Franco Frattini

Franco Frattini (born 14 March 1957 in Rome) is an Italian politician, twice foreign minister of the Berlusconi cabinets (in 2002–2004 and 2008–2011) and once European Commissioner in the first Barroso Commission (2004–2008).

Franco Frattini
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
8 May 2008 – 16 November 2011
Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi
Preceded byMassimo D'Alema
Succeeded byGiulio Terzi di Sant'Agata
In office
14 November 2002 – 18 November 2004
Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi
Preceded bySilvio Berlusconi (Acting)
Succeeded byGianfranco Fini
European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security
In office
22 November 2004 – 8 May 2008
PresidentJosé Manuel Barroso
Preceded byAntónio Vitorino
Succeeded byJacques Barrot
Minister of Public Function and Regional Affairs
In office
17 January 1995 – 22 March 1996
Prime MinisterLamberto Dini
Preceded byGiuliano Urbani
Succeeded byGiovanni Motzo
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office
9 May 1996 – 22 November 2004
In office
29 April 2008 – 14 March 2013
Personal details
Born
Franco Frattini

(1957-03-14) 14 March 1957
Rome, Italy
Political partySocialist Party (Before 1994)
Forza Italia (1994–2009)
People of Freedom (2009–2012)
Independent (2012–present)
Height1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
OccupationPolitician, ex lawyer

Studies and early career

Frattini attended the "Giulio Cesare" Classical High School in Rome and graduated in law in 1979.[1]

From 1984 he was State Attorney and magistrate of the Regional Administrative Court (TAR) in Piedmont. In 1986 Frattini was named member of the Italian Council of State and legal adviser of the Treasury Ministry.

He was secretary of the Federation of Young Italian Socialists (FGSI)[2] and member of the Italian Socialist Party.[3]

In 1990 and 1991 he worked as a legal adviser to the deputy chairman of the PSI, Claudio Martelli, in the Andreotti VI Cabinet.[1]

Junior minister in the Berlusconi I and Dini cabinets (1994–96)

In 1994 he becomes member of Silvio Berlusconi's newly-founded Forza Italia party and is named Secretary-General of Presidency of the Council of Ministers during the Berlusconi I Cabinet in 1994–1995. He was Minister for Public Administration and later Minister for Regional Affairs in the following technocratic Dini Cabinet (1995–1996).

MP for Forza Italia (1996–2001)
Frattini in 1996

In 1996 Frattini is a candidate to the elections within the Pole for Freedoms, the electoral coalition of Forza Italia. He was elected in the northern constituency of Bolzano – Laives.

From 1996 to 2001 he was chairman of the parliamentary committee for the supervision of intelligence (COPACO),[2] elected by unanimous vote of the majority and the opposition.

From November 1997 to August 2000 he was also City Councillor in Rome.[1]

MP, Junior and Foreign Minister in the Berlusconi cabinets (2001–2004)

In 2001 Frattini was a candidate for the Chamber of Deputies in the constituency of Bolzano, supported by House of Freedom.

From 2001 he took part in the Berlusconi II Cabinet as Minister for Public Administration. The so-called Frattini Act, namely Law no. 215/2004, on "Rules on conflicts of interest", approved by Parliament on 13 July 2004, received criticism from the Council of Europe's Venice Commission on its compatibility with international standards on freedom of expression and pluralism of the media.[4]

From 14 November 2002 to 18 November 2004 Frattini served as Foreign Minister: the appointment of Frattini followed ten months of interim by Berlusconi himself, after the resignation of the forme FM Renato Ruggiero due to his contrasts with the foreign policies of the government.

During its ministerial tenure, Italy supported the invasion of Iraq by the United States led by George W. Bush; Frattini called it a "legitimate intervention" even in the absence of a UN mandate.[5] Frattini authorized the overflight and the use of Italian military bases by the Anglo-American coalition. Italy did not take part militarily in the invasion of Iraq but provided political and logistical support to the operation, so much so that it was included by the White House in the list of members of the "Coalition of the willing".

Frattini later sent an Italian military and police contingent to Iraq, in what he called a "humanitarian emergency intervention".[6] An Italian contingent of about 3,200 men was sent to Iraq shortly after the official end of large-scale military operations (Bush's announcement of 1 May 2003). On 15 July 2003, the "Operation Ancient Babylon" began at the dependency of the British forces in the southern Dhi Qar province, centered in the town of Nassiriya where the Italian Barbara Contini was charged with civilian administration by the Coalition Provisional Administration. A suicide attack there killed 19 Italians, among military and civilians. Other clashes in the Italian sector occurred during the fights between the Shiite militiamen of the Mahdi Army and the coalition troops (spring-summer 2004), including the "battle of the bridges" of 6 April 2004 in Nassiriya, in which the Italian Bersaglieri made about fifteen casualties among Iraqi insurgents and civilians.

During the Italian military presence in the south of Iraq, eight Italians were kidnapped, of whom two were later murdered: the mercenary Fabrizio Quattrocchi and the journalist Enzo Baldoni,[7][8][9] in addition to the SISMI agent Nicola Calipari, killed by U.S. soldiers during the liberation of kidnapped journalist Giuliana Sgrena. It remains unclear whether Italy offered a ransom for the release of the other six hostages. The killing of Quattrocchi was reported live on TV Porta a Porta, where Frattini was a guest in the studio, which raised criticism of Frattini for the lack of tact in not informing the victim's family in advance.[10][11][12] Frattini was later also criticized for saying Quattrocchi "died bravely, I would say as a hero"[13]

In 2004, Frattini had to leave office at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which passed to Gianfranco Fini following a government reshuffle.[14] Italy's participation to the post-war occupation of Iraq remained unpopular with Italian public opinion. At the beginning of 2006 the Berlusconi III government announced its intention to withdraw the Italian contingent from Iraq by the month of November, a calendar later respected by the Prodi II government that succeeded to it.

European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security (2004–2008)
Frattini giving a speech at the European Youth Parliament in 2007.

On 4 November 2004, Frattini he was named by Silvio Berlusconi to take up the Justice and security portfolio in the European Commission, in place of the controversial Rocco Buttiglione, whose appointment had been rejected by the European Parliament. The appointment of Frattini to the European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security raised concerns from the British Liberal Democrat MEP Sarah Ludford, due to accusations of belonging to Freemasonry, raised by Buttiglione himself towards Frattini and denied by the latter.[15] Frattini was also afforded one of the five seats as vice-president of the European Commission. In the 2007 tax return, his Italian tax base was zero because his income as a European Commissioner was taxed in Brussels.[16]

In February 2006 during the Danish cartoons row Frattini defended the media's freedom of speech, though did express disagreement with subject of the cartoons.[17]

November saw the commissioner's concern for child welfare extended to video games, calling for tougher controls; anything relating to stricter self-regulation to an outright ban[18] In 2007 he called for a ban on the horror title Rule of Rose, and criticised the EU-endorsed PEGI system for granting the game a 16-years-or-over age rating. Reports on GameSpot showed he was seeking a Europe-wide ban on violent videogames. On 6 February 2007 – Safer Internet Day 2007 – Frattini recalled the need to protect children's rights, saying: "I am deeply concerned at this potential harm by the internet to children. This could involve people preying on them or children accessing racist, cruel or violent material."[19][20]

At the start of 2007, Frattini backed an Italian push for EU support of a worldwide ban on the death penalty.

In April 2007 he has called for more powers to be given to Eurojust, with the power to initiate prosecutions with a European Public Prosecutor.[21]

Following the 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack he criticised the handling of Islam by member-states and called for a "European Islam".[22]

Interviewed by Reuters he declared his intention to promote online communications monitoring and censorship of "dangerous words" like "bomb, kill, genocide or terrorism".[23]

As European Commissioner he promoted a "visa facilitation agreement between the European Community and the Russian Federation" (2007/340/EC: Council Decision of 19 April 2007), which however led to the expulsion of countless citizens Europeans domiciled for a long time in Russia[24] on the basis of annual visas, which due to the introduction by the agreement of a limit of stay in the territory of maximum 90 days out of 180 were forced to leave the country, not being able to reside on the spot on the basis of unlimited annual visas as happened in the past. Article 5 of the law of the Russian Federation 25/7/2002 n.115, provides in fact the limit of 90 days of stay only to those who are not subject to the visa regime, but the agreement drawn up by Frattini extends this limit to all the citizens of the Union.[25]

In 2008 Frattini left in unpaid leave as Commissioner to run for election in Italy. He did not directly resign from his Commissioner post, to avoid that his successor be appointed by the out-going Prodi II Cabinet. He only resigned as Commissioner after taking up the position of Foreign Minister in the Berlusconi IV. The role of European Commissioner from Italy was then assigned to Antonio Tajani, with responsibility for transports rather than for justice.[26] Frattini was the second ever European Commissioner from Italy to choose Italian over European politics, after the resignation of Franco Maria Malfatti in 1972.

During his term as European Commissioner, Frattini was also appointed by the Prime Minister Berlusconi to the coordination of assistance from the government for the conduct of the Winter Olympics in Turin 2006[1]

MP and Foreign Minister (2008–2011)
Franco Frattini with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, in 2011.

At the 2008 snap election Frattini was nominated for the People of Freedom party in the north-eastern constituency of Friuli-Venezia Giulia and elected to the Chamber of Deputies. From 2008 to 2011, during the Berlusconi IV Cabinet, Frattini was back as Foreign Minister of Berlusconi, as between 2002 and 2004.

In October 2009 he was awarded the Premio America of the Italy–USA Foundation.

In November 2010, Frattini dubbed the WikiLeaks revelations as the "September 11 of Diplomacy"[27] and stated that Julian Assange "wants to destroy the world".[28]

Since September 2009 Frattini is president of section at the Council of State section, and in 2012 he is assigned as president to the Advisory Section for Regulatory Acts.

Role during international crises

During the Russian invasion of Georgia in the summer of 2008, Frattini was on vacation in the Maldives. The representation of Italy during the urgent meetings of EU foreign ministers was ensured by the undersecretary Vincenzo Scotti.[29]

The US ambassador in Italy, Ronald Spogli, informed Washington, in a confidential cable distributed by WikiLeaks, of how Berlusconi "constantly refuses the strategic advice of his Foreign Ministry, demoralized, devoid of resources and increasingly irrelevant". Frattini's weakness was detected by the United States particularly with regard to Italian-Russian relations.[30]

At the end of December 2008, during Israel's war on Gaza (Operation Cast Lead), Frattini is on holiday again. Frattini's live interview with TG1 in a skiing suit raises controversy over inappropriate and disrespectful clothing.[31] Frattini answers via Facebook.[32]

The treaty of Benghazi and the condemnation of Italy for rejections at sea
Main article: Italy–Libya relations

During the first summer of his ministry the "Treaty of friendship between Italy and Libya" was signed (so-called Benghazi agreement); with this treaty, Qaddafi's Libya agreed to repatriate the boats of sub-Saharan migrants from the Libyan coast to Italy. Cooperation between the two coast guards started in May 2009, with protests from international groups for the protection of human rights, which criticized the return of migrants – including eligible asylum seekers – to Libya, which had not ratified the UN convention on refugees; the policy was subsequently suspended but not officially repudiated. Frattini had openly supported the policy of "respingimenti", contrary to the international humanitarian law principle of non-refoulement,[33] describing such policy as a "due application of European rules",[34] and stamping as "unworthy" the 2010 report by Amnesty International that highlighted the critical nature of this policy in light of international and European law.[35]

In September 2010, on the occasion of the second visit of Qaddafi to Rome, Frattini declared "We have blocked the trafficking of illegal immigrants", despite the figures showing the continuation of migratory flows, and despite being mainly people entitled to forms of international protection.[36] In February 2011, in a set-up changed by the Arab spring uprisings, Frattini claimed to want to "mobilize the Mediterranean countries" and the EU, through the Frontex agency, for patrols and refoulements.[37] Yet again in August 2011, a boat with more than 100 migrants, intercepted at sea, was transferred to the Tunisian authorities, among the criticisms of NGOs and UNHCR.

The European Court of Human Rights, in the Hirsi v. Italy ruling of 23 February 2012, condemned Italy for breach of the Convention, in particular with regard to Article 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment) and Article 4 of Protocol IV (prohibition of collective expulsions ); in this case, 200 Somali and Eritrean migrants had been rejected in Libya under the Benghazi agreement, without having the possibility of applying for asylum in Europe.[38]

Evaluations of Italian foreign policy under Frattini

The reaction of Italian diplomacy, led by Frattini, to the revolts of the Arab spring and the Libyan civil war has been defined as "reactive" and "unrealistic" by the ISPI-IAI 2012 report edited by Alessandro Colombo and Ettore Greco.[39] Like other Western countries, Italy has been completely taken aback by the Arab uprisings, and after a first moment at loss it has tried to frame the phenomenon in the reassuring discourse of democratization, reassured by the absence of Islamist symbols or anti-Western slogans. If the initial hesitations and the abrupt U-turn on the Qaddafi regime can constitute an element in common with other countries, Italy is the only international actor who long sought to "cling to its own imaginary role of mediator ", for which however lacked both power and necessary authority.[39] With the evolution of the conflict, Frattini and Italian diplomacy have resorted to the "usual option to follow the stronger allies", facilitated in this by the "dilution of Franco-British unilateralism in the multilateral framework of NATO" and by the guarantee of participation American.[39]

As far as European politics is concerned, according to Colombo and Greco, the reaction capacity of the Berlusconi IV government has proved to be "totally insufficient", in the absence of a coherent long-term and vulnerable strategy to the internal divisions of the majority and to a "persistent underestimation of risks ". According to Colombo and Greco, the attitude of the Berlusconi IV government over the EU has been "particularly erratic", pointing to the Union from time to time as a mandatory external constraint, the cause of national evils, or the only source of salvation. This volatility led to the projection of an image of an unreliable Italy in Europe.[39] Frattini and Italian diplomacy have also lost the initiative in proposing themselves in Europe as an engine or co-star of pro-integration coalitions, dealing with Europe only in an "occasional and distracted" manner, and rather caring for important bilateral relations (with Russia and Turkey, for example), regardless of the international and European context, according to a "small cabotage" policy. All of this, coupled with the Merkel-Sarkozy duo's inclination to leave other actors out, led to Italy's exclusion from the main European policy initiatives.[39] This deficit of attention to the European Union, resulting in a growing isolation, has also had implications in other areas of foreign policy: the difficulties in relations with the United States, for example, are traced by Colombo and Greco to the widespread overseas perception of a growing marginalization of Italy in the European context.[39]

Later activities

In 2011 Frattini was briefly president of the Alcide De Gasperi Foundation and from 2011 he was president of the Italian Society for International Organization (SIOI), an emanation of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Frattini was the first politician to hold SIOI chairmanship, until then reserved for diplomats and academics of the highest level.[40] In 2014 he was appointed president of the "Institute of Eurasian Studies".

In December 2012, Frattini left Il Popolo della Libertà, later defining the leadership of the new Forza Italia as "extremists".[41]

In 2012 Frattini received the honorary citizenship of the city of Tirana.[42]

Frattini did not run for the 2013 Italian general election,[43] while supporting the "Agenda Monti" and Scelta Civica.[44] Frattini has since recovered his position as member of the judiciary and Chamber President of the Italian Council of State.[45][46]

Since 2013 Frattini is a consultant to the Serbian government of Aleksandar Vucic for the European integration of Serbia, succeeding to Dominique Strauss-Kahn and Alfred Gusenbauer.[47][48][49]

Since 2014, Frattini is a member of the high court of sports justice of CONI, a court of last resort of the Italian sports system.[50] He exercised his function as judge for the Parma case, decreeing in May 2014 that the Emilian soccer team could not play in the Europa League.[51]

Frattini was a candidate to succeed to Anders Fogh Rasmussen for the post of NATO's secretary general in October 2014, but the post has been given at the beginning of the year to Jens Stoltenberg.[52][53]

In 2018, on the occasion of the Italian presidency of the OSCE, Foreign Minister Angelino Alfano appointed Frattini as "Special representative of the OSCE presidency for the process of resolving the conflict in Transnistria".[54] Among his credentials, Frattini said: "I have excellent relations with the Russian authorities, which undoubtedly played a fundamental role in the resolution [of the conflict] in Transnistria",[55] in addition to reminding his own role in starting the process of liberalization of Schengen visas for Moldova.[56]

In 2020, Frattini joined Nizami Ganjavi International Center international organization dedicated to the memory of great Azerbaijani poet, Nizami Ganjavi with a mission to promote dialogue, understanding, tolerance and shared societies.

Franco Frattini is an honorary professor at the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry. [57]

Positions

Interviewed by Reuters in 2007, he said his intention to investigate technical possibilities for implementing internet monitoring of "dangerous words" such as "bombs", "killing", "genocide" and "terrorism". The project did not see the light.[58][59]

In 2007, Frattini was censured by the European Parliament for its statements against the freedom of movement of people in the EU. In the interview granted and published 2 November 2007 Frattini stressed that to respond to the security problem «... what is to be done is simple: you go to a nomad camp in Rome, for example on the Christopher Columbus, and to those who are there you ask" what's your life? ". If all year "I do not know", you take it and send it back to Romania. This is how the European directive works: simple and without escape. » The motion of censure, presented by the European left, was voted to a large extent: 306 yes, 86 no and 37 abstentions.[60]

In March 2009 Frattini condemned the Durban 2009 UN Conference against Racism, calling the final document as unacceptable, since it included anti-Israeli positions that emerged in the 2001 conference, which qualified Zionism as a form of racism.[61]

Frattini later made declarations against multiculturalism,[62] but in favour of the administrative vote for regular migrants,[63] and pleaded for a common European policy on migration.[64]

In November 2009 he called "suggestive" Roberto Castelli's proposal for a constitutional amendment to include a cross in the Italian flag: "For now we wish to defend the right to keep the crucifix in our [school] classes, later we'll see if we can do more ". "There are nine European countries that have the cross in their flag, it's an absolutely normal proposal".[65]

On 22 October 2010 he declared to the Osservatore Romano that Judaism, Christianity and Islam should ally to fight atheism, which he defined, in the same interview, as a "perverse phenomenon" on a par with extremism .[66] These statements raised criticisms of numerous commentators and members of UAAR, who requested his resignation.[67] Frattini reiterated in 2017 that relativism is the third threat to Europe after religious extremism and militant secularism.[68]

In November 2010 he defined the revelations of WikiLeaks as "the 9/11 of world diplomacy" [69] and said that Julian Assange "wants to destroy the world".[70]

Honors

Frattini received Medaglia Teresiana at University of Pavia in 2008.

Foreign honour
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References
  1. "Ministero degli Affari Esteri – Ministro". Esteri.it. 23 May 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  2. Sole 24 Ore
  3. Corriere della Sera, ed. (22 May 2004). "De Michelis, basta un fischio e i migliori vengono da me". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  4. Commissione di Venezia, Considerazioni della Dott.ssa Sabrina Bono (Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri) sulla compatibilità della legge "Frattini" con gli standard del Consiglio d'Europa in materia di libertà di espressione e pluralismo dei media Archived 1 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 13 giugno 2005,
  5. Corriere, 18 marzo 2003
  6. Repubblica, 14 aprile 2003
  7. ADN Kronos
  8. Repubblica diretta online cronaca morte Baldoni
  9. Corriere
  10. Repubblica
  11. Bruno Vespa
  12. Frattini a «Porta a Porta»: cento minuti di bugie, di Luana Benini, L'Unità
  13. Ettore Colombo, Vita
  14. Il Post
  15. Frattini: Mai stato Massone -Rainews24 14 novembre 2004
  17. Statement by Vice-President Franco Frattini on cartoons published by a Danish newspaper europa.eu
  18. ‘Violent’ video games: ban or self-regulation? euractiv.com
  19. Declaration on protecting children's rights by Vice President Frattini on Safer Internet Day 2007, European Commission website, undated. Retrieved on 30 July 2007.
  20. Gamespot, 18 January 2007, Euro game debate gathers steam
  21. Brussels seeks more powers for EU crime body euobserver.com
  22. Goldirova, Rentata 06/07/07: Brussels questions EU capitals over approach to Islam EU Observer
  23. Melander, Ingrid (10 September 2007). "Web search for bomb recipes should be blocked: EU". Reuters. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  24. La farsa della "facilitazione dei visti"
  25. Lo scandalo degli italiani espulsi dalla Russia senza giusta causa
  26. Frattini resigns as Tajani steps in. Frattini leaves Brussels for Rome Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  27. Corriere della Sera, 28 November 2010
  28. AGI Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 29 November 2010
  29. Corriere della Sera, 13 agosto 2008
  30. Wikileaks Archived 6 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, cablogramma di Ronald Spogli del 19 novembre 2008
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  32. Corriere della Sera, 1º gennaio 2009
  33. Laura Boldrini su Repubblica.it
  34. Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno Archived 26 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 10 maggio 2009
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  36. "L'Unità". Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
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  38. Fondazione Soros
  39. Alessandro Colombo e Ettore Greco, "L'Italia e la trasformazione della politica internazionale Archived 17 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine", rapporto introduttivo dell'edizione 2012 dell'annuario La politica estera dell'Italia, ISPI-IAI, 2012
  40. Espresso
  41. Italia Oggi
  42. "Mik i shqiptarëve, Franco Frattini shpallet "Qytetar Nderi" | NOA". Noa.al. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  43. "Libero Quotidiano". Liberoquotidiano.it. 13 January 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  44. HuffPost
  45. (in Italian) Consiglio di Stato Archived 16 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  46. : dd. "EurActive". Euractiv.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  47. Il Giornale
  48. Amb.Belgrado, Nova
  49. EU news
  50. "Alta Corte di Giustizia sportiva. Composizione e istituzione. Fonte: CONI". Archived from the original on 2 June 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  51. "Parma e Torino incollati, oggi la sentenza dell'Alta Corte per l'Europa League | Goal.com". www.goal.com (in Italian). Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  52. europe online publishing house gmbh – europeonline-magazine.eu. "Europe Online". En.europeonline-magazine.eu. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  53. "Il Messaggero". Ilmessaggero.it. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  54. "Formiche". Archived from the original on 20 January 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  55. Sputnik
  56. New Europe
  57. RT
  58. Web search for bomb recipes should be blocked: EU – Reuters, 2007-09-10
  59. Frattini, censurare le parole pericolose – Punto Informatico, 2007-09-10
  60. Ue approva la risoluzione contro Frattini, Corriere della Sera, 15 novembre 2007
  61. La Repubblica, ed. (5 March 2009). "Onu, l'Italia boicotta conferenza sul razzismo. "Nella bozza frasi aggressive e antisemite"". Retrieved 21 April 2009.
  62. Corriere della Sera, 12 maggio 2009, intervista di Maurizio Caprara
  63. Corriere della Sera, 3 settembre 2009
  64. Frattini: «Immigrati, problema europeo», Corriere della Sera, 23 agosto 2009
  65. Croce sulla bandiera, no di La Russa Archived 3 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, La Stampa, 30 novembre 2009
  66. Frattini: «La libertà di promuovere la pace» (L'Osservatore Romano) (in translation)
  67. comunicato stampa UAAR su Frattini
  68. Agenzia Nova
  69. Corriere della Sera, 28 novembre 2010
  70. AGI Archived 3 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 29 novembre 2010
  71. "Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan".
Political offices
Preceded by
Giuliano Urbani		 Minister of Civil Service and Regional Affairs
1995–1996		 Succeeded by
Franco Bassanini
Preceded by
Piero Barucci		 Minister of Public Function
2001–2002		 Succeeded by
Mario Baccini
Preceded by
Silvio Berlusconi
Acting		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
2002–2004		 Succeeded by
Gianfranco Fini
Preceded by
Mario Monti
Romano Prodi		 Italian European Commissioner
2004–2008		 Succeeded by
Antonio Tajani
Preceded by
António Vitorino		 European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security
2004–2008		 Succeeded by
Jacques Barrot
Preceded by
Massimo D'Alema		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
2008–2011		 Succeeded by
Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata
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