Giuseppe Pella

Giuseppe Pella (18 April 1902 – 31 May 1981) was an Italian Christian Democratic politician who served as the 31st Prime Minister of Italy from 1953 to 1954. He was also Minister of Treasury, Budget and of Foreign Affairs during the 1950s and early 1960s. Pella served as President of the European Parliament from 1954 to 1956 after the death of Alcide De Gasperi.[1]

Giuseppe Pella
31st Prime Minister of Italy
In office 17 August 1953 – 18 January 1954
President	Luigi Einaudi
Preceded by	Alcide De Gasperi
Succeeded by	Amintore Fanfani
Deputy Prime Minister of Italy
In office 19 May 1957 – 1 July 1958
Prime Minister	Adone Zoli
Preceded by	Giuseppe Saragat
Succeeded by	Antonio Segni
Minister of Finance
In office 17 February 1972 – 26 June 1972
Prime Minister	Giulio Andreotti
Preceded by	Luigi Preti
Succeeded by	Athos Valsecchi
In office 6 June 1947 – 23 May 1948
Prime Minister	Alcide De Gasperi
Preceded by	Luigi Einaudi
Succeeded by	Ezio Vanoni
Minister of Budget
In office 26 July 1960 – 21 February 1962
Prime Minister	Amintore Fanfani
Preceded by	Fernando Tambroni
Succeeded by	Ugo La Malfa
In office 23 May 1948 – 18 January 1954
Prime Minister	Alcide De Gasperi Himself
Preceded by	Luigi Einaudi
Succeeded by	Ezio Vanoni
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office 15 February 1959 – 25 March 1960
Prime Minister	Antonio Segni
Preceded by	Amintore Fanfani
Succeeded by	Antonio Segni
In office 19 May 1957 – 1 July 1958
Prime Minister	Adone Zoli
Preceded by	Gaetano Martino
Succeeded by	Amintore Fanfani
In office 17 August 1953 – 18 January 1954
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Alcide De Gasperi
Succeeded by	Attilio Piccioni
Minister of Treasury
In office 2 February 1952 – 17 August 1953
Prime Minister	Alcide De Gasperi
Preceded by	Ezio Vanoni
Succeeded by	Silvio Gava
In office 23 May 1948 – 26 July 1951
Prime Minister	Alcide De Gasperi
Preceded by	Gustavo Del Vecchio
Succeeded by	Ezio Vanoni
President of the Common Assembly
In office 29 November 1954 – 27 November 1956
Preceded by	Alcide De Gasperi
Succeeded by	Hans Furler
Member of the Parliament Member of the Senate of the Republic In office 5 June 1968 – 4 July 1976 Constituency Mondovì Member of the Chamber of Deputies In office 8 May 1948 – 4 June 1968 Constituency Turin–Novara–Vercelli Member of the Constituent Assembly In office 25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948 Constituency Turin–Novara–Vercelli
Personal details
Born	(1902-04-18)18 April 1902 Valdengo, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy
Died	31 May 1981(1981-05-31) (aged 79) Rome, Lazio, Italy
Political party	Christian Democracy
Spouse(s)	Ines Cardolle ( m. 1934)
Children	1
Occupation	Tax advisor, politician

Pella is widely considered one of the most important politicians in Italy's post-war history. His liberist economic and monetary policies strongly influenced the Italian reconstruction and the subsequent economic miracle.[2]

Early life and career

Giuseppe Pella was born in Valdengo, Piedmont. He was the second son of Luigi Pella and Viglielmina Bona, sharecroppers in a small farm. After having obtained his elementary school certificate privately, he attended the three-year period of technical schools in Biella and then an accounting Institute in Turin. After graduating in Economy and Commerce at the Royal Superior Institute of Turin in 1924, he became a professor of accounting at the Sapienza University of Rome and University of Turin. He also started working as tax advisor and auditor.[3]

Under the regime of Benito Mussolini, Pella was forced to join the National Fascist Party (PNF), to continue his occupation as tax advisor and professor. As a fascist, he was appointed member of the Governing Council of the Fascist Culture Provincial Institute of Biella and consultant of the municipality of Biella. In the late 1930s he was appointment deputy podestà of Biella, with the task of reorganizing city's financial system.[4]

In 1934, Pella married Ines Maria Cardolle, from whom he had a daughter, Wanda, born in 1938.[5]

During the Italian Civil War, Pella started cooperating with the National Liberation Committee (CLN), a political umbrella organization and the main representative of the Italian resistance movement fighting against the German occupation of Italy in the aftermath of the armistice of Cassibile.[6] After the end of the World War II, he joined the Christian Democracy (DC), led by Alcide De Gasperi, becoming one of the main members of the party's right wing. After the 1946 general election, he became a member of the Constituent Assembly of Italy.[7] In July 1946, he was appointed under-secretary of Finances in the second and third governments of De Gasperi. On 6 June 1947, De Gasperi appointed him Minister of Finance in his fourth cabinet.[8]

Minister of Treasury and Budget

From May 1948 until January 1954 Pella served as Minister of Budget under the premiership of Alcide De Gasperi. Moreover, from May 1948 until July 1951 and again from February 1952 to August 1953, he also served as Minister of Treasury.[9][10] As minister he implemented liberist and monetarist policies, characterized by a strong laissez-faire capitalism, which gained him the enmity of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) and Italian Socialist Party (PSI), as well as harsh criticism from members of Christian Democracy's left-wing, like Giuseppe Dossetti and Giorgio La Pira.[11] The American experts of the Marshall Plan, who arrived in Rome to check the use of Plan's funds, were disconcerted that not a dollar had been spent on a Roosevelt-like public spending policy: the funds had in fact been used exclusively to bring order to the public finance and to stabilize the state budget following the thought of Luigi Einaudi.[12]

Prime Minister of Italy

Giuseppe Pella in 1953

The 1953 general election was characterised by changes in the electoral law. Even if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a superbonus of two thirds of seats in the House for the coalition which would obtain at-large the absolute majority of votes. The change was strongly opposed by the opposition parties as well as DC's smaller coalition partners, who had no realistic chance of success under this system. The new law was called the Scam Law by its detractors,[13] including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial landslide to Christian Democracy.

In the 7 June election, the government coalition won 49.9% of national vote, just a few thousand votes of the threshold for a supermajority, resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of the seats. Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses, but frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition, which ended on 2 August, when De Gasperi was forced to resign by the Parliament. On 17 August, President Einaudi appointed Pella as new Prime Minister.[14] Pella Cabinet was immediately labeled as "administrative government", with the only aim of approving the budget law.[15] As premier, he also served as ad interim Minister of Budget and Foreign Affairs.

Pella gained further critics when, by issuing nationalistic declarations, he created strife with Josip Broz Tito regarding the Free Territory of Trieste. The Yugoslav dictator declared he would ha invaded Trieste if the Americans had assigned it to Italy.[16] Then, Pella threatened to send troops to the Eastern border in response to Tito's provocation. The crisis that could result in a military confrontation was brought back after many diplomatic efforts by the Western powers.[17] His interventionism provoked opposite reactions in Parliament and in the press: Monarchist National Party (PNM) and the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI) strongly supported him, while the leftist parties, and especially the communists, accused him of nationalism and anti-communism.[18] Much of his own party remained neutral, partly because the governments of United States and United Kingdom wanted to keep good relations with Yugoslavia even at the cost of penalizing Italy. The media, however, described Pella as a patriot and as a courageous statesman. Much of the public opinion appreciated his policies.[19]

On 12 January 1954, after only 5 months in power, a strong confrontation with many members of DC, regarding the appointment of Salvatore Aldisio as new Minister of Agriculture, forced Pella to resign.[20][21]

After the premiership

Giuseppe Pella in 1961

After the end of his government, in November 1954, Pella was elected President of the Common Assembly, the plenary assembly of European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which had been considered as the prototype of the European Parliament. He hold the office until November 1956.[22] His pro-European vision was clearly outlined already in the inauguration speech as president, where he sustained the need to create a Europe "inspired by the concept of supernationality, built not against nations but with the sincere collaboration of nations."[23] Few years later, discussing about his years at the head of the European institution, he stated that he always held his office "with the determination to pursue the strategic plan of a progressive transfer of sovereignty from the member States to the European institutions."[24]

In 1954, he founded, along with Giulio Andreotti, a right-wing faction of Christian Democracy, known as "Concentration".[25] In 1955 he was one of the kingmakers of Giovanni Gronchi's election to the Presidency of the Republic, against Cesare Merzagora, who was the candidate proposed by the Christian Democratic secretary, Amintore Fanfani. Pella and Andreotti's move gained the surprising support of communist and socialist parties, as well as the one monarchist and neo-fascist movements.[26] After Gronchi's sworn in, Pella was considered the natural candidate for the premiership, however the new President of the Republic appointed Antonio Segni.

In May 1957, Pella served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Adone Zoli, of whom he served also as Deputy Prime Minister.[27] He became Foreign Affairs Minister again under Segni, from February 1959 until March 1960,[28] and Minister of Budget in Fanfani III Cabinet from July 1960 to February 1962.[29]

A strong opponent of Fanfani's alliance with the Socialist Party, from 1962 he decided to keep aside. In the later years, he became president of the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee from 18 July 1968 to 23 February 1972 and briefly returned to the government as Finance Minister in the first government of Giulio Andreotti from February to June 1972, which however failed to gain confidence by the Parliament.[30]

After leaving politics in 1976, he continued his role of President of "National Association of Insurance Institutes" and of the "Association of Tax Advisors and Accountants". He also led "Piemonte Italia", a promotional institute of studies on the regional economy, which he founded in the 1960s.

Pella died on 31 May 1981 in Rome, at the age of 79.[31]

Electoral history

Election	House	Constituency	Party		Votes	Result
1946	Constituent Assembly	Turin–Novara–Vercelli		DC	25,632	Y Elected
1948	Chamber of Deputies	Turin–Novara–Vercelli		DC	50,814	Y Elected
1953	Chamber of Deputies	Turin–Novara–Vercelli		DC	68,864	Y Elected
1958	Chamber of Deputies	Turin–Novara–Vercelli		DC	112,759	Y Elected
1963	Chamber of Deputies	Turin–Novara–Vercelli		DC	95,739	Y Elected
1968	Senate of the Republic	Mondovì		DC	51,250	Y Elected
1972	Senate of the Republic	Mondovì		DC	52,141	Y Elected

Notes

1. Harris M. Lentz (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. pp. 440–43.
2. D. Ivone, "Giuseppe Pella e la politica liberista nella ricostruzione economica del secondo Dopoguerra." Rivista internazionale di storia della banca (1982): vol 24-25 pp 104-20.
3. Giuseppe Pella – Treccani
4. Giuseppe Pella fascista
5. Giuseppe Pella al matrimonio della figlia
6. Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale – CLN
7. Giuseppe Pella – Senato della Repubblica
8. Il Governo De Gasperi IV, Governo.it
9. VII Governo De Gasperi, Governo.it
10. VIII Governo De Gasperi, Governo.it
11. Giuseppe Pella. Un liberista cristiano
12. "Giuseppe Pella, ecco chi era costui", Milano Finanza
13. Also its parliamentarian exam had a disruptive effect: "Among the iron pots of political forces that faced in the Cold War, Senate cracked as earthenware pot": Buonomo, Giampiero (2014). "Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio". L'Ago e Il Filo.  – via Questia (subscription required)
14. Mattarella cita Einaudi e l'incarico a Pella: fu il primo governo del presidente
15. Il governo del Presidente Pella
16. Pella replica alle minacce di Tito
17. Giuseppe Pella e la questione di Trieste
18. La strada per Osimo: Italia e Jugoslavia allo specchio
19. Crisi tra Jugoslavia e Italia sulla questione di Trieste
20. Governo Pella, Governo.it
21. Cattolico e risorgimentale, Pella e il caso di Trieste
22. Presidents of the European Parliament 1952 to 1979
23. "Giuseppe Pella (1902–1981)", 2012, page 77
24. "Giuseppe Pella (1902–1981)", 2012, page 15
25. Intanto nella DC (1953–1958)
26. Danger on the Left, Time Magazine, May 9, 1955
27. Governo Zoli, Governo.it
28. Governo Segni II, Governo.it
29. Governo Fanfani III, Governo.it
30. Composizione del Governo Andreotti I, Senato della Repubblica
31. Giuseppe Pella, Camera dei Deputati

Further reading

• Gilbert, Mark; Robert K. Nilsson (2010). The A to Z of Modern Italy. Scarecrow Press. pp. 340–41.
• Ivone, D. "Giuseppe Pella e la politica liberista nella ricostruzione economica del secondo Dopoguerra." Rivista internazionale di storia della banca (1982): vol 24-25 pp 104–20.
• Lentz, Harris M. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. pp. 440–43.
• Marcucci, Gabriella Fanello. Giuseppe Pella un liberista cristiano (Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino Editore, 2007), 427 pp., ISBN 978-88-498-1867-3 online review
• Pella, Giuseppe. "Resume de l'allocution de M. le Professeur Giuseppe Pella, Ministro del Bilancio. Conference consultative sur les aspects sociaux de la politique agricole commune. Rome, 28 septembre 1961= Summary of speech by Professor Giuseppe Pella, Minister for Budget. Consultative conference on the social aspects of the common agriculture policy. Rome, 28 September 1961." (1961). online in French

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Giuseppe Pella in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Cabinet offices
Preceded by Luigi Einaudi	Minister of Finance 1947–1948	Succeeded by Ezio Vanoni
Preceded by Gustavo Del Vecchio	Minister of Treasury 1948–1951
Preceded by Luigi Einaudi	Minister of Budget 1948–1954
Preceded by Ezio Vanoni	Minister of Treasury 1952–1953	Succeeded by Silvio Gava
Preceded by Alcide De Gasperi	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1953–1954	Succeeded by Attilio Piccioni
Preceded by Gaetano Martino	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1957–1958	Succeeded by Amintore Fanfani
Preceded by Amintore Fanfani	Minister of Foreign Affairs 1959–1960	Succeeded by Antonio Segni
Preceded by Fernando Tambroni	Minister of Budget 1960–1962	Succeeded by Ugo La Malfa
Political offices
Preceded by Alcide De Gasperi	Prime Minister of Italy 1953–1954	Succeeded by Amintore Fanfani
	President of the Common Assembly 1954–1956	Succeeded by Hans Furler
Preceded by Giuseppe Saragat	Deputy Prime Minister of Italy 1957–1958	Succeeded by Antonio Segni