Caster Semenya

Mokgadi Caster Semenya OIB (born 7 January 1991) is a South African middle-distance runner and 2016 Olympic gold medalist.[4][5] She won gold in the women's 800 metres at the 2009 World Championships with a time of 1:55.45, the 2016 Summer Olympics, and the 2017 World Championships in her new personal best, 1:55.16. After the doping disqualification of Mariya Savinova, she also was awarded gold medals at the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Summer Olympics, all in the 800 metres.[6][7][8]

Caster Semenya

Caster Semenya in 2018
Personal information
Nationality	South African
Born	(1991-01-07) 7 January 1991 Pietersburg, South Africa
Residence	South Africa
Alma mater	North-West University
Height	1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Weight	70 kg (154 lb)
Association football career Senior career* Years Team Apps (Gls) 2019– JVW F.C. * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only
Sport
Sport	Running
Event(s)	800 metres, 1500 metres
Achievements and titles
Personal best(s)	400m: 49.62 NR 600m: 1:21.77 WB 800m: 1:54.25 NR[1] 1000m: 2:30.70 NR[2] 1500m: 3:59.92 NR[3]
Medal record Women's athletics Representing  South Africa Olympic Games 2012 London 800 m 2016 Rio de Janeiro 800 m World Championships 2009 Berlin 800 m 2011 Daegu 800 m 2017 London 800 m 2017 London 1500 m Commonwealth Games 2018 Gold Coast 800 m 2018 Gold Coast 1500 m African Games 2015 Brazzaville 800 m African Championships 2018 Asaba 400 m 2018 Asaba 800 m 2016 Durban 800 m 2016 Durban 1500 m 2016 Durban 4x400 m relay Representing { Africa Continental Cup 2018 Ostrava 800 m 2018 Ostrava 400 m 2018 Ostrava 4x400 m mixed

Semenya was "assigned female at birth, raised as a girl and identifies as a woman"[9] but has XY chromosomes and exceptionally high testosterone levels ("hyperandrogenism") due to a disorder of sex development.[10][11] Following her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was announced that she had been subjected to sex testing.[5] She was withdrawn from international competition until 6 July 2010 when the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) cleared her to return.[12][13] In 2019, new IAAF rules came into force preventing women such as Semenya from participating in 400m, 800m, and 1500m events unless they take medication to lower their testosterone levels.

Early life and education

Semenya was born in Ga-Masehlong, a village in South Africa near Polokwane (previously called Pietersburg), and grew up in the village of Fairlie, deep in South Africa's northern Limpopo province. She has three sisters and a brother.[14][15] Semenya attended Nthema Secondary School and the University of North West as a sports science student.[5][16] She began running as training for soccer.[17]

External video
"Too Fast to Be a Woman The Story of Caster Semenya", Maxx Ginane
"Dorcas and Caster Semenya", P&G
"The problem with sex testing in sports", Vox

Career

2008

In July, Semenya participated in the 2008 World Junior Championships in the 800 m and did not qualify for the finals. She won gold at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games with a time of 2:04.23.[18]

2009

Semenya in 2009

In the African Junior Championships, Semenya won both the 800 m and 1500 m races with the times of 1:56.72 and 4:08.01, respectively.[19][20] With that race she improved her 800 m personal best by seven seconds in less than nine months, including four seconds in that race alone.[5][21] The 800 m time was the world leading time in 2009 at that date.[21] It was also a national record and a championship record. Semenya simultaneously beat the Senior and Junior South African records held by Zelda Pretorius at 1:58.85, and Zola Budd at 2:00.90, respectively.[22]

In August, Semenya won gold in the 800 metres at the World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 in the final, again setting the fastest time of the year.[23]

In December 2009, Track and Field News voted Semenya the Number One Women's 800-metre runner of the year.[24]

Sex verification tests

Following her victory at the world championships, questions were raised about her sex.[5][21][25][26] Having beaten her previous 800 m best by four seconds at the African Junior Championships just a month earlier,[27] her quick improvements came under scrutiny. The combination of her rapid athletic progression and her appearance culminated in the IAAF asking her to take a sex verification test to ascertain whether she was female.[28][29] The IAAF says it was "obliged to investigate" after she made improvements of 25 seconds at 1500 m and eight seconds at 800 m – "the sort of dramatic breakthroughs that usually arouse suspicion of drug use".[30]

The sex test results were never published officially, but some results were leaked in the press and were widely discussed, resulting in at the time unverified claims about Semenya having an intersex trait.[31][32]

In November 2009, South Africa's sports ministry issued a statement that Semenya[33] had reached an agreement with the IAAF to keep her medal and award.[34] Eight months later, in July 2010, she was cleared again to compete in women's competitions.[35][36]

Response

News that the IAAF requested the test broke three hours before the 2009 World Championships 800 m final.[21] IAAF president Lamine Diack stated, "There was a leak of confidentiality at some point and this led to some insensitive reactions."[37] The IAAF's handling of the case spurred many negative reactions.[38] A number of athletes, including retired sprinter Michael Johnson, criticised the organisation for its response to the incident.[39][40] There was additional outcry from South Africans, alleging undertones of European racism and imperialism embedded in the gender testing. Many local media reports highlighted these frustrations and challenged the validity of the tests with the belief that through Semenya's testing, members of the Global North did not want South Africans to excel.[41]

The IAAF said it confirmed the requirement for a sex verification test after the news had already been reported in the media, denying charges of racism and expressing regret about "the allegations being made about the reasons for which these tests are being conducted".[30][42] The federation also explained that the motivation for the test was not suspected cheating but a desire to determine whether she had a "rare medical condition" giving her an "unfair advantage".[43] The president of the IAAF stated that the case could have been handled with more sensitivity.[44]

On 7 September 2009, Wilfred Daniels, Semenya's coach with Athletics South Africa (ASA), resigned because he felt that ASA "did not advise Ms. Semenya properly". He apologised for personally having failed to protect her.[45] ASA President Leonard Chuene admitted on 19 September 2009 to having subjected Semenya to testing. He had previously lied to Semenya about the purpose of the tests and to others about having performed the tests. He ignored a request from ASA team doctor Harold Adams to withdraw Semenya from the World Championships over concerns about the need to keep her medical records confidential.[46]

Prominent South African civic leaders, commentators, politicians, and activists characterised the controversy as racist, as well as an affront to Semenya's privacy and human rights.[47][48] On the recommendation of South Africa's Minister for Sport and Recreation, Makhenkesi Stofile, Semenya retained the legal firm Dewey & LeBoeuf, acting pro bono, "to make certain that her civil and legal rights and dignity as a person are fully protected".[49][50][51] In an interview with South African magazine YOU Semenya stated, "God made me the way I am and I accept myself."[52] Following the furore, Semenya received great support within South Africa,[39][40] to the extent of being called a cause célèbre.[48]

2010

Semenya on the 2010 Diamond League circuit

In March 2010, Semenya was denied the opportunity to compete in the local Yellow Pages Series V Track and Field event in Stellenbosch, South Africa, because the IAAF had yet to release its findings from her sex test.[53]

On 6 July, the IAAF cleared Semenya to return to international competition. The results of the sex tests, however, were not released for privacy reasons.[12] She returned to competition nine days later, winning two minor races in Finland.[54] On 22 August 2010, running on the same track as her World Championship victory, Semenya started slowly but finished strongly, dipping under 2:00 for the first time since the controversy, while winning the ISTAF meet in Berlin.[55]

Not being in full form, she did not enter the World Junior Championships or the African Championships, both held in July 2010, and opted to target the Commonwealth Games to be held in October 2010.[56] She improved her season's best to 1:58.16 at the Notturna di Milano meeting in early September and returned to South Africa to prepare for the Commonwealth Games.[57] Eventually, she was forced to skip the games due to injury.[58]

2011

After the controversy of the previous year, Semenya returned to action with a moderately low profile, running only 1:58.61 at the Bislett Games as her best prior to the World Championships.[59] During the championships, she easily won her semi-final heat. In the final, she remained in the front of the pack leading into the final straightaway. While she separated from the rest of the field, Mariya Savinova followed her, then sprinted past Semenya before the finish line, leaving her to finish second.[59] In 2017, Savinova was banned for doping and her results were disqualified,[60] resulting in Semenya being awarded the gold medal.

2012 Olympics

Caster Semenya at the 2012 Summer Olympics

Caster Semenya was chosen to carry the country's flag during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics.[61] She later won a silver medal in the women's 800 metres of these games, with a time of 1:57.23 seconds, her season's best. She passed six competitors in the last 150 metres, but did not pass world champion Mariya Savinova of Russia, who took gold in a time of 1:56.19, finishing 1.04 seconds before Semenya.[62] During the BBC coverage after the race, former British hurdler Colin Jackson raised the question whether Semenya had thrown the race, as the time that had been run was well within her capability,[63][64] though in fact Semenya had at that point only once in her life run faster than Savinova's winning time, when winning the 2009 World Championships.[65]

In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended Savinova and four other Russian athletes be given a lifetime ban for doping violations at the Olympics.[66] On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) officially disqualified Savinova's results backdated to July 2010. The International Olympic Committee reallocated the London 2012 medals, and Semenya's silver was upgraded to gold.[67][68][69]

2015 testosterone rule change

The IAAF policy on hyperandrogenism, or high natural levels of testosterone in women, that had been in place since 2011[70] was suspended following the case of Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations, in the Court of Arbitration for Sport, decided in July 2015.[71] The ruling found that there was a lack of evidence provided that testosterone increased female athletic performance and notified the IAAF that it had two years to provide the evidence.[72]

2016

On 16 April, Semenya became the first person to win all three of the 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m titles at the South African National Championships, setting world leading marks of 50.74 and 1:58.45 in the first two events, and a 4:10.93 in the 1500 m, all within a nearly four-hour span of each other.[73][74]

On 16 July, she set a new national record for 800 metres of 1:55:33.[75] [76] On 20 August, she won the gold medal in the women's 800 metres at the Rio Olympics with a time of 1:55.28.[77] The win reignited controversy over the rules on permissible testosterone levels; immediately after the race Lynsey Sharp, finishing sixth, broke into tears, having previously said that "everyone can see it's two separate races,"[78] while fifth-placed Joanna Jóźwik reportedly claimed that she was the "first European" and "second white" to finish the race.[79][80] Bioethicist Katrina Karkazis criticised the indignant response to Semenya's win as discriminatory.[80]

Semenya set a new personal best for the 400 m of 50.40 at the 2016 Memorial Van Damme track and field meet in Brussels.[81]

2017

Semenya won the bronze medal in the 1500 metres at the 2017 World Championships held in London.[82] She also won the gold medal in the women's 800m event.[83]

2018 testosterone rule change

In April 2018, the IAAF announced new "differences of sex development" rules that required athletes with specific disorders of sex development, testosterone levels of 5 nmol/L and above, and certain androgen sensitivity to take medication to lower their testosterone levels, effective beginning 8 May 2019.[84][85][86][87] Due to the narrow scope of the changes, which also apply to only those athletes competing in the 400m, 800m, and 1500m, many people thought the rule change was designed specifically to target Semenya.[88][89][90][91]

On 19 June 2018, Semenya announced that she would legally challenge the IAAF rules. On 1 May 2019, the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected her challenge, paving the way for the new rules to come into effect on 8 May 2019.[92] During the legal challenge by Semenya, the IAAF amended the regulations to exclude hyperandrogenism associated with the 46,XX karyotype and clarified that the disorders of sex development affected by the regulations are specific to the 46,XY karyotype.[93][94] The legal case divided commentators such as Doriane Coleman, who testified for the IAAF, arguing that women's sport requires certain biological traits, from commentators such as Eric Vilain, who testified for Semenya, arguing that "sex is not defined by one particular parameter ... for many human reasons, it's so difficult to exclude women who've always lived their entire lives as women — to suddenly tell them 'you just don't belong here.'"[95]

Semenya has appealed the decision to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland.[96] On 3 June 2019, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court advised that they had "super-provisionally instructed the IAAF to suspend the application of the 'Eligibility Regulations for the Female Classification for athletes with differences of sex development' with respect to the claimant [Semenya]" until the court decides whether to issue an interlocutory injunction.[97] On July 30, 2019 the Swiss Federal Supreme Court reversed its earlier ruling that had suspended the Court of Arbitration for Sport decision and the IAAF rules. For that reason, Semenya missed the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha in October 2019, while continuing her appeal.[98]

In July 2019, Semenya said that the ongoing issue has "destroyed" her "mentally and physically".[99]

2019 football career

In September 2019, Semenya joined the South African SAFA Sasol Women's League association football club JVW F.C., owned by Janine van Wyk.[100]

2020

In 2020, Semenya announced that she had decided to switch to the 200 meters for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, in order to avoid the 400m to one mile ban.[101] In order to qualify for the 200 meters, Semenya must achieve the qualifying time of 22.80.[102] She had previously won the 5000m at the South African championship in 2019.[103]

Competition record

Representing  South Africa

Year	Competition	Venue	Position	Event	Notes
2008 800m world rank: NR	World Junior Championships	Bydgoszcz, Poland	7th (h)	800 m	2:11.98
	Commonwealth Youth Games	Pune, India	1st	800 m	2:04.23 GR
2009 800m world rank: 1st[104]	South African Championships	Stellenbosch, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:03.16
			2nd	1500 m	4:16.43
	South African U18/U20 Championships	Pretoria, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:02.00
			1st	1500 m	4:25.70
	African Junior Championships	Bambous, Mauritius	1st	800 m	1:56.72 NR CR
			1st	1500 m	4:08.01
	IAAF World Championships	Berlin, Germany	1st	800 m	1:55.45
IAAF formalizes testosterone policy[105]
2011 800m world rank: 2nd	South African Championships	Durban, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:02.10
			1st	1500 m	4:12.93
			1st	4 x 400 m	3:41.30
	IAAF World Championships	Daegu, South Korea	1st	800 m	1:56.35[cr 1]
2012 800m world rank: 5th	South African Championships	Port Elizabeth, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:02.68
			1st	4 x 400 m	3:36.92
	Olympic Games	London, United Kingdom	1st	800 m	1:57.23[cr 1]
2014 800m world rank: NR	South African Championships	Pretoria, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:03.05
2015 800m world rank: NR	South African Championships	Stellenbosch, South Africa	1st	800 m	2:05.05
			8th	1500 m	4:29.60
	IAAF World Championships	Beijing, China	8th (h)	800 m	2:03.18
	All-Africa Games	Brazzaville, Congo	1st	800 m	2:00.97
			8th	1500 m	4:23.00
Court of Arbitration in Sport temporarily lifts testosterone regulations[106]
2016 800m world rank: 1st	South African Championships	Stellenbosch, South Africa	1st	400 m	50.74
			1st	800 m	1:58.45
			1st	1500 m	4:10.91
	African Championships	Durban, South Africa	1st	1500 m	4:01.99
			1st	800 m	1:58.20
			1st	4 x 400 m	3:28.49
	Olympic Games	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1st	800 m	1:55.28 NR
2017 800m world rank: 1st	South African Championships	Potchefstroom, South Africa	1st	400 m	51.60
			1st	800 m	2:01.03
	IAAF World Championships	London, United Kingdom	3rd	1500 m	4:02.90
			1st	800 m	1:55.16
IAAF reinstates testosterone rules[107]
2018 800m world rank: 1st	South African Championships	Pretoria, South Africa	1st	1500 m	4:10.68
			1st	800 m	1:57.80
	Commonwealth Games	Gold Coast, Australia	1st	1500 m	4:00.71 GR
			1st	800 m	1:56.68 GR
	African Championships	Asaba, Nigeria	1st	400 m	49.96
			1st	800 m	1:56.06 CR
Swiss court temporarily suspends testosterone rules for Semenya[108]
2019	South African Championships	Germiston, South Africa	1st	5000 m	16:05.97
			1st	1500 m	4:13.59

1. In the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Olympic Games, Semenya finished 2nd to Mariya Savinova, but Savinova was later disqualified due to failing an antidoping test, promoting Semenya to the gold medal in both races.

Personal life and honours

In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman included Semenya in its annual list of "50 People That Matter" for unintentionally instigating "an international and often ill-tempered debate on gender politics, feminism, and race, becoming an inspiration to gender campaigners around the world".[109]

In 2012, Semenya was awarded South African Sportswoman of the Year Award at the SA Sports Awards in Sun City. Semenya received the bronze Order of Ikhamanga on 27 April 2014, as part of Freedom Day festivities.[110]

Semenya married her long-term partner, Violet Raseboya, in December 2015.[111][112][113]

In October 2016, the IAAF announced that Semenya was shortlisted for women's 2016 World Athlete of the Year.[114]

See also

• Sex verification in sports
• Dutee Chand
• Maria José Martínez-Patiño
• Santhi Soundarajan
• Ewa Klobukowska
• Erik Schinegger

References

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External links

• Caster Semenya at World Athletics

Olympic Games
Preceded by Oliver Kraas	Flagbearer for  South Africa London 2012	Succeeded by Wayde van Niekerk
Awards
Preceded by Anita Włodarczyk	Women's Track & Field Athlete of the Year 2018	Succeeded by Dalilah Muhammad