose not to press charges.[65]

Campuses
Main Campuses & Divisions
Homewood East Baltimore
(Medical Institutions Campus)		 Downtown Baltimore Washington D.C. Laurel, Maryland
School of Arts and Sciences
1876		 School of Education
1909		 School of Engineering
1913		 School of Nursing
1889		 School of Medicine
1893		 School of Public Health
1916		 Peabody Institute
1857		 School of Business
2007		 School of Advanced International Studies
1943		 Applied Physics Laboratory
1942

Homewood
Main article: Homewood Campus of Johns Hopkins University
View toward Gilman Hall from Levering Plaza on the Homewood Campus
  • Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences: The Krieger School offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors and more than 40 graduate programs.[66]
  • G.W.C. Whiting School of Engineering: The Whiting School contains 14 undergraduate and graduate engineering programs and 12 additional areas of study.[67]
  • School of Education: Originally established in 1909 as The School of Professional Studies in Business and Education, the divisions of Education and Business became separate schools in 2007.

The first campus was located on Howard Street. Eventually, they relocated to Homewood, in northern Baltimore, the estate of Charles Carroll, son of the oldest surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence. Carroll's Homewood House is considered one of the finest examples of Federal residential architecture. The estate then came to the Wyman family, which participated in making it the park-like main campus of the schools of arts and sciences and engineering at the start of the 20th century. Most of its architecture was modeled after the Federal style of Homewood House. Homewood House is preserved as a museum. Most undergraduate programs are on this campus.

East Baltimore
Johns Hopkins Hospital

Collectively known as Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions (JHMI) campus, the East Baltimore facility occupies several city blocks spreading from the Johns Hopkins Hospital trademark dome.

  • School of Medicine: The School of Medicine is widely regarded as one of the best medical schools and biomedical research institutes in the world.
  • Bloomberg School of Public Health: The Bloomberg School was founded in 1916 and is the world's oldest and largest school of public health. It has consistently been ranked first in its field by U.S. News & World Report.
  • School of Nursing: The School of Nursing is one of America's oldest and pre-eminent schools for nursing education. It has consistently ranked first in the nation.

Downtown Baltimore
Peabody Institute
  • Carey Business School: The Carey Business School was established in 2007, incorporating divisions of the former School of Professional Studies in Business and Education. It was originally located on Charles Street, but relocated to the Legg Mason building in Harbor East in 2011.
  • Peabody Institute: founded in 1857, is the oldest continuously active music conservatory in the United States; it became a division of Johns Hopkins in 1977. The Conservatory retains its own student body and grants degrees in musicology and performance, though both Hopkins and Peabody students may take courses at both institutions. It is located on East Mount Vernon Place.

Washington, D.C.
Washington D.C. Campus (SAIS)

The Washington, D.C. campus is on Massachusetts Avenue, towards the Southeastern end of Embassy Row.

Laurel, Maryland
  • Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL): The APL in Laurel, Maryland, specializes in research for the U.S. Department of Defense, NASA and other government and civilian research agencies. Among other projects, it has designed, built, and flown spacecraft for NASA to the asteroid Eros, and the planets Mercury and Pluto. It has developed more than 100 biomedical devices, many in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.[70]

Akin to the Washington, D.C. campus for the School of Arts & Sciences, the APL also is the primary campus for master's degrees in a variety of STEM fields.

Other campuses
See also: List of Johns Hopkins University Research Centers and Institutes

Domestic

International

Organization

The Johns Hopkins entity is structured as two corporations, the university and The Johns Hopkins Health System, formed in 1986. The President is JHU's chief executive officer, and the university is organized into nine academic divisions.[76]

JHU's bylaws specify a Board of Trustees of between 18 and 65 voting members. Trustees serve six-year terms subject to a two-term limit. The alumni select 12 trustees. Four recent alumni serve 4-year terms, one per year, typically from the graduating class. The bylaws prohibit students, faculty or administrative staff from serving on the Board, except the President as an ex-officio trustee.[77] The Johns Hopkins Health System has a separate Board of Trustees, many of whom are doctors or health care executives.[78]

Academics

The full-time, four-year undergraduate program is "most selective" with low transfer-in and a high graduate co-existence.[79] The cost of attendance per year is $60,820; however, the average need met is 99%.[80] The university is one of fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities (AAU); it is also a member of the Consortium on Financing Higher Education (COFHE) and the Universities Research Association (URA).

Rankings
University rankings
National
ARWU[81] 13
Forbes[82] 22
THE/WSJ[83] 12
U.S. News & World Report[84] 10
Washington Monthly[85] 56
Global
ARWU[86] 16
QS[87] 25
THE[88] 12
U.S. News & World Report[89] 11

JHU's undergraduate education is ranked 10th among U.S. "national universities" by U.S. News & World Report for 2020.[90] For medical research U.S. News & World Report ranks the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 2020 for 2nd in the U.S.[91] and the Bloomberg School of Public Health 1st.[92] The School of Nursing was ranked 1st nationally for master's degrees.[93] The QS Top Universities ranked Johns Hopkins University No. 5 in the world for medicine.[94] As of 2008, Hopkins ranked No. 1 nationally in receipt of federal research funds,[95] and was the top recipient of NIH research grants in 2019, both in terms of dollar amount and number of grants.[96] In 2020, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked the No. 3 hospital in the United States by the U.S. News & World Report annual ranking of American hospitals.[97]

The School of Education is ranked No. 2 nationally by U.S. News & World Report for 2017.[91] In 2015, the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) ranked 2nd in the world in Foreign Policy's Top Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations ranking.[98]

Undergraduate admissions
Johns Hopkins University[99]
Class of 2023 Applicants 32,231
Class of 2023 Admitted (n, %) 2,950 (9.2%)
SAT Range (1600 scale, middle 50th percentile, 2022 data) 1480–1550
ACT Range (middle 50th percentile, 2022 data) 33–35

The university's undergraduate programs are most selective: in 2020, the Office of Admissions accepted about 7% of its 27,256 Regular Decision applicants.[100][101] In 2016, 95% of admitted students graduated in the top tenth of their high school class and the inter-quartile range on the SAT composite score was 1440–1560.[102] In 2013, 96.8% of freshmen returned after the first year and 88% of students graduated in 4 years.[103] The average GPA of enrolled freshmen in the class of 2018 is 3.88.[104] Over time, applications to Johns Hopkins University have risen steadily. As a result, the selectivity of Johns Hopkins University has also increased. Early Decision is an option at Johns Hopkins University for students who wish to demonstrate that the university is their first choice. These students, if admitted, are required to enroll. This application is due November 2. Most students, however, apply Regular Decision, which is a traditional non-binding round. These applications are due January 1 and students are notified in late March. In 2014, Johns Hopkins ended legacy preference in admissions.[105]

Population
YearApplicantsGrowthAcceptance rateAcceptedEnrolledYield
202029,655-8.0%8.8%2,604TBATBA
201932,23110.7%9.2%2,9501,372[106]46.5%
201829,1289.6%9.9%2,8941,319[107]45.6%
201726,578−1.9%11.7%3,1171,349 [108]43.3%
201627,0959.62%11.5%3,1221,316 [109]42.2%
201524,7183.52%12.4%3,0651,310 [110]42.7%
201423,87715.8%15.0%3,5871,418[111]39.5%
201320,6140.53%16.8%3,5191,320[112]37.5%
201220,5045.94%17.7%3,6321,362[113]37.5%
201119,3554.04%18.3%3,5501,287[114]37%
201018,45514.5%20.4%3,7641,23533%
200916,1230.7%26.8%4,3181,35031%

Libraries
The George Peabody Library

The Johns Hopkins University Library system houses more than 3.6 million volumes[115] and includes ten main divisions across the university's campuses. The largest segment of this system is the Sheridan Libraries, encompassing the Milton S. Eisenhower Library (the main library of the Homewood campus), the Brody Learning Commons, the Hutzler Reading Room ("The Hut") in Gilman Hall, the John Work Garrett Library at Evergreen House, and the George Peabody Library at the Peabody Institute campus.[116]

The main library, constructed in the 1960s, was named for Milton S. Eisenhower, former president of the university and brother of former U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower. The university's stacks had previously been housed in Gilman Hall and departmental libraries.[117] Only two of the Eisenhower library's six stories are above ground, though the building was designed so that every level receives natural light. The design accords with campus lore that no structure can be taller than Gilman Hall, the flagship academic building. A four-story expansion to the library, known as the Brody Learning Commons, opened in August 2012. The expansion features an energy-efficient, state-of-the-art technology infrastructure and includes study spaces, seminar rooms, and a rare books collection.[118]

Johns Hopkins University Press
Main article: Johns Hopkins University Press

The Johns Hopkins University Press is the publishing division of the Johns Hopkins University. It was founded in 1878 and holds the distinction of being the oldest continuously running university press in the United States.[119] To date the Press has published more than 6,000 titles and currently publishes 65 scholarly periodicals and over 200 new books each year. Since 1993, the Johns Hopkins University Press has run Project MUSE, an online collection of over 250 full-text, peer-reviewed journals in the humanities and social sciences. The Press also houses the Hopkins Fulfilment Services (HFS), which handles distribution for a number of university presses and publishers. Taken together, the three divisions of the Press—Books, Journals (including MUSE) and HFS—make it one of the largest of America's university presses.

Degrees offered

Johns Hopkins offers a number of degrees in various undergraduate majors leading to the BA and BS and various majors leading to the MA, MS and Ph.D. for graduate students.[120] Because Hopkins offers both undergraduate and graduate areas of study, many disciplines have multiple degrees available. Biomedical engineering, perhaps one of Hopkins' best-known programs, offers bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.[121]

Research

The opportunity to participate in important research is one of the distinguishing characteristics of Hopkins' undergraduate education. About 80 percent of undergraduates perform independent research, often alongside top researchers.[79][122] In FY 2013, Johns Hopkins received $2.2 billion in federal research grants—more than any other U.S. university for the 35th consecutive year.[123] Johns Hopkins has had seventy-seven members of the Institute of Medicine, forty-three Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, seventeen members of the National Academy of Engineering, and sixty-two members of the National Academy of Sciences. As of October 2019, 39 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university as alumni, faculty members or researchers, with the most recent winners being Gregg Semenza and William G. Kaelin.[124]

Installing a New Horizons Imager at the APL

Between 1999 and 2009, Johns Hopkins was among the most cited institutions in the world. It attracted nearly 1,222,166 citations and produced 54,022 papers under its name, ranking No. 3 globally (after Harvard University and the Max Planck Society) in the number of total citations published in Thomson Reuters-indexed journals over 22 fields in America.[125]

View of Mission Operations at the Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, MD.

In FY 2000, Johns Hopkins received $95.4 million in research grants from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), making it the leading recipient of NASA research and development funding.[126] In FY 2002, Hopkins became the first university to cross the $1 billion threshold on either list, recording $1.14 billion in total research and $1.023 billion in federally sponsored research. In FY 2008, Johns Hopkins University performed $1.68 billion in science, medical and engineering research, making it the leading U.S. academic institution in total R&D spending for the 30th year in a row, according to a National Science Foundation (NSF) ranking.[127] These totals include grants and expenditures of JHU's Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland.

The Johns Hopkins University also offers the "Center for Talented Youth" program—a nonprofit organization dedicated to identifying and developing the talents of the most promising K-12 grade students worldwide. As part of the Johns Hopkins University, the "Center for Talented Youth" or CTY helps fulfill the university's mission of preparing students to make significant future contributions to the world.[128] The Johns Hopkins Digital Media Center (DMC) is a multimedia lab space as well as an equipment, technology and knowledge resource for students interested in exploring creative uses of emerging media and use of technology.[129]

In 2013, the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorships program was established by a $250 million gift from Michael Bloomberg. This program enables the university to recruit fifty researchers from around the world to joint appointments throughout the nine divisions and research centers. Each professor must be a leader in interdisciplinary research and be active in undergraduate education.[130][131] Directed by Vice Provost for Research Denis Wirtz, there are currently thirty two Bloomberg Distinguished Professors at the university, including three Nobel Laureates, eight fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, ten members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and thirteen members of the National Academies.[132]

Research centers and institutes

Student life
Students socializing on The Beach, with Homewood House in the background

Charles Village, the region of North Baltimore surrounding the university, has undergone several restoration projects, and the university has gradually bought the property around the school for additional student housing and dormitories. The Charles Village Project, completed in 2008, brought new commercial spaces to the neighborhood. The project included Charles Commons, a new, modern residence hall that includes popular retail franchises.[140][141] In 2015, the University began development of new commercial properties, including a modern upperclassmen apartment complex, restaurants and eateries, and a CVS retail store.[142]

Hopkins invested in improving campus life with an arts complex in 2001, the Mattin Center, and a three-story sports facility, the O'Connor Recreation Center. The large on-campus dining facilities at Homewood were renovated in the summer of 2006.

Quality of life is enriched by the proximity of neighboring academic institutions, including Loyola College, Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), UMBC, Goucher College, and Towson University, as well as the nearby neighborhoods of Hampden, the Inner Harbor, Fells Point, and Mount Vernon.

Student organizations
Main article: List of Johns Hopkins University student organizations
See also: List of defunct Johns Hopkins University societies

Greek life

Greek life came to Hopkins in 1876 with the charter of fraternity Beta Theta Pi, which still exists on campus today.[143] Since, Johns Hopkins has become home to nine sororities and 11 fraternities. Of the nine sororities, five belong to the National Panhellenic Conference and four to the Multicultural Greek Council Sororities. Of the fraternities, all 11 belong to the Inter-Fraternity Council. Over 1,000 students participate in Greek life, with 23% of women and 20% of men taking part.[144][145] Greek life has expanded its reach at Hopkins in recent decades, as only 15% of the student body participated in 1989.[146] Rush for all students occurs in the spring. Most fraternities keep houses in Charles Village while sororities do not.

Johns Hopkins Greek life has been largely representative of its increasing diversity with the installment of Alpha Phi Alpha, a historically black fraternity, in 1991 and Lambda Phi Epsilon, an Asian-interest fraternity in 1994 among others.[147]

Spring Fair

Spring Fair has been a Johns Hopkins tradition since 1972 and has since grown to be the largest student-run festival in the country.[148] Popular among Hopkins students and Baltimore inhabitants alike, Spring Fair features carnival rides, vendors, food and a beer garden. Since its beginning, Spring Fair has decreased in size, both in regard to attendance and utilization of space. While one point, the Fair attracted upwards of 100,000 people, it became unruly and, for a variety of reasons including safety concerns and a campus beautification project in the early 2000s, had to be scaled back.[149]

Traditions
Lighting of the Quad

While it has been speculated that Johns Hopkins has relatively few traditions for a school of its age and that many past traditions have been forgotten, a handful of myths and customs are ubiquitous knowledge among the community.[150] One such long-standing myth surrounds the university seal that is embedded into the floor of the Gilman Hall foyer. The myth holds that any current student to step on the seal will never graduate. In reverence for this tradition, the seal has been fenced off from the rest of the room.

An annual event is the Lighting of the Quad, a ceremony each winter during which the campus is lit up in holiday lights. Recent years have included singing and fireworks.

Housing
Alumni Memorial Residence I, a freshman dormitory

Living on campus is typically required for first- and second-year undergraduates.[151] Freshman housing is centered around Freshman Quad, which consists of three residence hall complexes: The two Alumni Memorial Residences (AMR I and AMR II) plus Buildings A and B. The AMR dormitories are each divided into houses, subunits named for figures from the university's early history. Freshmen are also housed in Wolman Hall and in certain wings of McCoy Hall, both located slightly outside the campus. Dorms at Hopkins are generally co-ed with same-gender rooms, though a new policy has allowed students to live in mixed-gender rooms since Fall 2014.[152][153]

Students determine where they will live during Sophomore year through a housing lottery. Most juniors and seniors move into nearby apartments or row-houses. Non-freshmen in university housing occupy one of four buildings: McCoy Hall, the Bradford Apartments, the Homewood Apartments, and Charles Commons.[154] All are located in Charles Village within a block from the Homewood campus. Forty-five percent of the student body lives off-campus while 55% lives on campus.[155]

Athletics
Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays

Athletic teams are called Blue Jays. Even though sable and gold are used for academic robes, the university's athletic colors are Columbia blue (PMS 284) and black.[156] Hopkins celebrates Homecoming in the spring to coincide with the height of the lacrosse season. The Men's and Women's lacrosse teams are in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I. Other teams are in Division III and participate in the Centennial Conference.[157] JHU is also home to the Lacrosse Museum and National Hall of Fame, maintained by US Lacrosse.[158]

Men's lacrosse
Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays men's lacrosse
Johns Hopkins Men's Lacrosse at Homewood Field

The school's most prominent team is its men's lacrosse team. The team has won 44 national titles[159] – nine Division I (2007, 2005, 1987, 1985, 1984, 1980, 1979, 1978, 1974), 29 United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA), and six Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) titles. Hopkins' primary national rivals are Princeton University, Syracuse University, and the University of Virginia; its primary intrastate rivals are Loyola University Maryland (competing in what is called the "Charles Street Massacre"), Towson University, the United States Naval Academy, and the University of Maryland.[160] The rivalry with Maryland is the oldest. The schools have met 111 times since 1899, three times in playoff matches.

On June 3, 2013, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for men's lacrosse when that league begins sponsoring the sport in the 2015 season (2014–15 school year).[161]

Women's lacrosse
Main article: Johns Hopkins Blue Jays women's lacrosse

The women's team is a member of the Big Ten Conference and a former member of the American Lacrosse Conference (ALC). The Lady Blue Jays were ranked number 18 in the 2015 Inside Lacrosse Women's DI Media Poll.[162] They ranked number 8 in the 2007 Intercollegiate Women's Lacrosse Coaches Association (IWLCA) Poll Division I. The team finished the 2012 season with a 9–9 record and finished the 2013 season with a 10–7 record. They finished the 2014 season 15–5.[163] On June 17, 2015, it was announced that the Blue Jays would join the Big Ten Conference for women's lacrosse in the 2017 season (2016–17 school year).

Other teams

Hopkins has notable Division III Athletic teams. JHU Men's Swimming won three consecutive NCAA Championships in 1977, 1978, and 1979.[164] In 2009–2010, Hopkins won 8 Centennial Conference titles in Women's Cross Country, Women's Track & Field, Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Football, and Men's and Women's Tennis. The Women's Cross Country team became the first women's team at Hopkins to achieve a #1 National ranking. In 2006–2007 teams won Centennial Conference titles in Baseball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Tennis and Men's Basketball. Women's soccer won their Centennial Conference title for 7 consecutive years from 2005–2011. In the 2013–2014 school year, Hopkins earned 12 Centennial Conference titles, most notably from the cross country and track & field teams, which accounted for six.[165]

Hopkins has an acclaimed fencing team, which ranked in the top three Division III teams in the past few years and in both 2008 and 2007 defeated the University of North Carolina, a Division I team. In 2008, they defeated UNC and won the MACFA championship.[166]

The Swimming team ranked highly in NCAA Division III for the last 10 years, most recently placing second at DIII Nationals in 2008. The Water Polo team was number one in Division III for several of the past years, playing a full schedule against Division I opponents. Hopkins also has a century-old rivalry with McDaniel College (formerly Western Maryland College), playing the Green Terrors 83 times in football since the first game in 1894. In 2009 the football team reached the quarterfinals of the NCAA Division III tournament, with three tournament appearances since 2005. In 2008, the baseball team ranked second, losing in the final game of the DIII College World Series to Trinity College.[167]

The Johns Hopkins squash team plays in the College Squash Association as a club team along with Division I and III varsity programs. In 2011–12 the squash team finished 30th in the ranking.[168]

Commencement speakers
  • 2020: Alexis Ohanian, Co-founder & Managing Partner, Initialized Capital - (video)
  • 2020: Pavan Patel, President of the Class of 2020 - (video)
  • 2019: Jeffrey Goldberg, Editor-in-chief of The Atlantic - (video)
  • 2019: Zanir Habib, President of the Class of 2019 - (video)
  • 2018: Bryan A. Stevenson, Public interest lawyer and founder of the Equal Justice Initiative - (video)
  • 2018: Kwame Alston, President of the Class of 2018 - (video)
  • 2017: Frank A. Bruni Jr., New York Times Columnist - (video)
  • 2017: Syed Hossain, President of the Class of 2017 - (video)
  • 2016: Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee, Film Director, Producer, Writer, and Actor - (video)
  • 2015: Edwin E. Catmull, President of Pixar & Walt Disney Animation Studios
  • 2014: Susan Wojcicki, CEO of YouTube
  • 2013: Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, Johns Hopkins Neuroscientist & Neurosurgeon
  • 2012: Samuel J. Palmisano, Chairman of the board, IBM, Chair of IBM’s Executive Committee, and Johns Hopkins alum
  • 2011: Fareed Zakaria, Host, CNN’s “Fareed Zakaria GPS” and Editor-at-Large, Time magazine
  • 2010: Michael Bloomberg, Mayor, New York and Johns Hopkins alum
  • 2009: Nancy Pelosi, Speaker, U.S. House of Representatives
  • 2008: Bill Nye, The Science Guy
  • 2007: Brian Billick, Baltimore Ravens Head Coach
  • 2006: Elias Zerhouni, Director, National Institutes of Health
  • 2005: Al Gore, Former U.S. Vice President
  • 2004: Bill Cosby, Actor & Comedian
  • 2003: Michael Bloomberg, Mayor, New York
  • 2002: Tom Brokaw, NBC Nightly News Anchor
  • 2001: Al Hunt, Wall Street Journal Executive Washington Editor
  • 2000: George Tenet, CIA Director
  • 1999: John McCain, U.S. Senator, R-Ariz.
  • 1998: Elizabeth Dole, President, American Red Cross
  • 1997: Timothy Johnson, Medical Editor, ABC News
  • 1996: George H.W. Bush, Former U.S. President
  • 1995: Ted Koppel, ABC News Nightline Anchor
  • 1994: Benjamin Carson, Director, Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hopsital
  • 1993: Barry Levinson, Filmmaker
  • 1992: Lee Iaccocca, Chairman, Chrysler Corp.
  • 1991: Tom Clancy, Novelist
  • 1990: Garry Trudeau, Cartoonist
  • 1989: Kenneth M. Duberstein, Former White House Chief of Staff, Reagan administration
  • 1988: Mario Cuomo, Governor, New York
  • 1987: Howard Cosell, Sportscaster
  • 1986: Roger Revelle, Professor, University of California, San Diego
  • 1985: John Houseman, Actor
  • 1984: William F. Buckley, Jr., Journalist & Author
  • 1983: Bill Bradley, U.S. Senator, D-NJ
  • 1982: William Donald Schaefer, Mayor, Baltimore
  • 1981: Franklin D. Murphy, Chairman, Times-Mirror Co.
  • 1980: Roger Stevens, Chairman of the Board, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
  • 1979: Dick Cavett, Talk Show Host
  • 1978: Hyman Rickover, Retired U.S. Navy Admiral
  • 1977: Isaac Asimov, Author
  • 1976: Tom Wicker, New York Times Columnist
  • 1975: William Scranton, Former Governor, Pennsylvania
  • 1974: Rafael Hernandez Colon, Governor, Puerto Rico
  • 1973: Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
  • 1972: Steven Muller, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1971: Alexander Heard, Chancellor, Vanderbilt University
  • 1970: Clifton R. Wharton, Jr., President, Michigan State University
  • 1969: Kingman Brewster, Jr., President, Yale University
  • 1968: Pendleton Herring, President, American Political Science Association
  • 1967: Milton Stover Eisenhower, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1966: Thurgood Marshall, Solicitor General of the United States
  • 1965: George Boas, Professor Emeritus, History of Philosophy
  • 1964: Lester Bowles Pearson, Prime Minister, Canada
  • 1963: Otto F. Kraushaar, President, Goucher College
  • 1962: Julius Adams Stratton, President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 1961: Edward K. Murrow, Director, United States Information Agency
  • 1960: John William Nason, President, Foreign Policy Association
  • 1959: John Rhyne Killian, Jr., President, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
  • 1958: Harold Macmillan, Prime Minister, United Kingdom
  • 1957: Nathan M. Pusey, President, Harvard University
  • 1956: Devereux Colt Josephs,
  • 1955: Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary General of the United Nations
  • 1954: Joseph Henry Willits, Dean, University of Pennsylvania Law School
  • 1953: Walter Sherman Gifford, U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom
  • 1952: John Foster Dulles, Secretary of State
  • 1951: Detlev Bronk, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1950: James Hamilton Owens,
  • 1949: Vannevar Bush, Head of U.S. Office of Scientific Development & Research
  • 1948: Lindsay Rogers, Professor of Public Law & Government, Georgetown University
  • 1947: Owen Latimore, Director, Walter Hines Page School of International Relations
  • 1946: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1944: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1943: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1941: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1940: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1939: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1938: Lord Stamp, Former Director of the Bank of London
  • 1937: Harry Emerson Fosdick,
  • 1936: Isaiah Bowman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1935: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1934: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1933: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1932: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1931: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1930: Joseph Sweetman Ames, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1929: Frederick George Donnan, Professor of General Chemistry, University College, London
  • 1928: Joseph Sweetman Ames, Acting President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1927: Joseph Sweetman Ames, Acting President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1920: Albert C. Richie, Governor, Maryland
  • 1918: Edward K. Graham, President, University of North Carolina
  • 1917: Newton Baker, Secretary of War
  • 1914: Robert Latham Owen, Senator from Oklahoma
  • 1913: Albert Shaw, Editor, “Review of Reviews”
  • 1912: William C. Gorgas, Assistant Surgeon General, U.S. Army
  • 1911: Eugene A. Noble, President, Goucher College
  • 1910: Johann Heinrich von Rernstorff, German Ambassador to the United States
  • 1908: Professor Henry T. Bovey, Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
  • 1906: Bliss Perry, Editor, “The Atlantic Monthly”
  • 1905: Talcott Williams,
  • 1903: Abram Winegardner Harris, Director, Jacob Tome Institute
  • 1902: E.R.L Gould, City Chamberlain of New York
  • 1901: Henry M. Hurd, Professor of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University
  • 1900: William Osler, Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
  • 1899: Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress
  • 1898: Daniel Coit Gilman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1897: Ira Remsen, Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University
  • 1896: C. Morton Stewart, President of the Johns Hopkins Board of Trustees
  • 1894: Walter H. Page, Editor, “The Forum”
  • 1893: Daniel Coit Gilman, President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1891: Bishop Randolph of Philadelphia,
  • 1890: Ira Remsen, Acting President, The Johns Hopkins University
  • 1889: Albion Woodbury Small, Professor of History & Political Economy, Colby University
  • 1888: Daniel Coit Gilman, President, The Johns Hopkins University

Noted people
Main article: List of Johns Hopkins University people

Nobel laureates
Main article: List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University

As of October 2019, there have been 39 Nobel Laureates who either attended the university as undergraduate or graduate students, or were faculty members.[169] Woodrow Wilson, who received his PhD from Johns Hopkins in 1886, was Hopkins' first affiliated laureate, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.[169][170] Twenty-three laureates were faculty members, five earned PhDs, eight earned M.D.s, and Francis Peyton Rous and Martin Rodbell earned undergraduate degrees.

As of October 2019, eighteen Johns Hopkins laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[169] Four Nobel Prizes were shared by Johns Hopkins laureates: George Minot and George Whipple won the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[171] Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser won the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[172] Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,[173] and David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.[174] Four Johns Hopkins laureates won Nobel Prizes in Physics, including Riccardo Giacconi in 2002[175] and Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Adam Riess in 2011.[176] Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Peter Agre was awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (which he shared with Roderick MacKinnon) for his discovery of aquaporins.[177] Bloomberg Distinguished Professor Carol Greider was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.[178]

Scandals

Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johns Hopkins University and the Rockefeller Foundation are currently the subject of a $1 billion lawsuit from Guatemala for "roles in a 1940s U.S. government experiment that infected hundreds of Guatemalans with syphilis.[179] A previous suit against the United States government was dismissed in 2011 for the Guatemala syphilis experiments when a judge determined that the U.S. government could not be held liable for actions committed outside of the U.S.[180]

gollark: I wrote about this on my blog last year, which obviously makes me an expert™. While these things maybe *can* help with the general skill of being able to translate your complex and underspecified intentions into actual code, they aren't really *marketed* that way and thus are probably not taught usefully that way, and they're bad at, well, teaching programming directly.
gollark: According to my IQ test, I have an IQ of 600.
gollark: That did happen. Quite often.
gollark: It seems to have been a working strategy so far (well, for some things). Blatantly passing ridiculously broad internet monitoring laws, for example.
gollark: Imagine implying that the existence of one issue means you should just ignore all less bad ones.

See also

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