Hydrogen iodide

Hydrogen iodide (HI) is a diatomic molecule and hydrogen halide. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a strong acid. Hydrogen iodide and hydroiodic acid are, however, different in that the former is a gas under standard conditions, whereas the other is an aqueous solution of the gas. They are interconvertible. HI is used in organic and inorganic synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.

Hydrogen iodide

Names
IUPAC name Iodane
Other names Hydroiodic acid (aqueous solution) Iodine hydride
Identifiers
CAS Number	10034-85-2^Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	23224^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.030.087
PubChem CID	24841
RTECS number	MW3760000
UNII	694C0EFT9Q^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2044349
InChI InChI=1S/HI/h1H^Y Key: XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
SMILES I
Properties
Chemical formula	HI
Molar mass	127.904 g/mol
Appearance	Colorless gas
Density	2.85 g/mL (-47 °C)
Melting point
Boiling point
Solubility in water	approximately 245 g/100 ml
Acidity (pKa)	-10 (in water, estimate);[1] -9.5 (±1.0) [2] 2.8 (in acetonitrile)[3]
Conjugate acid	Iodonium
Conjugate base	Iodide
Structure
Molecular shape	Terminus
Dipole moment	0.38 D
Hazards
Main hazards	Toxic, corrosive, Harmful and Irritant
Safety data sheet	See: data page hydrogen iodide hydroiodic acid
R-phrases (outdated)	R20, R21, R22, R35
S-phrases (outdated)	S7, S9, S26, S45
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	0 3 1 COR
Flash point	Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions	Hydrogen fluoride Hydrogen chloride Hydrogen bromide Hydrogen astatide
Supplementary data page
Structure and properties	Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic data	Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas
Spectral data	UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is ^YN ?)
Infobox references

Properties of hydrogen iodide

HI is a colorless gas that reacts with oxygen to give water and iodine. With moist air, HI gives a mist (or fumes) of hydroiodic acid. It is exceptionally soluble in water, giving hydroiodic acid. One liter of water will dissolve 425 liters of HI, the most concentrated solution having only four water molecules per molecule of HI.[4]

Hydroiodic acid

Hydroiodic acid is not pure hydrogen iodide, but a mixture containing it. Commercial "concentrated" hydroiodic acid usually contains 48–57% HI by mass. The solution forms an azeotrope boiling at 127 °C with 57% HI, 43% water. The high acidity is caused by the dispersal of the ionic charge over the anion. The iodide ion is much larger than the other common halides, which results in the negative charge being dispersed over a large space. By contrast, a chloride ion is much smaller, meaning its negative charge is more concentrated, leading to a stronger interaction between the proton and the chloride ion. This weaker H⁺···I⁻ interaction in HI facilitates dissociation of the proton from the anion and is the reason HI is the strongest acid of the hydrohalides.

HI(g) + H
₂O(l) → H
₃O⁺
(aq) + I^-(aq) K_a ≈ 10¹⁰

HBr(g) + H
₂O(l) → H
₃O⁺
(aq) + Br^-(aq) K_a ≈ 10⁹

HCl(g) + H
₂O(l) → H
₃O⁺
(aq) + Cl^-(aq) K_a ≈ 10⁶

Synthesis

The industrial preparation of HI involves the reaction of I₂ with hydrazine, which also yields nitrogen gas:[5]

2 I₂ + N
₂H
₄ → 4 HI + N
₂

When performed in water, the HI must be distilled.

HI can also be distilled from a solution of NaI or other alkali iodide in concentrated phosphoric acid (note that concentrated sulfuric acid will not work for acidifying iodides, as it will oxidize the iodide to elemental iodine).

Another way HI may be prepared is by bubbling hydrogen sulfide steam through an aqueous solution of iodine, forming hydroiodic acid (which is distilled) and elemental sulfur (this is filtered):[6]

H₂S + I₂ → 2 HI + S

Additionally, HI can be prepared by simply combining H₂ and I₂:

H₂ + I₂ → 2 HI

This method is usually employed to generate high-purity samples.

For many years, this reaction was considered to involve a simple bimolecular reaction between molecules of H₂ and I₂. However, when a mixture of the gases is irradiated with the wavelength of light equal to the dissociation energy of I₂, about 578 nm, the rate increases significantly. This supports a mechanism whereby I₂ first dissociates into 2 iodine atoms, which each attach themselves to a side of an H₂ molecule and break the H−H bond:[7]

${\displaystyle {\ce {{H2}+{I2}->[{\text{578 nm radiation}}]{H2}+2I->I{\cdots }H{\cdots }H{\cdots }I->2HI}}}$

In the laboratory, another method involves hydrolysis of PI₃, the iodine equivalent of PBr₃. In this method, I₂ reacts with phosphorus to create phosphorus triiodide, which then reacts with water to form HI and phosphorous acid:

3 I₂ + 2 P + 6 H
₂O → 2 PI₃ + 6 H
₂O → 6 HI + 2 H₃PO₃

Key reactions and applications

Solutions of hydrogen iodide are easily oxidized by air:

4 HI + O₂ → 2 H
₂O + 2 I₂

HI + I₂ → HI₃

HI
₃ is dark brown in color, which makes aged solutions of HI often appear dark brown.

Like HBr and HCl, HI adds to alkenes:[8]

HI + H₂C=CH₂ → H
₃CCH
₂I

HI is also used in organic chemistry to convert primary alcohols into alkyl halides.[9] This reaction is an S_N2 substitution, in which the iodide ion replaces the "activated" hydroxyl group (water):

HI is preferred over other hydrogen halides because the iodide ion is a much better nucleophile than bromide or chloride, so the reaction can take place at a reasonable rate without much heating. This reaction also occurs for secondary and tertiary alcohols, but substitution occurs via the S_N1 pathway.

HI (or HBr) can also be used to cleave ethers into alkyl iodides and alcohols, in a reaction similar to the substitution of alcohols. This type of cleavage is significant because it can be used to convert a chemically stable[9] and inert ether into more reactive species. In this example diethyl ether is split into ethanol and iodoethane:

The reaction is regioselective, as iodide tends to attack the less sterically hindered ether carbon.

HI is subject to the same Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov guidelines as HCl and HBr.

Although harsh by modern standards, HI was commonly employed as a reducing agent early on in the history of organic chemistry. Chemists in the 19th century attempted to prepare cyclohexane by HI reduction of benzene at high temperatures, but instead isolated the rearranged product, methylcyclopentane (see the article on cyclohexane). As first reported by Kiliani,[10] hydroiodic acid reduction of sugars and other polyols results in the reductive cleavage of several or even all hydroxy groups, although often with poor yield and/or reproducibility.[11] In the case of benzyl alcohols and alcohols with α-carbonyl groups, reduction by HI can provide synthetically useful yields of the corresponding hydrocarbon product (ROH + 2HI → RH + H
₂O + I₂).[8] This process can be made catalytic in HI using red phosphorus to reduce the formed I₂.[12]

References

1. Bell, R.P. The Proton in Chemistry. 2nd ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1973.
2. Trummal, A.; Lipping, L.; Kaljurand, I.; Koppel, I. A.; Leito, I. "Acidity of Strong Acids in Water and Dimethyl Sulfoxide" J. Phys. Chem. A. 2016, 120, 3663-3669. doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02253
3. Raamat, E.; Kaupmees, K.; Ovsjannikov, G.; Trummal, A.; Kütt, A.; Saame, J.; Koppel, I.; Kaljurand, I.; Lipping, L.; Rodima, T.; Pihl, V.; Koppel, I. A.; Leito, I. "Acidities of strong neutral Brønsted acids in different media." J. Phys. Org. Chem. 2013, 26, 162-170. doi:10.1002/poc.2946
4. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
5. Greenwood, N. N. and A. Earnshaw. The Chemistry of the Elements. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman. p 809–815. 1997.
6. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1815), "A Memoir on Iodine", Annals of Philosophy, 5: 101
7. Holleman, A. F. Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 371, 432–433. 2001.
8. Breton, G. W., P. J. Kropp, P. J.; Harvey, R. G. "Hydrogen Iodide" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289.
9. Bruice, Paula Yurkanis. Organic Chemistry 4th ed. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, N. J, 2003 p. 438–439, 452.
10. Kiliani, Heinrich (1886-01-01). "Ueber die Constitution der Dextrosecarbonsäure". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 19 (1): 1128–1130. doi:10.1002/cber.188601901251. ISSN 1099-0682.
11. Perlin, A. S.; Purves, C. B. (1953-03-01). "Kiliani's Reduction of Glucose and Fructose Cyanohydrins to the Corresponding Heptanoic Acids and Lactones". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 31 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1139/v53-033. ISSN 0008-4042.
12. Dobmeier, Michael; Herrmann, Josef M; Lenoir, Dieter; König, Burkhard (2012-03-02). "Reduction of benzylic alcohols and α-hydroxycarbonyl compounds by hydriodic acid in a biphasic reaction medium". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 8 (1): 330–336. doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.36. PMC 3302097. PMID 22423302.

• Nishikata, E., T.; Ishii, and T. Ohta. "Viscosities of Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, and Densities and Viscosities of Aqueous Hydroiodic Acid Solutions". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 26. 254-256. 1981.

External links

• International Chemical Safety Card 1326