University of Alabama

The University of Alabama (Alabama, UA, or Bama) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Established in 1820, the University of Alabama is the oldest[6] and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System. The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor's, master's, education specialist, and doctoral degrees. The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA. Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology, communication and information sciences, metallurgical engineering, music, Romance languages, and social work.

This article is about The University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa. For other uses, see University of Alabama (disambiguation).

The University of Alabama
MottoThe Capstone of Higher Education
Type
EstablishedDecember 18, 1820 (1820-12-18) (established)[1]
April 18, 1831 (1831-04-18) (opened)[2]
Academic affiliations
Endowment$1.520 billion system-wide (2019)[3]
PresidentStuart R. Bell
Academic staff
1,957 (1,484 full-time & 525 part-time)[4]
Students38,563[4]
Undergraduates33,305
Postgraduates5,258
Location
Tuscaloosa
,
Alabama
,
United States

33°12′39″N 87°32′46″W
CampusUrban (small city);
1,970 acres (800 ha)
ColorsCrimson, cool gray, white[5]
              
AthleticsNCAA Division I – SEC
NicknameCrimson Tide
MascotBig Al
Websitewww.ua.edu

As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States, the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state, region and nation over the past two centuries. The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement. The University of Alabama varsity football program (nicknamed the Crimson Tide), which was inaugurated in 1892, ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history.[7] In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the "capstone of the public school system in the state [of Alabama]", lending the university its current nickname, The Capstone. In addition, university alumni and faculty include 57 Goldwater Scholars, 15 Rhodes Scholars, 16 Truman Scholars, 36 Hollings Scholars, and 15 Boren Scholars.[8]

History

Establishment
View of the Quad in 1859. The Rotunda can be seen at center, with the halls visible in the background. All buildings depicted were destroyed on April 4, 1865.
Main article: History of the University of Alabama

In 1818, U.S. Congress authorized the newly created Alabama Territory to set aside a township for the establishment of a "seminary of learning". When Alabama was admitted to the Union on December 14, 1819, a second township was added to the land grant, bringing it to a total of 46,000 acres (186 km²). The General Assembly of Alabama established the seminary on December 18, 1820, named it The University of the State of Alabama, and created a Board of Trustees to manage the construction and operation of the university.[1] The board selected a construction site and an architect to design the campus. The site the board chose was located, at the time, outside the city limits of the erstwhile state capital, Tuscaloosa.[9] William Nichols, the architect of both the Alabama State Capitol building and Christ Episcopal Church in Tuscaloosa, was chosen to design the campus. Influenced by Thomas Jefferson's plan at the University of Virginia, the Nichols-designed campus featured a 70-foot (21 m) wide, 70-foot (21 m) high domed Rotunda that served as the library and nucleus of the campus.[10] The university's charter was presented to the first university president in the nave of Christ Episcopal Church. UA opened its doors to students on April 18, 1831, with the Reverend Alva Woods as president.[2]

A view of either Tuomey Hall or Oliver-Barnard Hall, one of the first buildings constructed after the university reopened after the Civil War, in 1907

An academy-style institution during the Antebellum period, the university emphasized the classics and the social and natural sciences. There were around 100 students per year at UA in the 1830s.[1] However, as Alabama was a frontier state and a sizable amount of its territory was occupied by various Native American tribes until the 1840s, it lacked the infrastructure to adequately prepare students for the rigors of university education. Consequently, only a fraction of students who enrolled in the early years remained enrolled for long and even fewer graduated.[2] Those who did graduate, however, often had distinguished careers in Alabama and national politics. Early graduates included Benjamin F. Porter and Alexander Meek.

As the state and university matured, an active literary culture evolved on campus and in Tuscaloosa. UA had one of the largest libraries in the country on the eve of the Civil War with more than 7,000 volumes. There were several thriving literary societies, including the Erosophic and the Phi Beta Kappa societies, which frequently had lectures by such distinguished politicians and literary figures as United States Supreme Court justice John A. Campbell, novelist William Gilmore Simms, and Professor Frederick Barnard (later president of Columbia University).[2] The addresses to those societies reveal a vibrant intellectual culture in Tuscaloosa; they also illustrate the proslavery ideas that were so central to the university and the state.[11]

Discipline and student behavior was a major issue at the university almost from the day it opened. Early presidents attempted to enforce strict rules regarding conduct.[1] Students were prohibited from drinking, swearing, making unauthorized visits off-campus, or playing musical instruments outside a one-hour time frame. Yet riots and gunfights were not an uncommon occurrence. To combat the severe discipline problem, president Landon Garland lobbied and received approval from the legislature in 1860 to transform the university into a military school.[2][12]

From the Civil War to World War II

Many of the cadets who graduated from the school went on to serve as officers in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. As a consequence of that role, Union troops burned down the campus on April 4, 1865 (only 5 days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House on April 9), which was unrelated to Sherman's March to the Sea several months earlier and farther east, in Georgia. Despite a call to arms and defense by the student cadet corps, only four buildings survived the burning: the President's Mansion (1841), Gorgas House (1829), Little Round House (1860), and Old Observatory (1844).[10] The university reopened in 1871 and in 1880, Congress granted the university 40,000 acres (162 km²) of coal land in partial compensation for $250,000 in war damages.[9]

The University of Alabama allowed female students beginning in 1892. The Board of Trustees allowed female students largely due to Julia S. Tutwiler, with the condition that they be over eighteen, and would be allowed to enter the sophomore class after completing their first year at another school and passing an exam. Ten women from Tutwiler's Livingston school enrolled for the 1893 fall semester. By 1897, women were allowed to enroll as freshmen.[13]

During World War II, UA was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.[14] During this time the University of Alabama had extensions in other cities including Mobile; the University of South Alabama was opened in 1963 to replace that program.

Racial integration
George Wallace's "stand in the schoolhouse door" to attempt to stop integration of other races at the University of Alabama.

Until the 1960s, attendance at the university was reserved for white people, as part of the practice of racial segregation in the American South. The first attempt to integrate the university occurred in 1956 when Autherine Lucy successfully enrolled on February 3 as a graduate student in library sciences after having secured a court order preventing the university from rejecting her application on the basis of race. In the face of violent protests against her attendance, Lucy was suspended (and later outright expelled) three days later by the board of trustees on the basis of being unable to provide a safe learning environment for her. The university was not successfully integrated until 1963 when Vivian Malone and James Hood registered for classes on June 11.[15]

Foster Auditorium and Malone-Hood Plaza today. Lucy Clock Tower is in the foreground.

Governor George Wallace made his infamous "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door", standing in the front entrance of Foster Auditorium in a symbolic attempt to stop Malone and Hood's enrollment. When confronted by U.S. deputy attorney general Nicholas Katzenbach and federal marshals sent in by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Wallace stepped aside. President John F. Kennedy had called for the integration of the University of Alabama, as well.[16] Although Hood dropped out of school after two months, he subsequently returned and, in 1997, received his PhD in philosophy. Malone persisted in her studies and became the first African American to graduate from the university. In 2000, the university granted her a doctorate of humane letters. Autherine Lucy's expulsion was rescinded in 1980, and she successfully re-enrolled and graduated with a master's degree in 1992. Later in his life, Wallace apologized for his opposition at that time to racial integration. In 2010, the university formally honored Lucy, Hood and Malone by rechristening the plaza in front of Foster Auditorium as Malone-Hood Plaza and erecting a clock tower – Autherine Lucy Clock Tower – in the plaza.

2011 tornado
Main article: 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado

On April 27, 2011, Tuscaloosa was hit by a tornado rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale, which left a large path of complete destruction but spared the campus. Six students who lived on off-campus premises were confirmed dead by the university.[17] Due to the infrastructural damage of the city (approx. 12% of the city) and the loss of life, the university cancelled the rest of the spring semester and postponed graduation.

Campus
Denny Chimes on the Quad
The President's Mansion, opposite Denny Chimes
The Alabama Museum of Natural History at Smith Hall

From a small campus of seven buildings in the wilderness on the main road between Tuscaloosa and Huntsville (now University Boulevard) in the 1830s, UA has grown to a massive 1,970-acre (800 ha) campus in the heart of Tuscaloosa today. There are 297 buildings on campus containing some 10,600,000 square feet (980,000 m2) of space.[18] The school recently added 168 acres to its campus after purchasing the Bryce Hospital property in 2010. It also plans to acquire more land to accommodate the continuing growth of the enrollment.[19]

The university also maintains the University of Alabama Arboretum in eastern Tuscaloosa and the Dauphin Island Sea Lab on Dauphin Island, just off the Alabama Gulf Coast. In 2011, the Sustainable Endowments Institute gave the university a College Sustainability Report Card grade of "B+".[20]

Landmarks

UA is home to several museums, cultural facilities and historical landmarks.

The Alabama Museum of Natural History at Smith Hall exhibits Alabama's rich natural history. The oddest artifact there could be the Sylacauga meteorite, the largest known extraterrestrial object to strike a human being who survived. The Paul W. Bryant Museum houses memorabilia and exhibits on the history of UA athletic programs, most notably the tenure of football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant. Athletic trophies and awards are displayed at the Mal Moore Athletic Building, named for the university's former athletic director, near the Bryant Museum. The Sarah Moody Gallery of Art at Garland Hall hosts revolving exhibitions of contemporary art, including from the university's own permanent collection. The Ferguson Art Gallery at the Ferguson Center also hosts revolving art exhibitions. The Jones Archaeological Museum at Moundville exhibits the history of Mississippian culture in Alabama.

Numerous historical landmarks dot the campus, including the President's Mansion, Denny Chimes, Foster Auditorium (a National Historical Landmark), the Gorgas–Manly Historic District, and Maxwell Observatory.

A cemetery next to the Biology building includes the graves of two slaves who were owned by faculty members before the Civil War. Both men died in the 1840s, and their graves went unmarked until 2004.[21]

Campus culture facilities include the Allen Bales Theater, the Marion Gallaway Theater, Morgan Auditorium, and the Frank M. Moody Music Building,[22] which houses the Tuscaloosa Symphony Orchestra and the UA Opera Theatre, as well as three resident choirs.

Organization and administration
UA Academic Divisions
College/schoolCreated[1]
College of Arts and Sciences1909
Culverhouse College of Commerce and Business Administration1929[23]
College of Communication and Information Sciences1997
College of Community Health Sciences*1971
College of Continuing Studies**1983
College of Education1928
College of Engineering1909
Graduate School1924
Honors College**2003
College of Human Environmental Sciences1987
School of Law1892
Capstone College of Nursing1975
School of Social Work1975
*Degree-granting unit of UAB
**Not a degree-granting unit

The University of Alabama is an autonomous institution within the University of Alabama System, which is governed by the Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama and headed by the chancellor of the University of Alabama. The board was created by the state legislature to govern the operations of the university. Its responsibilities include setting policy for the university, determining the mission and scope of the university, and assuming ultimate responsibility for the university to the public and the legislature.[24] The board is self-perpetuating and currently composed of 15 members and two ex officio members. The makeup of the board is dictated by the Constitution of the State of Alabama, and requires that the board be made up of three members from the congressional district that contains the Tuscaloosa campus, and two members from every other congressional district in Alabama. Board members are elected by the board and are confirmed by the Alabama State Senate. Board members may serve three consecutive six-year terms.[25]

The president of the University of Alabama is the principal executive officer of the university and is appointed by the chancellor with approval of the Board of Trustees. The president reports directly to the chancellor, and is responsible for the daily operations of the university.[24] The president's office is located on the third floor of the Rose Administration Building, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's Mansion on campus. Stuart R. Bell became the 29th university president on July 15, 2015.[26]

Academic staff

In fall 2015, UA employed 6,687 staff, including 1,868 instructional staff (faculty) and 2,064 professional staff. 19% of the faculty was non-white and 46% were women. 72% of faculty held a doctorate or the highest degree in their field. 32% of faculty were tenured or tenure-tracked. 29% of faculty were adjunct, clinical, or otherwise part-time.[27]

Colleges and academic divisions
School of Medicine – Tuscaloosa Branch
Clark Hall is home of the College of Arts and Sciences

The College of Arts and Sciences (CAS) is the university's college for the liberal arts, fine arts, and sciences. It is the largest of the university's 13 colleges, with approximately 8,400 undergraduate students and 1,000 graduate students. Most core curriculum classes and majors and minors are part of the college.[28]

There are 12 other academic divisions at the University of Alabama (see the table above). Eight divisions (CAS, C&BA, C&IS, Education, Engineering, HES, Nursing, and Social Work) grant undergraduate degrees. Degrees in those eight divisions at the master's, specialist, and doctoral level are awarded through the Graduate School. The law school offers JD and LL.M. degree programs. CHS provides advanced studies in medicine and related disciplines and operates a family medicine residency program. Medical students are also trained in association with the University of Alabama School of Medicine, from which they receive their degree.

The College of Continuing Studies provides correspondence courses and other types of distance education opportunities for non-traditional students. It operates a distance education facility in Gadsden.

Founded in 1971 and merged into the College of Arts and Sciences in 1996, the stated objectives of New College were to "create an opportunity for a highly individualized education that enables students to draw from the resources of all University classes and faculty" and to "serve as an experimental unit with the expectation of exporting successful innovations to other sectors of the University."[29] The college allows undergraduate students flexibility in choosing their curriculum while completing a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science degree in interdisciplinary studies.[30] The New College Review, a non-fiction cultural journal, is written, edited, designed and published by students.[31]

The Honors College is a non-degree granting division that encompasses all the university's selective undergraduate honors programs.

Endowment

The University of Alabama System's financial endowment was valued at $1.520 billion in the National Association of College and University Business Officers' (NACUBO) 2019 listings.[32] UA's portion of the system's endowment was valued at $885.7 million in September 2015.[33]

In 2002, the university embarked on a $500 million capital campaign entitled "Our Students. Our Future".[34] The focus of the campaign was stated to be "student scholarships, faculty support, campus facilities and priority needs" by adding $250 million to university endowment and an additional $250 to the non-endowed funds.[35] The "quiet phase" (which lasted until 2006) of the campaign raised $299 million. In November 2007, the university announced that it had raised $428 million.[36] The $500 million goal was surpassed in May 2008 and when the campaign officially concluded in 2009, it had raised $612 million.[37]

Academics
Shelby Hall is the center of the Science and Engineering Complex, a 1,000,000 sq.ft teaching and research facility.

Classification

The University of Alabama is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".[38] It is a large, four-year primarily residential university accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.[39] Full-time, four-year undergraduates comprise a large amount of the total university enrollment. The undergraduate instructional program emphasizes professional programs of study as well as the liberal arts, and there is a high level of co-existence between the graduate and undergraduate program. The university has a very high level[40] of research activity and has a "comprehensive doctoral" graduate instructional program in the liberal arts, humanities, social sciences. health sciences (medical school), and STEM fields.

UA began offering engineering classes in 1837.[41] It was one of the first universities in the nation to offer an engineering degree. Over the last decade, UA has greatly expanded its science and engineering programs, in terms of numbers of students, faculty hired, and number and size of new academic/research facilities (almost 1 million in new square footage).[42] UA's College of Engineering now enrolls more students than any other engineering program in the state.[43][44][45] UA's freshman engineering classes have also had the highest average ACT score among all state of Alabama engineering programs for the last several years.[46][47]

Degrees conferred

Ten of the university's thirteen academic units (see above) offer degree programs in at total of 117 areas of study. Two areas, economics and health care management, are offered jointly by separate units (Commerce and Business Administration and Arts & Sciences for both), and one area (material science) is offered jointly by the other universities in the UA system.[48]

UA conferred 7,905 degrees in the 2014–2015 academic year, including 5,662 bachelor's degrees (2,081 with Latin honors), 1,672 master's degrees, 379 doctorates and 144 professional degrees.[49]

Latin honors are conferred on graduates completing a bachelor's degree for the first time (including at other universities) with an overall grade point average of at least 3.5. Cum laude honors are conferred to graduates with a GPA of 3.5 or greater and less than 3.7 (without rounding). Magna cum laude honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.7 or greater and less than 3.9. Summa cum laude honors are conferred with a GPA of 3.9 or higher.[50]

Academic calendar

The university follows a standard academic calendar based on the semester system, which divides the academic year, starting in mid-August, into two 15-week semesters (fall and spring) and the summer. The fall semester ends in December and the spring term lasts from January to early May. The summer, which lasts from mid-May to August, is divided into a 3-week "mini-semester" in May and two four-week sessions in June and July, respectively.[51]

Rankings

The University of Alabama is tied for 72nd best public university in the U.S. by the U.S. News & World Report for 2020 and has a selectivity rating of "more selective".[63][64] The university had an acceptance rate of 59% in Fall 2018.[64]

In the 2020 U.S. News & World Report rankings, UA was tied for 153rd in the National Universities category (tied for 72nd among the public schools in the category).[65] Additionally, in the 2018 U.S. News rankings, the law school was tied for 26th in the nation, the business school was tied for 54th, the nursing school tied for 48th, and the engineering school was tied for 104th.[65] In 2016, Business Insider ranked the UA law school as the third best public law school in the nation.[66]

Libraries
Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library on the Quad
McLure Library in 2016

The University of Alabama has 2.9 million document volumes, along with nearly 100,000 uncataloged government documents in its collection; of these 2.5 million volumes are held by the University Libraries.[67] The University Libraries system has six separate libraries.

The Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library, which sits on the Main Quad, is the oldest and largest of the university libraries. Gorgas Library holds the university's collections in the humanities and social sciences, as well as the university's depository of US government documents. The library opened in 1939 as a four-story Greek Revival structure on the site of the original university Rotunda and was named after the long-time university librarian and wife of eighth university president Josiah Gorgas. A seven-story addition was built behind the library in the 1970s.[68][69]

The Angelo Bruno Business Library, located in the Business Quad, is named after the co-founder of the Bruno's grocery chain who gave the university $4 million to create a library focusing on commerce and business studies.[70] Opened in 1994, the 64,000-square-foot (5,900 m2), three-story facility holds over 170,000 volumes. Bruno Library also houses the 9,500-square-foot (880 m2) Sloan Y. Bashinsky Sr. Computer Center.[71][72]

The Eric and Sarah Rodgers Library for Science and Engineering, located in the Science and Engineering Quad, is named after two popular, long-time professors of engineering and statistics, respectively. It opened in 1990, combining the Science Library collection in Lloyd Hall and the Engineering Library collection in the Mineral Industries Building (now known as HM Comer Hall). Rodgers Library was designed with help from IBM to incorporate the latest in informatics.[73] McLure Education Library was founded in 1954 in a remodeled student union annex (across the street from the old Student Union, now Reese Phifer Hall) and named in 1974 after John Rankin McLure, the longtime dean of the College of Education.[74] The William Stanley Hoole Special Collections Library, which holds the university's collection of rare and historical documents and books, is located in Mary Harmon Bryant Hall. The Library Annex holds seldom-used books and journals, as well as other volumes which need special protection, that would otherwise take up valuable space in the libraries.

Other libraries on campus are independent of the University Libraries. The 66,000-square-foot (6,100 m2) Bounds Law Library, located at the Law Center, holds more than 300,000 volumes.[75] Established in 1978, the Health Sciences Library, located at the University Medical Center, serves students at the College of Community Health Sciences. Its 20,000-volume collection includes clinical medicine, family practice, primary care, medical education, consumer health, and related health care topics. Located in Farah Hall (home of the Department of Geography) the Map Library and Place Names Research Center holds over 270,000 maps and 75,000 aerial photographs.[76] The William E. Winter Reading Room of the College of Communication and Information Sciences is located in Reese Phifer Hall and holds over 10,000 volumes.[77] The School of Social Work Reading Room is located in Little Hall and just around 200 volumes.[78]

UA is one of the 126 members of the Association of Research Libraries, which yearly compiles internal rankings. In 2011, the University of Alabama ranked 56th among all criteria, a marked improvement over a 2003 ranking of 97th.[79]

In the fall of 2011, the University of Alabama Trustees approved a resolution to expand Gorgas Library by 50,000 square feet (4,600 m2), doubling the seating capacity from 1,139 to 2,278. This expansion also signaled the beginning of the construction of an Academic Honors Plaza, between the library and Clark Hall. The plaza includes green-space, fountains, benches, and decorative lighting.[80][81]

Research

In academic year 2014–2015, UA received $76 million in research contracts and grants.[82] The Alabama International Trade Center and the Center for Advanced Public Safety are two research centers at UA.

The US Department of Homeland Security has selected The University of Alabama as a National Center of Academic Excellence (CAE) in Information Assurance Education and Research.[83]

SECU: SEC Academic Initiative

The University of Alabama is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium. Now renamed the SECU, the initiative was a collaborative endeavor designed to promote research, scholarship and achievement amongst the member universities in the Southeastern conference. The SECU formed its mission to serve as a means to bolster collaborative academic endeavors of Southeastern Conference universities. Its goals include highlighting the endeavors and achievements of SEC faculty, students and its universities and advancing the academic reputation of SEC universities.[84][85]

In 2013, the University of Alabama participated in the SEC Symposium in Atlanta, Georgia which was organized and led by the University of Georgia and the UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute. The topic of the symposium was titled "The Impact of the Southeast in the World's Renewable Energy Future".[86]

Student body

Admissions
Fall Admission Statistics[87]
20192018201720162015
Applicants 38,50537,30238,12938,23736,203
Admits 31,83522,03221,34420,10719,400
% Admitted 82.759.056.052.653.6
Enrolled 6,7646,6637,4077,5597,211
Avg GPA 3.773.713.723.693.66

In fall 2019, the university received 38,505 applications for first-time freshman enrollment, from which 31,835 applications were accepted (82.7%) and 6,764 freshmen enrolled.[87] Of the 72% of enrolled freshmen who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score was between 23 and 31 (21–29 Math, 23–33 English, 6–8 Writing). Of the 27% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1080-1340, with 550–660 for evidence-based reading and 530–680 for Math.[87] The average high school GPA of incoming freshmen was 3.77; 90% had a GPA of 3.00 or higher.[87]

Enrollment
Student Body Demographics – Fall 2018
UG GR AL US
White 84.4% 71.2% 72.14% 63.70%
Black 11.6% 14.5% 26.70% 12.60%
Asian 2.4% 2.2% 2.34% 16.30%
Hispanic 4.9% 3.7% 1.02% 4.80%
AINA 1.9% 1.5% 0.98% 0.90%
NHPI 0.6% 0.5% 0.07% 0.20%
Not reported 0.5% 1.3% 2.00% 6.20%
International 2.1% 11.0% – –

In fall 2018, the university had an enrollment of 38,390 students, consisting of 33,028 undergraduates and 5,362 postgraduates, from all 67 Alabama counties, all 50 US states and the District of Columbia, and 78 foreign nations. Alabama residents comprised 39.8% of the undergraduate student body; out-of-state residents comprised 58.1%, and international (non-resident alien) students comprised 2.0%.[88]

The five Alabama counties with the highest enrollment of students were Tuscaloosa (3,143 students), Jefferson (2,719), Madison (1,265), Shelby (1,225) and Mobile (940), while the five states (beside Alabama) with the highest enrollment of students were Georgia (2,659 students), Texas (1,845), Florida (1,745), Illinois (1,691), and Tennessee (1,556).[89][90]

In 2013, UA ranked 1st in the nation among public universities in the enrollment of National Merit Scholars.[91]

Student life
A group of students on campus, 2017

Residential life

The board of trustees chose to locate the UA campus in a field a mile away from the center of the town of Tuscaloosa (which was a considerable distance in early 19th century Alabama). The board consciously chose to make on-campus residence an integral part of the student experience at UA. Dormitories were among the first buildings erected at Alabama (the remains of one [Franklin Hall] is now the Mound on the Quad), and student residential life has been emphasized at UA ever since. Dormitories at the university currently include Blount Hall, Bryant Hall, Burke Hall, Harris Hall, John England, Jr. Hall, Lakeside Hall, Parham Hall, Paty Hall, Presidential Village I and II, Riverside Hall, Tutwiler Hall, and Ridgecrest East, West, and South. There are also two on-campus apartment complexes, Bryce Lawn and the Highlands.[92] Today nearly 30% of students live on campus, including over 90% of first-year freshmen.[87]

Student government

The Student Government Association is the primary student advocacy organization at UA. The SGA is governed by the SGA Constitution[93] and consists of a legislative branch, an executive branch and a judicial council.

SGA controversy
Main article: The Machine (social group)

Since its founding in 1914, a secretive coalition of fraternities and sororities, commonly known as "The Machine", has wielded enormous influence over the Student Government Association. Occurrences of harassment, intimidation, and even criminal activities aimed at opposition candidates have been reported. Many figures in local, state, and national politics have come out of the SGA at the University of Alabama. Esquire devoted its April 1992 cover story to an exposé of The Machine. The controversy led to the university disbanding the SGA in 1993, which wasn't undone until 1996.[94] "Machine" fraternities and sororities have traditionally accepted only white pledges, with only one documented case of an African American student being offered entry, in 2003.[95][96]

Controversy surrounding The Machine reemerged in August 2013, when sororities and fraternities were mobilized to elect two former SGA presidents, Cason Kirby and Lee Garrison, in closely contested municipal school board races.[97] Before election day, questions about illegal voter registration were raised when evidence emerged that indicated eleven fraternity members fraudulently claimed to be living in a single house in one district.[98] And on election day, leaked emails suggested that sorority/fraternity members may have been provided incentives to vote—including free drinks at local bars.[99] As a result of possible voter fraud, Kirby's opponent filed a lawsuit challenging the election results[100] and University of Alabama faculty have questioned whether The Machine has corrupted the democratic process in the City of Tuscaloosa.[101][102]

Greek life
Fraternity Row, c. 1943
Pi Kappa Phi, Omicron Chapter

Greek letter organizations (GLOs) first appeared at the university in 1847 when two men visiting from Yale University installed a chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon.[103] When DKE members began holding secret meetings in the old state capitol building that year, the administration strongly voiced its disapproval.[2] Over a few more decades, 7 other fraternities appeared at UA: Alpha Delta Phi in 1850, Phi Gamma Delta in 1855, Sigma Alpha Epsilon in 1856 (this was the founding chapter), Kappa Sigma in 1867, Sigma Nu in 1874, Sigma Chi in 1876, and Phi Delta Theta in 1877.[104] Anti-fraternity laws were imposed that year, but were lifted in the 1890s.[2] Women at the university founded the Zeta chapter of Kappa Delta sorority in 1903. Alpha Delta Pi soon followed.[104]

Hazing at UA fraternities, as in most American colleges, has been common. The Atlanta Constitution newspaper reported students receiving "100 licks with a paddle" by fellow students multiple times in the 1890s.[105]

In fall 2009, the university sanctioned 29 men's and 23 women's GLOs.[104] Additionally, an unknown number of non-sanctioned GLOs existed. Four governing boards oversee the operations of the university-sanctioned GLOs: the Interfraternity Council (IFC), the National Panhellenic Conference (NPC), the National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) and the Unified Greek Council (UGC).

The number of men in GLOs more than doubled from 2002 to 2009, with fifteen fraternities reporting active memberships of more than 100 (where as recently as 2001 none reported memberships greater than 100). Following 2008 fall recruitment, almost all Panhellenic sororities participating through all rounds had potential new member class sizes of 80 or more; nearly all Panhellenic sororities also now have more than 200 total members. To accommodate growth in the student population since 2005, the university has sanctioned three new fraternities and two new sororities.[104] Additionally, four new sorority houses were added, built behind the President's Mansion.[106] According to Fox News, the University of Alabama has the largest Greek system in the nation as of 2013.[107][108]

Despite having the first non-white student initiated into a historically white Greek organization on campus in 2000,[109] high segregation within Alabama's Greek system has long been considered a major point of concern due to many other public college Greek systems becoming more integrated.[110][111] John P. Hermann, a now-retired English professor, tried in the 1990s and 2000s to end what he referred to as "taxpayer-supported segregation".[112][113][114] Controversy erupted again in September 2013, when a story in the campus paper, The Crimson White, revealed that alumnae of Greek organizations had prevented a black student from being accepted in an all-white sorority.[115][116] As a result, the Alabama Panhellenic Association allowed recruitment to continue through continuous open bidding.[117] According to TIME, a deal that would allow black students to join historically white sororities was announced by the university as "the first step toward ending more than a century of systematic segregation in the school's sorority system".[118]

In 2019, 29% of male undergraduates were in university-sanctioned fraternities; 44% of female undergraduates were in university-sanctioned sororities.[119]

Fraternities (NIC)[120] Sororities (NPC)[121]

In 1987, the Theta Sigma Chapter of Alpha Kappa Alpha Inc. became the first historically black Greek organization and the only historically black sorority with a traditional house on Greek row.[122] The previous year before moving on Greek row, the house AKA was making arrangements to acquire had burning crosses on the front lawn. UA officials claimed it was a distasteful prank but the local black community disputed that claim saying it was a serious threat against integrating Greek row. Two white male students were briefly detained for questioning but they were not charged with anything and their full identity and Greek affiliation were never released.[123][124] The Kappa Alpha Chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha Inc. is the first and only historically black fraternity with a traditional house on Greek row.[125]

The eight National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations represented on campus are listed below.

Fraternities
Sororities

Honor societies

Several honor societies are present at the University of Alabama. Some honor societies are national organizations with a local chapter while others are local organizations.

Student media

The Crimson White is the student-produced newspaper. Published two times a week during the academic year and weekly during the summer, the CW normally distributes 15,000 copies per publication. The CW received a 2010 Mark of Excellence Award for "Best All-Around Daily Student Newspaper at a Four-Year College or University" in the Southeast region by the Society of Professional Journalists.[127][128] The CW won the Mark of Excellence Award again in 2011 and a Gold Crown Award from the Columbia Scholastic Press Association for its spring 2011 issues. The Crimson White was also inducted into the College Media Hall of Fame for its coverage of the April 2011 tornado that caused massive damage in Tuscaloosa.[129] Other UA student publications include the "Blount Truth Literary Journal",[130] "Marr's Field Journal",[131] and "Alice".[132]

Athletics and traditions
Main articles: Alabama Crimson Tide and University of Alabama traditions
Alabama logo

The University of Alabama's intercollegiate athletic teams are known as the Alabama Crimson Tide (this name can be shortened to Alabama, the Crimson Tide, or even the Tide). The nickname Crimson Tide originates from a 1907 football game versus Auburn University in Birmingham where, after a hard-fought game in torrential rain in which Auburn had been heavily favored to win, Alabama forced a tie. Writing about the game, one sportswriter described the offensive line as a "Crimson Tide", in reference to their jerseys, stained red from the wet dirt.

Alabama competes primarily in the Southeastern Conference (Western Division) of the NCAA's Division I. Alabama fields men's varsity teams in football, basketball, baseball, golf, cross country, swimming and diving, tennis, and track and field. Women's varsity teams are fielded in basketball, golf, cross country, gymnastics, rowing, soccer, softball, swimming and diving, tennis, track and field, and volleyball. The Athletic facilities on campus include the Bryant–Denny Stadium, named after legendary football coach Paul "Bear" Bryant and former UA President George Denny, and the 14,619-seat Coleman Coliseum. Alabama's women's rowing team competes in the Big 12 conference of the NCAA's Division I.

Alabama maintains athletic rivalries with Auburn University and the University of Tennessee. The rivalry with Auburn is especially heated as it encompasses all sports. The annual Alabama-Auburn football game is nicknamed the Iron Bowl. While the rivalry with Tennessee is centered around football for the most part, there is no shortage of acrimony here, especially given the recent history between then-UT Coach Phillip Fulmer and his relationship to the Tide's most recent NCAA probation. There are also rivalries with Louisiana State University (football and baseball), University of Mississippi (football and men's basketball), Mississippi State University (football, men's basketball), University of Georgia (women's gymnastics), and the University of Florida (football, softball).

Football
Main article: Alabama Crimson Tide football
Bryant–Denny Stadium in 2010

The University of Alabama football program, started in 1892, has won 25 SEC titles and 17 national championships (including 9 awarded by the Associated Press and 8 by the Coaches Poll).[133] The program has compiled 36 10-win seasons and 59 bowl appearances, winning 32 of them – all NCAA records. Alabama has produced 18 hall-of-famers, 97 All-Americans honored 105 times, and 2 Heisman trophy winners (Mark Ingram Jr. and Derrick Henry).

The Crimson Tide's current home venue, Bryant–Denny Stadium, opened in 1929 with a capacity of around 12,000. The most recent addition of the stadium was completed in 2010. An upper deck was added in the south end zone, completing the upper deck around the stadium. The current official capacity of the stadium is 101,821. The previous addition was the north end zone expansion, completed 2006. The Tide has also played many games, including the Iron Bowl against rival Auburn University, at Legion Field in Birmingham.

"The Strip" during a home game in 2006. Located adjacent to Bryant-Denny Stadium and the campus

Nearly synonymous with Alabama football is legendary coach Paul "Bear" Bryant whose record at the University of Alabama was 232–46–9. He led the Crimson Tide to 6 national titles in 1961, 1964, 1965, 1973, 1978, and 1979, which is tied with Notre Dame's legendary coach Knute Rockne and Alabama's current head football coach Nick Saban. Additionally, the 1966 team was the only one in the country to finish with a perfect record, but poll voters denied the 12–0 Alabama team the three-peat as Michigan State and Notre Dame played each other to a 10–10 tie in what was considered the "Game of the Century" and subsequently split the national championship.

A view of some campus buildings during seasonal tailgating, 2008. Denny Chimes visible in the background

On December 12, 2009, sophomore running back Mark Ingram was awarded the Heisman Trophy as college football's best player. In being so named, Ingram became the first Heisman Trophy winner for the University of Alabama. Alabama defeated Texas 37–21 in the BCS Championship game on January 7, 2010, capping a perfect season, an SEC Championship, and winning its first national championship in the BCS era. Alabama defeated Louisiana State University 21–0 on January 9, 2012, to win its second BCS National Championship. Alabama won its third BCS National Championship in January 2013 defeating Notre Dame 42–14, becoming the first school to win three BCS Titles. On January 1, 2015 No. 1 Alabama lost to No. 4 Ohio St. in the second game of the first College Football Playoffs 42–35. On December 12, 2015, running back Derrick Henry was awarded the Heisman Trophy, becoming only the second winner for the University of Alabama. On January 11, 2016, Alabama defeated Clemson to win the National Championship, 45–40. In January 2017, Alabama lost to Clemson 35–31 in the National Championship. They beat SEC rival Georgia 26–23 in overtime during the 2018 National Championship in January 2018.

School songs

The school's fight song is "Yea Alabama", written in 1926 by Lundy Sykes, then editor of the campus newspaper.[134] Sykes composed the song in response to a contest by the Rammer Jammer to create a fight song following Alabama's first Rose Bowl victory. The song as it is currently played by the Million Dollar Band during games and known to most people is simply the chorus of the larger song.[135][136] The Alabama Alma Mater is set to the tune of Annie Lisle, a ballad written in the 1850s. The lyrics are usually credited as, "Helen Vickers, 1908", although it is not clear whether that was when it was written or if that was her graduating class.

Alumni
Main article: List of University of Alabama people

University of Alabama graduates include 15 Rhodes Scholars, 57 Goldwater Scholars, and 16 Truman Scholars.[137] UA graduates have also been named to the USA Today All-USA College Academic Team.[138][139]

The University of Alabama is the alma mater of numerous notable people in politics, sports, business, entertainment, science, art, and literature. Among UA's notable alumni are Harper Lee, Bear Bryant, Mel Allen, Joe Namath, George Wallace, Joe Scarborough, Hugo Black, E.O. Wilson, and Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales.

gollark: CIWS?
gollark: It could launch tiny comsats at several kilometres a second.
gollark: I hope they integrate some sort of on-planet construction method. I once made a Minmus colony with (modded-in) mass drivers and onboard construction stuff.
gollark: It manages to compensate for the horrible design of my vehicles.
gollark: I'm somewhat embarrased to admit that I generally just make mechjeb do my takeoffs.

References
  1. Clark E. Center, Jr. "University of Alabama (UA)". The Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  2. Sellers, James B. (1953). History of the University of Alabama. Volume 1: 1818–1902. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
  3. As of June 30, 2019. "U.S. and Canadian 2019 NTSE Participating Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2019 Endowment Market Value, and Percentage Change in Market Value from FY18 to FY19 (Revised)". National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  4. "College Navigator - The University of Alabama". nces.ed.gov.
  5. "Colors – Brand Guidelines". Brand.UA.edu. University of Alabama Division of Strategic Communications. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  6. "The University of Alabama". ua.edu.
  7. "Top 10 winningest NCAA teams". Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  8. "University of Alabama Quick Facts". Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  9. Wolfe, Suzanne Rau (1983). The University of Alabama: A Pictorial History. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0119-4.
  10. Center, Clark E. (1990). "The Burning of the University of Alabama". Alabama Heritage. Spring 1990 (16): 30–45. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010.
  11. Alfred L. Brophy, The Law of Descent of Thought: Law, History, and Civilization in Antebellum Literary Addresses, Law and Literature (2008) 20:343–402
  12. ECKINGER, H. (2013). The Militarization of the University of Alabama. Alabama Review, 66(3), 163–185.
  13. "Julia S. Tutwiler". Encyclopedia of Alabama.
  14. Goettling, Gary (2011). "World War II and the Tech Connection". Georgia Tech Alumni Association. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  15. MOKRZYCKI, P. (2012). After the Stand Comes the Fall: Racial Integration and White Student Reactions at the University of Alabama, 1963–1976. Alabama Review, 65(4), 290–313.
  16. "1963 Year in Review – Part 1". United Press International. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
  17. "In Memoriam – April 27, 2011 Storm". ua.edu.
  18. "Facility Facts". University of Alabama Facilities. Archived from the original on October 31, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  19. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. "College Sustainability Report Card 2011". Sustainable Endowments Institute. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  21. "On-campus gravesite recalls antebellum university". ua.edu. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2013.
  22. Frank Moody Music Building (University of Alabama) Archived July 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Woollen, Molzan and Partners, architects/planners web site. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  23. Chappell, Bill (June 10, 2019). "University Of Alabama Releases Emails Regarding Donor's Rejected Gift". NPR News. Retrieved June 11, 2019. As Culverhouse noted in an earlier email, the institution's business school is named for his father, Hugh Culverhouse Sr. — the result, as the younger Culverhouse mentioned, of a protracted disagreement involving multiple lawsuits that were settled in 1998. His father's $16 million donation was the single largest cash gift the university had ever received as of that time, The Chronicle of Higher Education reported.
  24. "Board Manual" (PDF). The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  25. "The Board of Trustees of The University of Alabama, History and Purpose". Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
  26. "Presidents of the University of Alabama". W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  27. "Factbook: Faculty and Staff". The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  28. "About the College". College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
  29. "History". New College, The University of Alabama. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  30. "About". New College, The University of Alabama. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  31. "New College Review". New College, The University of Alabama. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  32. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2015 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY2014 to FY2015" (PDF). 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  33. The University of Alabama Financial Report 2018 (PDF) (Report). The Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama. 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  34. "UA Announces $500 Million Capital Campaign" (Press release). The University of Alabama. April 8, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  35. "Our Goals. Our Priorities". Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  36. "UA's "Our Students. Our Future." Campaign Reaches $428 Million" (Press release). The University of Alabama. November 7, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
  37. "UA Announces Completion of Successful Capital Campaign" (Press release). The University of Alabama. July 9, 2009. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  38. "The University of Alabama". Indiana University. 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
  39. "College Navigator – The University of Alabama". National Center for Education Statistics, United States Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  40. "Carnegie Lists UA among Elite Research Institutions". University of Alabama News. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
  41. "2010-2012 Undergraduate Catalog". The University of Alabama. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  42. "'Vision is Reality' – News – The College of Engineering – The University of AlabamaNews – The College of Engineering – The University of Alabama – The College of Engineering – The University of Alabama". April 8, 2014.
  43. "Fact sheet" (PDF). eng.auburn.edu. Retrieved May 15, 2019.
  44. "By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering". Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  45. "By The Numbers".
  46. "The University of Alabama – 2015". profiles.asee.org.
  47. "By The Numbers – The University of Alabama College of Engineering". Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  48. "Factbook: Degree Programs Offered by College/School" (table). The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  49. "Factbook: Degrees Awarded". The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved August 29, 2015./
  50. "Honors". University of Alabama Undergraduate Catalog 2010–2012. Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  51. "Academic Calendars". The Office of the University Registrar, University of Alabama. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
  52. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020: National/Regional Rank". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  53. "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  54. "U.S. College Rankings 2020". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  55. "Best Colleges 2020: National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
  56. "2019 National University Rankings". Washington Monthly. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  57. "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2020. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  58. "QS World University Rankings® 2021". Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  59. "World University Rankings 2020". THE Education Ltd. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  60. "Best Global Universities Rankings: 2020". U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
  61. "University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Grad School Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  62. "University of Alabama – U.S. News Best Global University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  63. "University of Alabama Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  64. "University of Alabama". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
  65. "University of Alabama". U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Rankings. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
  66. Yarborough, Emmie Martin, Tanza Loudenback and Kaitlyn. "The 25 best public law schools in America". Business Insider. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  67. "Volumes in the University of Alabama Collection, 1998–2008" (PDF). University of Alabama Factbook. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  68. "Biography of Amelia Gayle Gorgas". University of Alabama Libraries. June 1999. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  69. "Amelia Gayle Gorgas Library". Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  70. "Who is Angelo Bruno?". University of Alabama Libraries. 1994. Archived from the original on August 12, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  71. "Angelo Bruno Business Library, Description". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  72. "Angelo Bruno Business Library & Sloan Y. Bashinsky, Sr. Computer Center". Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  73. "About Rodgers Library". University of Alabama. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  74. "McLure Library Description". University of Alabama Libraries. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
  75. "Bounds Law Library–Library Information". December 14, 2006. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  76. "About the Map Library". Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  77. "William E. Winter Reading Room". Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  78. "Social Work Library". Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved June 24, 2011.
  79. "Steady Growth, Investment Raise Rankings of UA Libraries". October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on October 7, 2011. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  80. "Ferguson Center to See Big Expansion". October 5, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  81. "UA to Expand Campus Over Next 5 Years". September 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
  82. "Factbook: Expenditures for all Sponsored Programs by Funding". The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment.
  83. "National Centers of Academic Excellence". www.nsa.gov. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  84. "SECU". SEC. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  85. "SECU: The Academic Initiative of the SEC". SEC Digital Network. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  86. "SEC Symposium to address role of Southeast in renewable energy". University of Georgia. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  87. "Common Data Set". The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  88. "2018 at a Glance: Total Enrollment". The Office of Institutional Research and Assessment, University of Alabama. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  89. "Total Enrollment by County of Origin, Fall 2018" (table). The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  90. "Total Enrollment by State of Origin, Fall 2018" (table). The University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  91. "UA Ranks First Among Public Universities in Enrollment of National Merit Scholars – University of Alabama News". uanews.ua.edu. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  92. title=University of Alabama Halls | url=https://housing.sa.ua.edu/halls/ | access date=May 8, 2020
  93. "SGA Constitution" (PDF). The University of Alabama Student Government Association. February 1, 2011. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  94. Mathews, Mary Chapman (2006). A Mansion's Memories. U of Alabama P. pp. 139–. ISBN 9780817315351. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  95. Staff, CW (November 30, 2011). "Confirmed facts about the machine". The Crimson White. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  96. Scherker, Amanda (September 12, 2013). "University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report". HuffPost. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
  97. Enoch, Ed. "Talks of UA's Machine spurred by voting allegations". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  98. Leder, Travis (August 24, 2013). "Suspected voter fraud". WVUA TV. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2013.
  99. Klein, Rebecca (August 29, 2013). "University of Alabama Sorority Reportedly Bribes Members To Vote in Local School Board Election". HuffPost. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  100. Robertson, Campbell (September 15, 2013). "Secret Society Dips Toe in City Politics, Prompting Lawsuit". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
  101. Benstead, Jon. "The Greek system and the meaning of Democracy". The Crimson White. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  102. CW Staff. "Law professor, BOE candidate's husband seeks action in wake of voting fraud allegations". The Crimson White. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2013.
  103. "Psi Chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon". Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
  104. "Social Fraternities and Sororities" (PDF). University of Alabama Factbook 2009–2010. University of Alabama Office of Institutional Research and Assessment. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  105. "William Carlos Jemison, 1850–1901, Mayor of Tuscaloosa from 1880 to 1890 · Tuscaloosa Area Virtual Museum". tavm.omeka.net.
  106. Ethan Summers (July 22, 2010). "Four new sorority houses to be built in 2011". Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  107. "Univ. of Alabama builds nation's largest Greek system with $202 million construction boom". Associated Press. March 25, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  108. "NEW No. 1, ALABAMA TAKES OVER AS NATION'S LARGEST GREEK COMMUNITY". Phired Up Productions – We Help Fraternities & Sororities Grow. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  109. Sanders, Chris. "UA sophomore says she's first black sorority member". Tuscaloosa News.
  110. Jacobs, Peter. "I Still Think Joining A Fraternity Was One Of The Best Decisions I've Ever Made". Business Insider.
  111. "The University of Alabama: Where Racial Segregation Remains a Way of Life". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 32: 22–24. 2001. doi:10.2307/2678750. JSTOR 2678750.
  112. Zengerle, Jason (February 4, 2002). "Sorority Row". The New Republic. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  113. Reeves, Steve (November 7, 2001). "Officials say racial incident wouldn't happen at UA". Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
  114. Torbenson, Craig L. (2009). "Praising God and Maintaining Tradition: Religious Diversity within College Fraternities and Sororities". In Craig LaRon Torbenson, Gregory Parks (ed.). Brothers and Sisters: Diversity in College Fraternities and Sororities. Associated University Presse. pp. 210–36. ISBN 9780838641941.
  115. Crain, Abby; Matt Ford (September 11, 2013). "The Final Barrier: 50 years later, segregation still exists". The Crimson White. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  116. Scherker, Amanda (September 12, 2013). "University of Alabama Sorority Chapters Allegedly Discriminate Against Black Women: Report". HuffPost. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  117. "Sororities reopen bidding process". ua.edu. Archived from the original on September 22, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2014.
  118. Luckerson, Victor (September 16, 2013). "University of Alabama Moves to End Segregated Sorority System". Time. Retrieved September 18, 2013.
  119. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/university-of-alabama-1051/student-life
  120. "University of Alabama Interfraternity Council-Fraternities". Interfraternity Council at The University of Alabama. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  121. "University of Alabama Panhellenic Association – Chapter Profiles". University of Alabama Panhellenic Association. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  122. "Auburn to be second SEC school with NPHC Legacy Plaza". The Auburn Plainsman.
  123. "A Shifting Tide?". THE BITTER SOUTHERNER.
  124. "University Spokesman Says No Charges Filed In Cross Burning". AP NEWS.
  125. "Alabama Fraternity Row 2016: The houses, new and old". al. June 30, 2016.
  126. "The Tides of Tradition: Culture and Reform at the University of Alabama" (PDF). 2003. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  127. "UA's Crimson White Takes First Place Honors for Best Student Newspaper" (Press release). University of Alabama News. April 12, 2011. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  128. "SPJ announces 2010 Region 3 Mark of Excellence Award Winners" (Press release). SPJ News. April 4, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  129. Reimold, Dan. "College Media Hall of Fame, Class of 2011: Victor Luckerson & The Crimson White". College Media Matters. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  130. "The Blount Truth Literary Journal". Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  131. "Marr's Field Journal". Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  132. "Alice University of Alabama". Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  133. "Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A)". NCAA. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  134. Studwell, William Emmett; Bruce R. Schueneman (2001). College Fight Songs II: A Supplementary Anthology. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-7890-0920-3. Retrieved February 6, 2010.
  135. Sparks, Linda; Bruce Emerton (1988). American college regalia: a handbook. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-26266-1. Retrieved February 6, 2010. yea alabama crimson tide.
  136. "Tradition – Songs of Alabama". Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Alabama. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  137. "Quick Facts". The University of Alabama. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  138. "USA Today All-USA Academic Team". The University of Alabama. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
  139. "All-USA Academic Teams". USA Today. June 8, 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2011.

Media related to University of Alabama at Wikimedia Commons

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.