NCAA Division III

NCAA Division III (D-III) is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in the United States. D-III consists of athletic programs at colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletic scholarships to their student-athletes.

NCAA Division III logo

The NCAA's first split was into two divisions, the University and College Divisions, in 1956. The College Division was formed for smaller schools that did not have the resources of the major athletic programs across the country. The College Division split again in 1973 when the NCAA went to its current naming convention: Division I, Division II, and Division III. Division III schools are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships, while D-II schools can.

Division III is the NCAA's largest division with around 450 member institutions, which are 80% private and 20% public. The median undergraduate enrollment of D-III schools is about 2,750, although the range is from 418 to over 38,000. Approximately 40% of all NCAA student-athletes compete in D-III.[1]

Requirements

Division III institutions must sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, with two team sports for each gender, and each playing season represented by each gender. Sports in which men and women compete on the same team are counted as men's teams for sports sponsorship purposes. There are minimum contest rules and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department. They feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability.[2] Student-athletes cannot redshirt as freshmen,[3][4][5] and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs.[6]

Division III schools "shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance".[7] Financial aid given to athletes must be awarded under the same procedures as for the general student body, and the proportion of total financial aid given to athletes "shall be closely equivalent to the percentage of student-athletes within the student body."[8] The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. As an example of how seriously the NCAA takes this rule, in 2005 MacMurray College became only the fifth school slapped with a "death penalty" after its men's tennis program gave grants to foreign-born players.[9] The two service academies that are D-III members, Merchant Marine and Coast Guard, do not violate the athletic scholarship ban because all students, whether or not they are varsity athletes, receive the same treatment, a full scholarship.

Another aspect that distinguishes Division III from the other NCAA divisions is that D-III institutions are specifically banned from using the National Letter of Intent, or any other pre-enrollment form that is not executed by other prospective students at the school. The NCAA provides for one exception—a standard, nonbinding celebratory signing form that may be signed by the student upon his or her acceptance of enrollment. However, this form cannot be signed at the campus of that college, and staff members of that college cannot be present at the signing.[10]

Conferences

All-sports conferences

An "all-sports" conference is defined here as one that sponsors both men's and women's basketball. Conferences that sponsor football are marked with an asterisk (*).

  1. The Commonwealth Coast Conference does not sponsor football, but operates the single-sport Commonwealth Coast Football.
  2. The Middle Atlantic Conferences (MAC) is an umbrella organization that operates three separate leagues. Two of these, the MAC Commonwealth and MAC Freedom, sponsor competition in the same set of 14 sports, including men's and women's basketball, but not football. The third league, known as the Middle Atlantic Conference (singular), sponsors competition in football and 12 other sports.

Single-sport conferences
Bowling
  • Central Intercollegiate Bowling Conference (begins competition in 2019–20)
Football
Ice hockey
Lacrosse
Men's volleyball

Independents

Division III schools with Division I programs

Ten D-III schools currently field Division I programs in one or two sports, one maximum for each gender.

Five of them are grandfathered schools that have traditionally competed at the highest level of a particular men's sport prior to the institution of the three division classifications in 1973, a decade before the NCAA governed women's sports. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are also allowed to field one women's sport in Division I, and all five schools choose to do so. These schools are allowed to offer athletic scholarships in their Division I men's and women's sports only.[11]

Three formerly grandfathered schools moved completely to Division III. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in men's soccer, moved totally to Division III in 2006. Rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in men's volleyball, did the same in 2014.[12] Hartwick College, which had been grandfathered in men's soccer and women's water polo, moved its men's soccer program to Division III in 2018 and dropped women's water polo entirely.[13]

The other five schools choose to field Division I programs in one sport for men and/or one sport for women, but they are not grandfathered and thus are not allowed to offer athletic scholarships. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is still available, as is the case for all of Division III.

In addition, Lawrence University was formerly a non-grandfathered program in fencing, but the NCAA no longer conducts a separate Division I fencing championship. Lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III (see below).

Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their revenue-enhancing potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools. In 1992, several Division I schools playing Division III football were forced to bring their football programs into Division I, following the passage of the "Dayton Rule" (named after the University of Dayton, whose success in D-III football was seen as threatening the "ethos" of Division III sports). This led directly to the creation of the Pioneer Football League, a non-scholarship football-only Division I FCS conference.

In August 2011, the NCAA decided to no longer allow individual programs to move to another division as a general policy. One exception was made in 2012, when RIT successfully argued for a one-time opportunity for colleges with a D-I men's team to add a women's team.[14]

Division III schools playing in non-divisional sports

In addition to the D-III schools with teams that play as Division I members, many other D-III schools have teams that compete alongside D-I and D-II members in sports that the NCAA does not split into divisions. Teams in these sports are not counted as playing in a different division from the rest of the athletic program. D-III members cannot award scholarships in these sports.

Reforms

In 2003, concerned about the disparity of some D-III athletic programs and the focus on national championships, the Division III Presidents' Council, led by Middlebury College President John McCardell, proposed ending the athletic scholarship exemptions for D-I programs, eliminating redshirting, and limiting the length of the traditional and non-traditional seasons.[15] At the January 2004 NCAA convention, an amendment allowed the exemption for grandfathered D-I athletic scholarships to remain in place, but the rest of the reforms passed.[16]

Football
Further information: List of NCAA Division III football programs

There is a 32-team playoff system for a national championship, the Stagg Bowl, which has been held in Shenandoah, Texas since 2018.

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See also

References
  1. "Division III Facts and Figures" (PDF). NCAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  2. "Divisional Differences and the History of Multidivision Classification". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  3. NCAA. "Bylaw 14.2.4.1 Minimum Amount of Participation" (PDF). 2012–13 NCAA Division III Manual. p. 93. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  4. Under Bylaw 14.2.4.1, a Division III athlete uses a year of eligibility by either practicing with or playing on a team. This differs from the rules for Divisions I and II, in which only playing on a team counts as participation.
  5. The so-called medical redshirt, officially known as a hardship waiver, is covered by a different NCAA bylaw—specifically Bylaw 14.2.5 (p. 96, 2012–13 NCAA Division III Manual).
  6. "Bylaw 15.01.5 Student-Athlete Financial Aid Endowments or Funds" (PDF). 2012–13 NCAA Division III Manual. NCAA. p. 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  7. "Bylaw 15.01.3 Institutional Financial Aid" (PDF). 2012–13 NCAA Division III Manual. NCAA. p. 107. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  8. "Bylaw 15.4.1 Consistent Financial Aid Package" (PDF). 2012–13 NCAA Division III Manual. NCAA. p. 110. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  9. "LSDBi". ncaa.org. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  10. "Bylaw 13.9.1 Letter-of-intent Prohibition" (PDF). 2018–19 NCAA Division III Manual. NCAA. pp. 80–81. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
  11. Wodon, Adam (January 12, 2004). "Scholarships Will Continue For D-III 'Play Up' Schools". USCHO.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  12. "Transitioning Scarlet Raiders Join CVC" (Press release). Rutgers–Newark Athletics. March 13, 2014. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  13. Kennedy, Paul (February 28, 2018). "Hartwick to downgrade men's soccer, making it a Division III sport". Soccer America. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  14. "RIT's push for NCAA legislative change opens the door for women to move to Division I". USCHO.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  15. Pennington, Bill (May 25, 2003). "Playing for Victory, Or Simply to Play? Colleges Are Split". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
  16. "NCAA Division III Defeats Effort To Repeal Waiver". Clarkson University. January 12, 2004. Archived from the original on August 18, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
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