ISTAF Berlin
The Internationales Stadionfest (ISTAF) is an annual track and field athletics meet at the Olympiastadion in Berlin, Germany. It was first organised on 3 July 1921 at the Deutsches Stadion, which was replaced after the 1936 Summer Olympics by the current stadium in 1937. Since 2010 it has been part of the IAAF World Challenge meetings, the second tier of global one day athletics events. Since 2006 it is sponsored by DKB and officially known as the DKB-ISTAF.
| ISTAF Berlin | |
|---|---|
 The Olympic Stadium in Berlin | |
| Date | August–September |
| Location | Olympiastadion, Berlin |
| Event type | Track and field athletics |
| Established | 1937 |
| Official site | ISTAF |
History
On 3 July 1921 the Berliner Sport-Club (BSC), the Sport-Club Charlottenburg (SCC) and the Schwimm-Club Poseidon organised the first sports festival under the current name Internationales Stadionfest. On 23 March 1937 the BSC, the Deutscher Sport-Club (DSC, later Olympischer Sport-Club OSC) and the SCC decided to hold international sports festivals together and organized the first edition at its current place which took place on 1 August 1937. The ISTAF was interrupted in 1940, as well as between 1943 and 1948 (war and post war conditions), in 1950 and 1951, and in 1972 and 1973 (as a result of the Munich massacre during the 1972 Summer Olympics). From 1993 to 1997 IAAF classified the ISTAF among the IAAF Golden Four meetings. From 1998 to 2009 it was part of the IAAF Golden League. When the Diamond League was introduced, Berlin was provisionally planned as one of its meets, but the organisers were unable to meet the criteria for the new elite series, so the meet became part of the second tier World Challenge circuit from 2010 instead.
Indoor
The ISTAF returns into the hall the first time since 1968, is the first March 2014 at the O2 World (Berlin) give a big athletics meeting in Berlin again. A week before the World Indoor Championships in the Polish Sopot, the world's elite to measure the ISTAF Indoor in the capital. The highlight of the event is the discus competition with world champion Robert Harting. With a length of 80 meters and a sufficient ceiling height of the discus throw was not a problem even in the modern arena.[1]
World records
Over the course of its history, numerous world records have been set at the ISTAF.
.svg.png){kind=small}
Meeting records
Men
Women
| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 m | 10.78 | Marion Jones |  |
1 September 2000 | [14] |
| 200 m | 21.96 (+0.2 m/s) | Katrin Krabbe |  |
10 September 1991 | |
| 400 m | 49.07 | Tonique Williams-Darling |  |
12 September 2004 | [15] |
| 600 m | 1:21.77 | Caster Semenya |  |
27 August 2017 | [16] |
| 800 m | 1:54.99 | Pamela Jelimo |  |
1 June 2008 | [17] |
| 1000 m | 2:30.67 | Christine Wachtel |  |
17 August 1990 | |
| 1500 m | 3:58.43 | Süreyya Ayhan |  |
6 September 2002 | [18] |
| Mile | 4:22.45 | Marta Pen Freitas |  |
2 September 2018 | [19] |
| 3000 m | 8:46.66 | Natalya Artyomova |  |
18 August 1989 | |
| 5000 m | 14:29.32 | Olga Yegorova |  |
31 August 2001 | |
| 100 m hurdles | 12.37 (+1.4 m/s) | Yordanka Donkova | .svg.png){kind=small} |
15 August 1986 | |
| 400 m hurdles | 53.26 | Deon Hemmings |  |
26 August 1997 | |
| 2000 m steeplechase | 5:52.80 | Gesa-Felicitas Krause | |
1 September 2019 | [20] |
| 3000 m steeplechase | 9:03.70 | Norah Jeruto | |
27 August 2017 | [21] |
| High jump | 2.06 m | Ariane Friedrich | |
14 June 2009 | [22] |
| Pole vault | 4.83 m | Elena Isinbaeva | |
14 June 2009 | [23] |
| Long jump | 7.10 m | Heike Drechsler | |
16 September 1992 | |
| Triple jump | 14.88 m (−0.2 m/s) | Tatyana Lebedeva | |
10 August 2003 | [24] |
| Shot put | 20.98 m | Helena Fibingerová |  |
17 August 1984 | |
| Discus throw | 68.64 m | Margitta Pufe | |
17 August 1979 | |
| Hammer throw | 79.58 m | Anita Włodarczyk |  |
31 August 2014 | [25] |
| Javelin throw | 70.53 m (Current design) | Maria Abakumova | |
1 September 2013 | [26] |
| 74.56 m (old design) | Petra Felke | |
23 August 1985 | ||
| 4 × 100 m relay | 41.55 | Team USA Alice Brown Diane Williams Florence Griffith Joyner Jeanette Bolden |
|
21 August 1987 | |
| 4 × 100 m mixed relay | 40.58 | Kerron Stewart Aleen Bailey Mario Forsythe Kemar Bailey-Cole |
|
2 September 2012 | [27] |
List of winners
Track disciplines
.svg.png){kind=small}
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | Jakob Scheuring (de) | .svg.png){kind=small} |
21.7 |
| 1939 | Jakob Scheuring (de) | |
21.2 |
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | Harald Mellerowicz (de) | |
21.5 |
| 1949 | Hans Hieke | |
22.8 |
| 1952 | McDonald Bailey | .svg.png){kind=small} |
20.9 |
| 1953 | George Brown | |
21.9 |
| 1954 | Walter Sichling | |
22.5 |
| 1955 | Heinz Fütterer | |
21.4 |
| 1956 | Martin Lauer | |
21.6 |
| 1957 | Leamon King | |
21.3 |
| 1958 | Manfred Germar | |
21.7 |
| 1959 | Livio Berruti |  |
21.1 |
| 1960 | Tom Robinson | |
21.0 |
| 1961 | Johannes Kaiser | |
21.3 |
| 1962 | Seraphino Antao | |
20.8 |
| 1963 | Seraphino Antao | |
21.2 |
| 1964 | Heinz Schumann (de) | |
20.9 |
| 1965 | Jürgen Schröter | |
21.4 |
| 1966 | Josef Schwarz | |
21.0 |
| 1967 | Josef Schwarz | |
21.2 |
| 1969 | Ossi Karttunen |  |
20.9 |
| 1970 | Donald Quarrie | |
20.4 |
| 1971 | Heinz Rienecker | |
21.3 |
| 1974 | Donald Quarrie | |
20.5 |
| 1975 | Manfred Ommer (de) | |
21.0 |
| 1976 | James Gilkes |  |
20.51 |
| 1977 | Clancy Edwards | |
20.14 |
| 1978 | James Gilkes | |
20.34 |
| 1979 | James Gilkes | |
20.44 |
| 1980 | Fred Taylor | |
20.82 |
| 1981 | Allan Wells |  |
20.15 |
| 1982 | Jeffrey Phillips | |
20.40 |
| 1983 | Mel Lattany | |
20.22 |
| 1984 | James Butler | |
20.45 |
| 1985 | Kirk Baptiste | |
20.45 |
| 1986 | not held | ||
| 1987 | Carl Lewis | |
20.09 |
| 1988 | not held | ||
| 1989 | Robson da Silva |  |
20.28 |
| 1990 | Robson da Silva | |
20.28 |
| 1991 | not held | ||
| 1992 | Frankie Fredericks |  |
20.01 |
| 1993 | not held | ||
| 1994 | not held | ||
| 1995 | not held | ||
| 1996 | Frankie Fredericks | |
19.97 |
| 1997 | Jon Drummond | |
20.07 |
| 1998 | not held | ||
| 1999 | Maurice Greene | |
20.21 |
| 2000-03 | not held | ||
| 2004 | Asafa Powell | |
20.24 |
| 2005 | Christopher Williams | |
20.33 |
| 2006 | not held | ||
| 2007 | Wallace Spearmon | |
20.22 |
| 2008 | not held | ||
| 2009-12 | not held | ||
| 2013 | not held | ||
| 2014 | not held | ||
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | not held | ||
| 1939 | Dorle Voigt | |
25.1 |
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | not held | ||
| 1949 | not held | ||
| 1952 | not held | ||
| 1953 | not held | ||
| 1954 | not held | ||
| 1955 | not held | ||
| 1956 | not held | ||
| 1957 | not held | ||
| 1958 | Barbara Janiczewska | |
24.2 |
| 1959 | not held | ||
| 1960 | not held | ||
| 1961 | not held | ||
| 1962 | Brenda Fletcher | |
25.2 |
| 1963 | Helga Henning (de) | |
24.4 |
| 1964 | not held | ||
| 1965 | not held | ||
| 1966 | not held | ||
| 1967 | not held | ||
| 1969 | Rita Jahn | |
23.4 |
| 1970 | Annelie Wilden (de) | |
23.8 |
| 1971 | Alice Anum |  |
23.2 |
| 1974 | Irena Szewińska | |
22.6 |
| 1975 | not held | ||
| 1976 | Lorna Forde |  |
23.95 |
| 1977 | Jacqueline Pusey (de) | |
23.28 |
| 1978 | Evelyn Ashford | |
23.41 |
| 1979 | Annegret Richter | |
22.83 |
| 1980 | Angella Taylor | .svg.png){kind=small} |
23.03 |
| 1981 | not held | ||
| 1982 | not held | ||
| 1983 | not held | ||
| 1984 | not held | ||
| 1985 | not held | ||
| 1986 | not held | ||
| 1987 | Angella Taylor-Issajenko | |
22.55 |
| 1988 | Grace Jackson | |
22.70 |
| 1989 | not held | ||
| 1990 | not held | ||
| 1991 | Katrin Krabbe | |
21.96 |
| 1992 | not held | ||
| 1993 | not held | ||
| 1994 | Merlene Ottey | |
22.07 |
| 1995 | Gwen Torrence | |
21.98 |
| 1996 | not held | ||
| 1997 | not held | ||
| 1998 | not held | ||
| 1999 | Debbie Ferguson | |
22.55 |
| 2000-03 | not held | ||
| 2004 | not held | ||
| 2005 | not held | ||
| 2006 | not held | ||
| 2007 | Lauryn Williams | |
22.95 |
| 2008 | Sherone Simpson | |
22.43 |
| 2009-12 | not held | ||
| 2013 | Tiffany Townsend | |
22.77 |
| 2014 | not held | ||
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | not held | ||
| 1939 | not held | ||
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | not held | ||
| 1949 | not held | ||
| 1952 | not held | ||
| 1953 | not held | ||
| 1954 | not held | ||
| 1955 | not held | ||
| 1956 | not held | ||
| 1957 | not held | ||
| 1958 | not held | ||
| 1959 | not held | ||
| 1960 | not held | ||
| 1961 | not held | ||
| 1962 | not held | ||
| 1963 | not held | ||
| 1964 | not held | ||
| 1965 | not held | ||
| 1966-67 | not held | ||
| 1969 | Colette Besson |  |
52.9 |
| 1970 | Marilyn Neufville | |
52.3 |
| 1971 | Christel Frese | |
53.6 |
| 1972-73 | not held | ||
| 1974 | Krystina Kacperczyk (pl) | |
52.0 |
| 1975 | Rita Wilden | |
52.6 |
| 1976 | Pirjo Häggman | |
51.07 |
| 1977 | Irena Szewińska | |
49.97 |
| 1978 | Pirjo Häggman | |
51.29 |
| 1979 | not held | ||
| 1980 | not held | ||
| 1981 | not held | ||
| 1982 | not held | ||
| 1983 | not held | ||
| 1984 | not held | ||
| 1985 | Valerie Brisco-Hooks | |
49.56 |
| 1986 | Valerie Brisco-Hooks | |
50.31 |
| 1987 | Valerie Brisco-Hooks | |
50.01 |
| 1988 | Ana Fidelia Quirot |  |
50.27 |
| 1989 | not held | ||
| 1990 | not held | ||
| 1991 | not held | ||
| 1992 | not held | ||
| 1993 | not held | ||
| 1994 | not held | ||
| 1995 | Cathy Freeman | .svg.png){kind=small} |
50.98 |
| 1996 | Falilat Ogunkoya |  |
50.31 |
| 1997 | Sandie Richards | |
49.87 |
| 1998 | Falilat Ogunkoya | |
50.31 |
| 1999 | not held | ||
| 2000 | not held | ||
| 2001 | Grit Breuer | |
50.78 |
| 2002 | Ana Guevara |  |
49.91 |
| 2003 | Lorraine Fenton | |
49.98 |
| 2004 | Tonique Williams-Darling | |
49.07 |
| 2006 | Sanya Richards | |
49.81 |
| 2007 | Sanya Richards | |
49.27 |
| 2008 | not held | ||
| 2009 | Sanya Richards | |
49.57 |
| 2010 | Debbie Dunn | |
50.56 |
| 2011 | Anastasiya Kapachinskaya | |
50.75 |
| 2014 | not held | ||
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (min:s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | not held | ||
| 1939 | not held | ||
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | not held | ||
| 1949 | not held | ||
| 1952 | not held | ||
| 1953 | not held | ||
| 1954 | not held | ||
| 1955 | not held | ||
| 1956 | not held | ||
| 1957 | not held | ||
| 1958 | not held | ||
| 1959 | not held | ||
| 1960 | not held | ||
| 1961 | not held | ||
| 1962 | Gerda Kraan |  |
2:06.2 |
| 1963 | not held | ||
| 1964 | Maryvonne Dupureur | |
2:03.9 |
| 1965 | not held | ||
| 1966 | not held | ||
| 1967 | not held | ||
| 1969 | Anne-Marie Nenzell (sv) |  |
2:05:00 |
| 1970 | Vera Nikolić | .svg.png){kind=small} |
2:02.2 |
| 1971 | Vera Nikolić | |
2.01.0 |
| 1972-73 | not held | ||
| 1974 | not held | ||
| 1975 | Mariana Suman | .svg.png){kind=small} |
2.02.40 |
| 1976 | Francie Laprieu | |
2:00.22 |
| 1977 | Elżbieta Katolik (pl) | |
2:00.10 |
| 1978 | not held | ||
| 1979 | not held | ||
| 1980 | Margrit Klinger | |
2:00.50 |
| 1981 | Margrit Klinger | |
2:00.07 |
| 1982 | Jolanta Januchta (pl) | |
2:01.87 |
| 1983 | Mary Decker | |
1:59.14 |
| 1984 | not held | ||
| 1985 | Jarmila Kratochvílová | |
1:58.38 |
| 1986 | Gaby Bußmann | |
1:58.11 |
| 1987 | Ana Fidelia Quirot | |
1:56.56 |
| 1988 | not held | ||
| 1989 | Ana Fidelia Quirot | |
1:57.90 |
| 1990 | not held | ||
| 1991 | not held | ||
| 1992 | Ellen van Langen | |
1:59.55 |
| 1993 | Maria Mutola |  |
1:57.99 |
| 1994 | not held | ||
| 1995 | Maria Mutola | |
1:57.61 |
| 1996 | not held | ||
| 1997 | Maria Mutola | |
1:56.93 |
| 1998 | not held | ||
| 1999 | Maria Mutola | |
1:57.56 |
| 2000 | not held | ||
| 2001 | Maria Mutola | |
1:59.19 |
| 2002 | not held | ||
| 2003 | Maria Mutola | |
1:59.01 |
| 2004 | not held | ||
| 2005 | Zulia Calatayud | |
1:59.25 |
| 2006 | not held | ||
| 2007 | Janeth Jepkosgei | |
1:58.62 |
| 2008 | Pamela Jelimo | |
1:54.99 |
| 2009 | not held | ||
| 2010 | Caster Semenya | |
1:59.90 |
| 2011 | Janeth Jepkosgei | |
1:58.26 |
| 2012 | Pamela Jelimo | |
1:58.68 |
| 2013 | not held | ||
| 2014 | Tigist Assefa |  |
2:00.16 |
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (min:s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | Herbert Jacob | |
3:58.2 |
| 1939 | not held | ||
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | Rolf Seidenschnur | |
3:51.4 |
| 1949 | Lennart Strand | |
3:56.8 |
| 1952 | Josy Barthel |  |
3:51.0 |
| 1953 | Werner Lueg | |
3:52.4 |
| 1954 | Günter Dohrow | |
3:53.8 |
| 1955-57 | not held | ||
| 1958 | Marian Jochman (pl) | |
3:49.7 |
| 1959 | Tomás Barris |  |
3:51.9 |
| 1960 | Klaus Ostach | |
3:47.3 |
| 1961 | Klaus Lehmann | |
3:43.0 |
| 1962 | Karl Eyerkaufer (de) | |
3:47.1 |
| 1963 | Harald Norpoth |  |
3:46.9 |
| 1964 | Eugène Allonsius | .svg.png){kind=small} |
3:45.5 |
| 1965 | Jim Grelle | |
3:44.0 |
| 1967-1983 | not held | ||
| 1984 | not held | ||
| 1985 | Saïd Aouita |  |
3:29.46 WR |
| 1986 | Enda Fitzpatrick |  |
3:39.18 |
| 1987 | not held | ||
| 1988 | not held | ||
| 1989-93 | not held | ||
| 1994 | Vénuste Niyongabo |  |
3:31.18 |
| 1995 | not held | ||
| 1996 | not held | ||
| 1997 | not held | ||
| 1998 | Hicham El Guerrouj | |
3:31.18 |
| 1999 | not held | ||
| 2000 | Hicham El Guerrouj | |
3:30.90 |
| 2001 | not held | ||
| 2002 | Hicham El Guerrouj | |
3:30.00 |
| 2003 | not held | ||
| 2004 | Paul Korir | |
3:32.46 |
| 2005 | Daniel Kipchirchir Komen | |
3:29.72 |
| 2006 | Augustine Kiprono Choge | |
3:32.48 |
| 2007 | Daniel Kipchirchir Komen | |
3:34.09 |
| 2008 | Augustine Kiprono Choge | |
3:31.57 |
| 2009 | Augustine Kiprono Choge | |
3:29.47 |
| 2010 | Silas Kiplagat | |
3:30.31 |
| 2011 | Augustine Kiprono Choge | |
3:31.14 |
| 2012 | Nixon Chepseba | |
3:33.11 |
| 2013 | İlham Tanui Özbilen | |
3:35.58 |
| 2014 | Mekonnen Gebremedhin | |
3:33.24 |
| Year | Winner | Nationality | Time (min:s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1937 | not held | ||
| 1938 | not held | ||
| 1939 | not held | ||
| 1941 | not held | ||
| 1942 | not held | ||
| 1949 | not held | ||
| 1952 | not held | ||
| 1953 | not held | ||
| 1954 | not held | ||
| 1955-57 | not held | ||
| 1958 | not held | ||
| 1959 | not held | ||
| 1960 | not held | ||
| 1961 | not held | ||
| 1962 | not held | ||
| 1963 | not held | ||
| 1964 | not held | ||
| 1965 | not held | ||
| 1967-1983 | not held | ||
| 1984 | Brit McRoberts | |
4:12.61 |
| 1985 | not held | ||
| 1986 | not held | ||
| 1987 | not held | ||
| 1988 | Paula Ivan | |
4:00.24 |
| 1989-93 | not held | ||
| 1994 | Angela Chalmers | |
4:04.39 |
| 1995 | not held | ||
| 1996 | Svetlana Masterkova | |
4:06.87 |
| 1997 | not held | ||
| 1998 | Svetlana Masterkova | |
4:03.19 |
| 1999 | not held | ||
| 2000 | Violeta Szekely |  |
4:02.80 |
| 2001 | Violeta Szekely | |
4:00.80 |
| 2002 | Süreyya Ayhan | |
3:58.43 |
| 2003 | Süreyya Ayhan | |
3:59.58 |
| 2004 | Tatyana Tomashova | |
4:04.41 |
| 2005 | not held | ||
| 2006 | not held | ||
| 2007 | not held | ||
| 2008 | not held | ||
| 2009 | not held | ||
| 2010 | not held | ||
| 2011 | not held | ||
| 2012 | not held | ||
| 2013 | Yekaterina Sharmina | |
4:10.47 |
| 2014 | not held | ||
gollark: Please publish this.
gollark: Wait, *what*?
gollark: Another idea: a thing which uses a thesaurus to replace the words in your text with fancier ones.
gollark: It's an alias for `class` because `class` is a keeywoord.
gollark: ```pythonimport antigravity```
References
- "ISTAF kehrt in Halle zurück". www.sport1.de. 20 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- "100 Metres Results". ISTAF. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- Ramsak, Bob (11 September 2011). "Blake dashes 9.82, one of four meet records to celebrate ISTAF's 90th birthday - Berlin Report - IAAF World Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "800 Metres Results". ISTAF. 22 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- "Mile Results". ISTAF. 26 August 1997. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "2000 Metres Results". ISTAF. 7 September 1999. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "3000 Metres Results". www.istaf.de. 22 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
- "ISTAF Race Winners". arrs.run. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
- "5000 Metres Results". ISTAF. 1 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- Jörg Wenig (2 September 2012). "Merritt sizzles 12.97, Harting wins 33rd straight in Berlin - IAAF World Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
- "3000 Metres Steeplechase Results". ISTAF. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "Shot Put Results". ISTAF. 11 September 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "4 x 100 Metres Relay Results". ISTAF. 1 September 2000. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- "100 Metres Results". www.istaf.de. 1 September 2000. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
- "400 Metres Results". ISTAF. 12 September 2004. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "600m Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- "800 Metres Results". ISTAF. 1 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "1500 Metres Results". ISTAF. 6 September 2002. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- Jörg Wenig (2 September 2018). "Semenya clocks 2:30.70 in ISTAF 1000m as Harting takes his final bow". IAAF. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
- "Krause smashes 2000m steeplechase world best in Berlin". IAAF. 1 September 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
- "3000m Steeplechase Results" (PDF). sportresult.com. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- "High Jump Results". ISTAF. 14 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "Pole Vault Results". ISTAF. 14 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "Triple Jump Results". ISTAF. 10 August 2003. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- "Hammer Throw Results" (PDF). www.istaf.de. 31 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- Silke Bernhart (1 September 2013). "Abakumova dominates in Berlin with 70.53m throw – IAAF World Challenge". IAAF. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
- "4x100m Mixed Relay Results" (PDF). ISTAF. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to ISTAF. |
| Seasons |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Meetings | ||
|  | |||||||||
| ||||||||||
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.